See 直面 on Wiktionary
Download JSONL data for 直面 meaning in All languages combined (8.1kB)
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "直面",
"name": "zh-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to face; to confront"
],
"id": "en-直面-zh-verb-yJOgUjwk",
"links": [
[
"face",
"face"
],
[
"confront",
"confront"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "cháoxiàng",
"word": "朝向"
},
{
"roman": "zhèngshì",
"word": "正視"
},
{
"roman": "zhèngshì",
"word": "正视"
},
{
"roman": "bīnlín",
"word": "瀕臨"
},
{
"roman": "bīnlín",
"word": "濒临"
},
{
"roman": "zhíshì",
"word": "直視"
},
{
"roman": "zhíshì",
"word": "直视"
},
{
"word": "迎"
},
{
"roman": "miànxiàng",
"word": "面向"
},
{
"roman": "miànduì",
"word": "面對"
},
{
"roman": "miànduì",
"word": "面对"
},
{
"roman": "miànlín",
"word": "面臨"
},
{
"roman": "miànlín",
"word": "面临"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "zhímiàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄓˊ ㄇㄧㄢˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "zhímiàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "jhíhmiàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "chih²-mien⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "jŕ-myàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "jyrmiann"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "чжимянь"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "čžimjanʹ"
},
{
"ipa": "/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵ mi̯ɛn⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵ mi̯ɛn⁵¹/"
}
],
"word": "直面"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "直面",
"ruby": [
[
"直",
"ちょく"
],
[
"面",
"めん"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "chokumen",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ちょくめん"
},
"expansion": "直(ちょく)面(めん) • (chokumen)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"confrontation"
],
"id": "en-直面-ja-noun-IWfVohk9",
"links": [
[
"confrontation",
"confrontation"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[t͡ɕo̞kɯ̟ᵝmẽ̞ɴ]"
}
],
"word": "直面"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "直面する",
"ruby": [
[
"直",
"ちょく"
],
[
"面",
"めん"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "chokumen suru",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "直面し",
"roman": "chokumen shi",
"ruby": [
[
"直",
"ちょく"
],
[
"面",
"めん"
]
],
"tags": [
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "直面した",
"roman": "chokumen shita",
"ruby": [
[
"直",
"ちょく"
],
[
"面",
"めん"
]
],
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-suru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "直面し",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ちょくめんし",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "chokumen shi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "直面する",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ちょくめんする",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "chokumen suru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "直面すれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ちょくめんすれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "chokumen sure",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "直面せよ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"literary"
]
},
{
"form": "直面しろ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "ちょくめんせよ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"literary"
]
},
{
"form": "ちょくめんしろ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "chokumen seyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"literary"
]
},
{
"form": "chokumen shiro",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "直面される",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "ちょくめんされる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "chokumen sareru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "直面させる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "直面さす",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "ちょくめんさせる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "ちょくめんさす",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "chokumen saseru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "chokumen sasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "直面できる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "ちょくめんできる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "chokumen dekiru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "直面しよう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "ちょくめんしよう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "chokumen shiyō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "直面しない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "ちょくめんしない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "chokumen shinai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "直面せず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "ちょくめんせず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "chokumen sezu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "直面します",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "ちょくめんします",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "chokumen shimasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "直面した",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "ちょくめんした",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "chokumen shita",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "直面して",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ちょくめんして",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "chokumen shite",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "直面すれば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "ちょくめんすれば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "chokumen sureba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "22 78",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 94",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 94",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 94",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 94",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"face (deal with, confront)"
],
"id": "en-直面-ja-verb-Nr4MMySb",
"links": [
[
"face",
"face"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[t͡ɕo̞kɯ̟ᵝmẽ̞ɴ]"
}
],
"word": "直面"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "直面",
"name": "zh-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Chinese verbs",
"Mandarin lemmas",
"Mandarin verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"to face; to confront"
],
"links": [
[
"face",
"face"
],
[
"confront",
"confront"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "zhímiàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄓˊ ㄇㄧㄢˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "zhímiàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "jhíhmiàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "chih²-mien⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "jŕ-myàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "jyrmiann"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "чжимянь"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "čžimjanʹ"
},
{
"ipa": "/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵ mi̯ɛn⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵ mi̯ɛn⁵¹/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "cháoxiàng",
"word": "朝向"
},
{
"roman": "zhèngshì",
"word": "正視"
},
{
"roman": "zhèngshì",
"word": "正视"
},
{
"roman": "bīnlín",
"word": "瀕臨"
},
{
"roman": "bīnlín",
"word": "濒临"
},
{
"roman": "zhíshì",
"word": "直視"
},
{
"roman": "zhíshì",
"word": "直视"
},
{
"word": "迎"
},
{
"roman": "miànxiàng",
"word": "面向"
},
{
"roman": "miànduì",
"word": "面對"
},
{
"roman": "miànduì",
"word": "面对"
},
{
"roman": "miànlín",
"word": "面臨"
},
{
"roman": "miànlín",
"word": "面临"
}
],
"word": "直面"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese intransitive verbs",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese suru verbs",
"Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji",
"Japanese terms spelled with third grade kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese terms written with two Han script characters",
"Japanese verbs"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "直面",
"ruby": [
[
"直",
"ちょく"
],
[
"面",
"めん"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "chokumen",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ちょくめん"
},
"expansion": "直(ちょく)面(めん) • (chokumen)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"confrontation"
],
"links": [
[
"confrontation",
"confrontation"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[t͡ɕo̞kɯ̟ᵝmẽ̞ɴ]"
}
],
"word": "直面"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese intransitive verbs",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese suru verbs",
"Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji",
"Japanese terms spelled with third grade kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese terms written with two Han script characters",
"Japanese verbs"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "直面する",
"ruby": [
[
"直",
"ちょく"
],
[
"面",
"めん"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "chokumen suru",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "直面し",
"roman": "chokumen shi",
"ruby": [
[
"直",
"ちょく"
],
[
"面",
"めん"
]
],
"tags": [
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "直面した",
"roman": "chokumen shita",
"ruby": [
[
"直",
"ちょく"
],
[
"面",
"めん"
]
],
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-suru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "直面し",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ちょくめんし",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "chokumen shi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "直面する",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ちょくめんする",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "chokumen suru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "直面すれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ちょくめんすれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "chokumen sure",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "直面せよ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"literary"
]
},
{
"form": "直面しろ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "ちょくめんせよ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"literary"
]
},
{
"form": "ちょくめんしろ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "chokumen seyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"literary"
]
},
{
"form": "chokumen shiro",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "直面される",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "ちょくめんされる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "chokumen sareru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "直面させる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "直面さす",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "ちょくめんさせる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "ちょくめんさす",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "chokumen saseru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "chokumen sasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "直面できる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "ちょくめんできる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "chokumen dekiru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "直面しよう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "ちょくめんしよう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "chokumen shiyō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "直面しない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "ちょくめんしない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "chokumen shinai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "直面せず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "ちょくめんせず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "chokumen sezu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "直面します",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "ちょくめんします",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "chokumen shimasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "直面した",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "ちょくめんした",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "chokumen shita",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "直面して",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ちょくめんして",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "chokumen shite",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "直面すれば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "ちょくめんすれば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "chokumen sureba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"face (deal with, confront)"
],
"links": [
[
"face",
"face"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[t͡ɕo̞kɯ̟ᵝmẽ̞ɴ]"
}
],
"word": "直面"
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Chinese)⁺'",
"path": [
"直面"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "直面",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"直面"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "直面",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Mizenkei (\"imperfective\")'",
"path": [
"直面"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "直面",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Ren’yōkei (\"continuative\")'",
"path": [
"直面"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "直面",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Shūshikei (\"terminal\")'",
"path": [
"直面"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "直面",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Rentaikei (\"attributive\")'",
"path": [
"直面"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "直面",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Kateikei (\"hypothetical\")'",
"path": [
"直面"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "直面",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Meireikei (\"imperative\")'",
"path": [
"直面"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "直面",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-06-27 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-06-20 using wiktextract (0f7b3ac and b863ecc). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.