"麦" meaning in All languages combined

See 麦 on Wiktionary

Character [Chinese]

Forms: For pronunciation and definitions of 麦 – see 麥 . . Notes: Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China [canonical], and Singapore. Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong [canonical], and Taiwan. [canonical], “wheat [romanization]
  1. Tags: Macau, Malaysia, no-gloss
    Sense id: en-麦-zh-character-47DEQpj8
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 1 Categories (other): Chinese entries with incorrect language header, Chinese links with redundant wikilinks Disambiguation of Chinese entries with incorrect language header: 0 0 Disambiguation of Chinese links with redundant wikilinks: 0 0

Character [Chinese]

Forms: For pronunciation and definitions of 麦 – see 夌 . . [canonical], etc.” [romanization]
Etymology: Corruption of 八 into a horizontal stroke. Etymology templates: {{zh-l|八|tr=-}} 八
  1. Tags: no-gloss
    Sense id: en-麦-zh-character-47DEQpj81
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Categories (other): Chinese entries with incorrect language header, Chinese links with redundant wikilinks Disambiguation of Chinese entries with incorrect language header: 0 0 Disambiguation of Chinese links with redundant wikilinks: 0 0

Character [Japanese]

Forms: [kyūjitai]
  1. wheat Tags: grade-2-kanji, kanji, shinjitai
    Sense id: en-麦-ja-character-3mwzQzms Categories (other): Grade 2 kanji Disambiguation of Grade 2 kanji: 46 54
  2. barley Tags: grade-2-kanji, kanji, shinjitai
    Sense id: en-麦-ja-character-16nq0LFc Categories (other): Grade 2 kanji, Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations, Japanese terms with redundant script codes, Japanese terms with redundant transliterations Disambiguation of Grade 2 kanji: 46 54 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations: 0 100 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with redundant script codes: 0 100 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with redundant transliterations: 0 100
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: 燕麦 (enbaku) (ruby: (えん), (ばく)) (english: oats), 大麦 (ōmugi) (ruby: (おお), (むぎ)) (english: barley), 黒麦 (kuromugi) (ruby: (くろ), (むぎ)) (english: rye), 小麦 (komugi) (ruby: (), (むぎ)) (english: wheat), 蕎麦 (soba) (ruby: 蕎麦(そば)) (english: buckwheat), 麦芽 (bakuga) (ruby: (ばく), ()) (english: malt), 麦酒 (bīru), 麦酒: beer (bakushu)

Noun [Japanese]

IPA: [mɯ̟ᵝɡʲi] Forms: [canonical] (ruby: (むぎ)), mugi [romanization]
Etymology: From Old Japanese. In turn, theorized to be from Proto-Japonic *monki. First cited to the Kojiki in 712 CE. Etymology templates: {{inh|ja|ojp|-|sort=むぎ}} Old Japanese, {{inh|ja|jpx-pro|*monki|sort=むぎ}} Proto-Japonic *monki, {{C.E.|nodots=1}} CE, {{CE}} CE Head templates: {{ja-noun|むぎ}} 麦(むぎ) • (mugi)
  1. (broadly speaking) dry-cultivated cereal grain
    wheat
    Synonyms: 小麦 (english: literally “little ''mugi''”)
    Sense id: en-麦-ja-noun-y~uXfTYJ Categories (other): Pages with raw sortkeys, Japanese entries with incorrect language header, Japanese entries with topic categories using raw markup, Japanese links with redundant wikilinks, Japanese terms with multiple readings, Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys, Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys Disambiguation of Pages with raw sortkeys: 0 0 25 25 25 25 Disambiguation of Japanese entries with incorrect language header: 25 25 25 25 Disambiguation of Japanese entries with topic categories using raw markup: 25 25 25 25 Disambiguation of Japanese links with redundant wikilinks: 25 25 25 25 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with multiple readings: 25 25 25 25 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys: 25 25 25 25 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys: 25 25 25 25
  2. (broadly speaking) dry-cultivated cereal grain
    barley
    Synonyms: 大麦 (english: literally “big ''mugi''”)
    Sense id: en-麦-ja-noun-Vt8~LsPc Categories (other): Pages with raw sortkeys, Japanese entries with incorrect language header, Japanese entries with topic categories using raw markup, Japanese links with redundant wikilinks, Japanese terms with multiple readings, Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys, Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys Disambiguation of Pages with raw sortkeys: 0 0 25 25 25 25 Disambiguation of Japanese entries with incorrect language header: 25 25 25 25 Disambiguation of Japanese entries with topic categories using raw markup: 25 25 25 25 Disambiguation of Japanese links with redundant wikilinks: 25 25 25 25 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with multiple readings: 25 25 25 25 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys: 25 25 25 25 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys: 25 25 25 25
  3. (broadly speaking) dry-cultivated cereal grain
    rye
    Synonyms: 裸麦 (english: literally “naked ''mugi''”)
    Sense id: en-麦-ja-noun-~5KxDYuL Categories (other): Pages with raw sortkeys, Japanese entries with incorrect language header, Japanese entries with topic categories using raw markup, Japanese links with redundant wikilinks, Japanese terms with multiple readings, Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys, Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys Disambiguation of Pages with raw sortkeys: 0 0 25 25 25 25 Disambiguation of Japanese entries with incorrect language header: 25 25 25 25 Disambiguation of Japanese entries with topic categories using raw markup: 25 25 25 25 Disambiguation of Japanese links with redundant wikilinks: 25 25 25 25 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with multiple readings: 25 25 25 25 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys: 25 25 25 25 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys: 25 25 25 25
  4. (broadly speaking) dry-cultivated cereal grain
    oats
    Synonyms: 燕麦 (english: literally “swallow (bird) ''mugi''”)
    Sense id: en-麦-ja-noun-IUeT~KCa Categories (other): Pages with raw sortkeys, Japanese entries with incorrect language header, Japanese entries with topic categories using raw markup, Japanese links with redundant wikilinks, Japanese terms with multiple readings, Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys, Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys Disambiguation of Pages with raw sortkeys: 0 0 25 25 25 25 Disambiguation of Japanese entries with incorrect language header: 25 25 25 25 Disambiguation of Japanese entries with topic categories using raw markup: 25 25 25 25 Disambiguation of Japanese links with redundant wikilinks: 25 25 25 25 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with multiple readings: 25 25 25 25 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys: 25 25 25 25 Disambiguation of Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys: 25 25 25 25
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 1

Character [Translingual]

  1. 麦 (Kangxi radical 199, 麦+0, 7 strokes, cangjie input 手一水 (QME), composition ⿱龶夂(GJ) or ⿱龶夊(T))

Alternative forms

Download JSON data for 麦 meaning in All languages combined (12.3kB)

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        "rye"
      ],
      "id": "en-麦-ja-noun-~5KxDYuL",
      "links": [
        [
          "cultivated",
          "cultivated"
        ],
        [
          "cereal",
          "cereal"
        ],
        [
          "grain",
          "grain"
        ],
        [
          "rye",
          "rye"
        ]
      ],
      "qualifier": "broadly speaking",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(broadly speaking) dry-cultivated cereal grain",
        "rye"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "english": "literally “naked ''mugi''”",
          "word": "裸麦"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "0 0 25 25 25 25",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with raw sortkeys",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "25 25 25 25",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "25 25 25 25",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese entries with topic categories using raw markup",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "25 25 25 25",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "25 25 25 25",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with multiple readings",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "25 25 25 25",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "25 25 25 25",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "dry-cultivated cereal grain",
        "oats"
      ],
      "id": "en-麦-ja-noun-IUeT~KCa",
      "links": [
        [
          "cultivated",
          "cultivated"
        ],
        [
          "cereal",
          "cereal"
        ],
        [
          "grain",
          "grain"
        ],
        [
          "oats",
          "oats"
        ]
      ],
      "qualifier": "broadly speaking",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(broadly speaking) dry-cultivated cereal grain",
        "oats"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "english": "literally “swallow (bird) ''mugi''”",
          "word": "燕麦"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "other": "むぎ"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[mɯ̟ᵝɡʲi]"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Kojiki"
  ],
  "word": "麦"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Chinese Han characters",
    "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Chinese lemmas",
    "Chinese links with redundant wikilinks",
    "Chinese nouns",
    "Chinese proper nouns",
    "Chinese simplified forms",
    "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Chinese variant forms",
    "Chinese verbs",
    "Eastern Min lemmas",
    "Eastern Min nouns",
    "Eastern Min proper nouns",
    "Northern Min lemmas",
    "Northern Min nouns",
    "Northern Min proper nouns",
    "Pages with raw sortkeys"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "For pronunciation and definitions of 麦 – see 麥 . . Notes: Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "and Singapore. Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "and Taiwan.",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "“wheat",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Chinese",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "character",
  "redirects": [
    "麥"
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Macau",
        "Malaysia",
        "no-gloss"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "麦"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Chinese Han characters",
    "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Chinese lemmas",
    "Chinese links with redundant wikilinks",
    "Chinese nouns",
    "Chinese proper nouns",
    "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Chinese variant forms",
    "Chinese verbs",
    "Pages with raw sortkeys"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "八",
        "tr": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "八",
      "name": "zh-l"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Corruption of 八 into a horizontal stroke.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "For pronunciation and definitions of 麦 – see 夌 . .",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "etc.”",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Chinese",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "character",
  "redirects": [
    "夌"
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "no-gloss"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "麦"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Grade 2 kanji",
    "Japanese Han characters",
    "Japanese kanji with goon reading みゃく",
    "Japanese kanji with kan'on reading ばく",
    "Japanese kanji with kun reading むぎ",
    "Japanese terms spelled with 麦",
    "Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
    "Japanese terms with redundant script codes",
    "Japanese terms with redundant transliterations"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "english": "oats",
      "roman": "enbaku",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "燕",
          "えん"
        ],
        [
          "麦",
          "ばく"
        ]
      ],
      "word": "燕麦"
    },
    {
      "english": "barley",
      "roman": "ōmugi",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "大",
          "おお"
        ],
        [
          "麦",
          "むぎ"
        ]
      ],
      "word": "大麦"
    },
    {
      "english": "rye",
      "roman": "kuromugi",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "黒",
          "くろ"
        ],
        [
          "麦",
          "むぎ"
        ]
      ],
      "word": "黒麦"
    },
    {
      "english": "wheat",
      "roman": "komugi",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "小",
          "こ"
        ],
        [
          "麦",
          "むぎ"
        ]
      ],
      "word": "小麦"
    },
    {
      "english": "buckwheat",
      "roman": "soba",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "蕎麦",
          "そば"
        ]
      ],
      "word": "蕎麦"
    },
    {
      "english": "malt",
      "roman": "bakuga",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "麦",
          "ばく"
        ],
        [
          "芽",
          "が"
        ]
      ],
      "word": "麦芽"
    },
    {
      "roman": "bīru",
      "word": "麦酒"
    },
    {
      "roman": "bakushu",
      "word": "麦酒: beer"
    }
  ],
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "麥",
      "tags": [
        "kyūjitai"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "character",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "wheat"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "wheat",
          "wheat"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "grade-2-kanji",
        "kanji",
        "shinjitai"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "barley"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "barley",
          "barley"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "grade-2-kanji",
        "kanji",
        "shinjitai"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "麦"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Japanese entries with topic categories using raw markup",
    "Japanese lemmas",
    "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
    "Japanese nouns",
    "Japanese single-kanji terms",
    "Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese",
    "Japanese terms derived from Proto-Japonic",
    "Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese",
    "Japanese terms inherited from Proto-Japonic",
    "Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji",
    "Japanese terms spelled with 麦",
    "Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Japanese terms with multiple readings",
    "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
    "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
    "Japanese terms written with one Han script character",
    "Pages with raw sortkeys"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "ojp",
        "3": "-",
        "sort": "むぎ"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Japanese",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "jpx-pro",
        "3": "*monki",
        "sort": "むぎ"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Japonic *monki",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "nodots": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "CE",
      "name": "C.E."
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "CE",
      "name": "CE"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old Japanese. In turn, theorized to be from Proto-Japonic *monki.\nFirst cited to the Kojiki in 712 CE.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "麦",
      "ruby": [
        [
          "麦",
          "むぎ"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "mugi",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "むぎ"
      },
      "expansion": "麦(むぎ) • (mugi)",
      "name": "ja-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "dry-cultivated cereal grain",
        "wheat"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "cultivated",
          "cultivated"
        ],
        [
          "cereal",
          "cereal"
        ],
        [
          "grain",
          "grain"
        ],
        [
          "wheat",
          "wheat"
        ]
      ],
      "qualifier": "broadly speaking",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(broadly speaking) dry-cultivated cereal grain",
        "wheat"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "english": "literally “little ''mugi''”",
          "word": "小麦"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "dry-cultivated cereal grain",
        "barley"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "cultivated",
          "cultivated"
        ],
        [
          "cereal",
          "cereal"
        ],
        [
          "grain",
          "grain"
        ],
        [
          "barley",
          "barley"
        ]
      ],
      "qualifier": "broadly speaking",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(broadly speaking) dry-cultivated cereal grain",
        "barley"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "english": "literally “big ''mugi''”",
          "word": "大麦"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "dry-cultivated cereal grain",
        "rye"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "cultivated",
          "cultivated"
        ],
        [
          "cereal",
          "cereal"
        ],
        [
          "grain",
          "grain"
        ],
        [
          "rye",
          "rye"
        ]
      ],
      "qualifier": "broadly speaking",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(broadly speaking) dry-cultivated cereal grain",
        "rye"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "english": "literally “naked ''mugi''”",
          "word": "裸麦"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "dry-cultivated cereal grain",
        "oats"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "cultivated",
          "cultivated"
        ],
        [
          "cereal",
          "cereal"
        ],
        [
          "grain",
          "grain"
        ],
        [
          "oats",
          "oats"
        ]
      ],
      "qualifier": "broadly speaking",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(broadly speaking) dry-cultivated cereal grain",
        "oats"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "english": "literally “swallow (bird) ''mugi''”",
          "word": "燕麦"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "other": "むぎ"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[mɯ̟ᵝɡʲi]"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Kojiki"
  ],
  "word": "麦"
}

{
  "lang": "Japanese",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "soft-redirect",
  "redirects": [
    "もぎ"
  ],
  "word": "麦"
}

{
  "lang": "Translingual",
  "lang_code": "mul",
  "pos": "character",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Han char with multiple ids",
        "Han char without four",
        "Han character radicals",
        "Han script characters",
        "Pages with raw sortkeys",
        "Translingual entries with incorrect language header",
        "Translingual lemmas",
        "Translingual symbols",
        "Translingual terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
        "Translingual terms with redundant script codes"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "麦 (Kangxi radical 199, 麦+0, 7 strokes, cangjie input 手一水 (QME), composition ⿱龶夂(GJ) or ⿱龶夊(T))"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Kangxi radical",
          "Kangxi radical"
        ],
        [
          "龶",
          "龶#Translingual"
        ],
        [
          "夂",
          "夂#Translingual"
        ],
        [
          "夊",
          "夊#Translingual"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "han"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "麦"
}
{
  "called_from": "form_descriptions/1147",
  "msg": "suspicious related form tags ['canonical']: 'For pronunciation and definitions of 麦 – see 麥 . . Notes: Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China' in 'For pronunciation and definitions of 麦 – see 麥 (“wheat; etc.”). (This character is the simplified and variant form of 麥). Notes: Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore. Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.'",
  "path": [
    "麦"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "definitions",
  "title": "麦",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
  "msg": "unrecognized head form: etc.”",
  "path": [
    "麦"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "definitions",
  "title": "麦",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
  "msg": "unrecognized head form: This character is the simplified and variant form of 麥",
  "path": [
    "麦"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "definitions",
  "title": "麦",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
  "msg": "unrecognized head form: “to dawdle",
  "path": [
    "麦"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "definitions",
  "title": "麦",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
  "msg": "unrecognized head form: the name of the father of Emperor Yao",
  "path": [
    "麦"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "definitions",
  "title": "麦",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
  "msg": "unrecognized head form: This character is a variant form of 夌",
  "path": [
    "麦"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "definitions",
  "title": "麦",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "parser/1336",
  "msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
  "path": [
    "麦"
  ],
  "section": "Japanese",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "麦",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.