See 污 on Wiktionary
{
"lang": "Translingual",
"lang_code": "mul",
"pos": "character",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 5 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Translingual entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Translingual terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Translingual terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"污 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+3, 6 strokes, cangjie input 水一一尸 (EMMS), four-corner 3112₇, composition ⿰氵亏)"
],
"id": "en-污-mul-character-SKXdP~Pd",
"links": [
[
"Kangxi radical",
"Kangxi radical"
],
[
"氵",
"氵#Translingual"
],
[
"亏",
"亏#Translingual"
]
],
"raw_tags": [
"han"
],
"related": [
{
"english": "Preferred form used for traditional Chinese in Taiwan",
"word": "汙"
},
{
"english": "Preferred form used in Japanese kanji",
"word": "汚"
}
]
}
],
"word": "污"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "二次污染"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "bēiwū",
"word": "卑污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "tóngliúhéwū",
"word": "同流合污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "含垢納污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "含垢纳污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "zàoyīn wūrǎn",
"word": "噪音污染"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "tǔrǎng wūrǎn",
"word": "土壤污染"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "垢污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "塵污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "尘污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "大氣污染"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "大气污染"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "jiānwū",
"word": "姦污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "jiānwū",
"word": "奸污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "媟污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "家庭污水"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "展污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "川澤納污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "川泽纳污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "工業廢污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "工业废污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "扯爛污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "扯烂污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "拆爛污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "拆烂污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "放射污染"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "染污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "核污染"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "shuǐwūrǎn",
"word": "水污染"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wūmíng",
"word": "污名"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wūlì",
"word": "污吏"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "污吏黠胥"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wūgòu",
"word": "污垢"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "污庳"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wūsǔn",
"word": "污損"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wūsǔn",
"word": "污损"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wūrǎn",
"word": "污染"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wūrǎnwù",
"word": "污染物"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wūshuǐ",
"word": "污水"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "污水處理"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "污水处理"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wūní",
"word": "污泥"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wūmàn",
"word": "污漫"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wūzhuó",
"word": "污濁"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wūzhuó",
"word": "污浊"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wūhén",
"word": "污痕"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wūhuì",
"word": "污穢"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wūhuì",
"word": "污秽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wūmiè",
"word": "污衊"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wūmiè",
"word": "污蔑"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wūrǔ",
"word": "污辱"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "污隆"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wūdiǎn",
"word": "污點"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wūdiǎn",
"word": "污点"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "泥污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "沾污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "yóuwū",
"word": "油污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "油污染"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "海水污染"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "淫污穢臭"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "淫污秽臭"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "潢污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "潔言污行"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "洁言污行"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "lànguān-wūlì",
"word": "濫官污吏"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "lànguān-wūlì",
"word": "滥官污吏"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "濫污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "滥污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "濯污揚清"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "濯污扬清"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "熱污染"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "热污染"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "爛污貨"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "烂污货"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "diànwū",
"word": "玷污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "huánjìng wūrǎn",
"word": "環境污染"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "huánjìng wūrǎn",
"word": "环境污染"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "穢語污言"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "秽语污言"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "kōngqì wūrǎn",
"word": "空氣污染"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "kōngqì wūrǎn",
"word": "空气污染"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "納垢藏污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "纳垢藏污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "蕩垢滌污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "荡垢涤污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "cánggòunàwū",
"word": "藏垢納污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "cánggòunàwū",
"word": "藏垢纳污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "cángwūnàgòu",
"word": "藏污納垢"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "cángwūnàgòu",
"word": "藏污纳垢"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "xuèwū",
"word": "血污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "血污池"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "tānguān-wūlì",
"word": "貪官污吏"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "tānguān-wūlì",
"word": "贪官污吏"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "tānwū",
"word": "貪污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "tānwū",
"word": "贪污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "貪污腐化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "贪污腐化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "貪污舞弊"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "贪污舞弊"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "贓污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "赃污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "贓污狼藉"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "赃污狼借"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "除污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "除污去垢"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "隆污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "雪污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "騫污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "骞污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "點污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "点污"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"forms": [
{
"form": "汙",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
]
},
{
"form": "汚",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "hanzi"
},
"expansion": "污",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "character",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "34 0 0 0 13 25 16 0 0 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Chinese hanzi",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 0 23 0 8 15 10 0 0 8 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Chinese hanzi",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 6 7 5 9 4 11 0 0 9 17 0 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 5 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"dirt; filth"
],
"id": "en-污-zh-character-9m3kNK47",
"links": [
[
"dirt",
"dirt"
],
[
"filth",
"filth"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"unclean; dirty; filthy"
],
"id": "en-污-zh-character-u1L89r3H",
"links": [
[
"unclean",
"unclean"
],
[
"dirty",
"dirty"
],
[
"filthy",
"filthy"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "20 0 23 0 8 15 10 0 0 8 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Chinese hanzi",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"rotten; corrupt"
],
"id": "en-污-zh-character-Pbo6~TIZ",
"links": [
[
"rotten",
"rotten"
],
[
"corrupt",
"corrupt"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to make dirty; to pollute; to stain"
],
"id": "en-污-zh-character-y9OiAycG",
"links": [
[
"make",
"make"
],
[
"dirty",
"dirty"
],
[
"pollute",
"pollute"
],
[
"stain",
"stain"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to defile; to smear; to tarnish"
],
"id": "en-污-zh-character-iivW-ZA6",
"links": [
[
"defile",
"defile"
],
[
"smear",
"smear"
],
[
"tarnish",
"tarnish"
]
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "wū, “stagnant pool; puddle”",
"word": "洿"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "20 0 23 0 8 15 10 0 0 8 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Chinese hanzi",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of 洿 (wū, “stagnant pool; puddle”)"
],
"id": "en-污-zh-character-vH1hTMsP",
"links": [
[
"洿",
"洿#Chinese"
],
[
"stagnant",
"stagnant"
],
[
"pool",
"pool"
],
[
"puddle",
"puddle"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literary) Alternative form of 洿 (wū, “stagnant pool; puddle”)"
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"literary"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 5 6 4 16 10 21 3 0 8 9 0 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Intermediate Mandarin",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 6 7 5 9 4 11 0 0 9 17 0 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 5 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"low-lying"
],
"id": "en-污-zh-character-yu7XAFuO",
"links": [
[
"low-lying",
"low-lying"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literary) low-lying"
],
"tags": [
"literary"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"low; lowly"
],
"id": "en-污-zh-character-d711M~5V",
"links": [
[
"low",
"low"
],
[
"lowly",
"lowly"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literary) low; lowly"
],
"tags": [
"literary"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"decline"
],
"id": "en-污-zh-character-~V-MvtPQ",
"links": [
[
"decline",
"decline"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literary) decline"
],
"tags": [
"literary"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
9,
16
]
],
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
4,
6
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
2,
3
]
],
"english": "Eek, how obscene!",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"roman": "yī, wū",
"text": "噫，污",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
25,
30
]
],
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
16,
18
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
5,
6
]
],
"english": "Be elegant, and don't be dirty.",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"roman": "yào yōuyǎ bùyào wū",
"text": "要優雅不要污",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
25,
30
]
],
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
16,
18
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
5,
6
]
],
"english": "Be elegant, and don't be dirty.",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"roman": "yào yōuyǎ bùyào wū",
"text": "要优雅不要污",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"embarrassing; obscene; erotic; blue; pornographic"
],
"id": "en-污-zh-character-kBnUW6yg",
"links": [
[
"Internet",
"Internet"
],
[
"slang",
"slang"
],
[
"humorous",
"humorous"
],
[
"embarrassing",
"embarrassing"
],
[
"obscene",
"obscene"
],
[
"erotic",
"erotic"
],
[
"blue",
"blue"
],
[
"pornographic",
"pornographic"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Internet slang, humorous) embarrassing; obscene; erotic; blue; pornographic"
],
"tags": [
"Internet",
"humorous"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "wū"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "wu¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄨ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "wu¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "u"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "o͘"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "ù"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "u¹"
},
{
"zh-pron": "¹u"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wū"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄨ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wu¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wū"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "u"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "у"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "u"
},
{
"ipa": "/u⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA",
"standard"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "wu¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "wū"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "wu¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong"
],
"zh-pron": "wu¹"
},
{
"ipa": "/wuː⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "u"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "w"
},
{
"ipa": "/u³³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/u⁴⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung",
"Min-Nan",
"Taipei",
"Xiamen",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "oo"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "of"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɔ⁴⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Xiamen",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "ù"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "ux"
},
{
"ipa": "/u⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/u²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung",
"Min-Nan"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/u¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "u"
},
{
"ipa": "/u³³/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Wugniu"
],
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "¹u"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"MiniDict"
],
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "u^平"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"Wiktionary-specific",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "¹u"
},
{
"ipa": "/u⁵³/",
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Wu"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "'u"
},
{
"tags": [
"Baxter-Sagart",
"Old-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "/*qʷˤra/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh-pron": "/*qʷaː/"
},
{
"other": "/ o͘ /"
},
{
"ipa": "/u⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/wuː⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/u³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/u⁴⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɔ⁴⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/u⁴¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/u²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/u¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/u³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/u⁵³/"
},
{
"other": "/*qʷˤra/"
},
{
"other": "/*qʷaː/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "nòngzāng",
"word": "弄髒"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "nòngzāng",
"word": "弄脏"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "diànwū",
"word": "玷污"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "髒"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "脏"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "qīnrǔ",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "侵辱"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "侮辱"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "língrǔ",
"word": "凌辱"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
],
"word": "暴辱"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wūrǔ",
"word": "污辱"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "zou1 zat1",
"tags": [
"Cantonese"
],
"word": "糟質"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "zou1 zat1",
"tags": [
"Cantonese"
],
"word": "糟质"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "zāotà",
"word": "糟蹋"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "xiūrǔ",
"word": "羞辱"
}
],
"word": "污"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"forms": [
{
"form": "汙",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
]
},
{
"form": "汚",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "hanzi"
},
"expansion": "污",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "character",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "20 0 23 0 8 15 10 0 0 8 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Chinese hanzi",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 6 7 5 9 4 11 0 0 9 17 0 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 5 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
7,
11
],
[
31,
36
]
],
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
3,
5
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
1,
2
]
],
"english": "I will wash my private clothes clean,\nAnd I will rinse my robes.",
"raw_tags": [
"Pre-Classical Chinese",
"Traditional Chinese",
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"ref": " The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version",
"roman": "Bó wū wǒ sī, bó huàn wǒ yī.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "薄污我私，薄澣我衣。",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to wash away dirt"
],
"id": "en-污-zh-character-DOLeU8Lr",
"links": [
[
"wash away",
"wash away"
],
[
"dirt",
"dirt"
]
],
"qualifier": "obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese",
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to wash away dirt"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "wū"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "wù"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "wu¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "wu⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄨ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄨˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wū"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄨ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wu¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wū"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "u"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "у"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "u"
},
{
"ipa": "/u⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA",
"standard"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wù"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄨˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wù"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wu⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wù"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wuh"
},
{
"ipa": "/u⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA",
"standard"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh-pron": "/*qʷaːs/"
},
{
"ipa": "/u⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/u⁵¹/"
},
{
"other": "/*qʷaːs/"
}
],
"word": "污"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"forms": [
{
"form": "汙",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
]
},
{
"form": "汚",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "hanzi"
},
"expansion": "污",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "character",
"senses": [
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "污尊"
},
{
"word": "污膺"
}
],
"id": "en-污-zh-character-47DEQpj8",
"tags": [
"no-gloss"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "wā"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "wa¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄨㄚ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "waa¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wā"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄨㄚ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wa¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wā"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ua"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ва"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "va"
},
{
"ipa": "/wä⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA",
"standard"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "waa¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "wā"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "waa¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong"
],
"zh-pron": "wa¹"
},
{
"ipa": "/waː⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/wä⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/waː⁵⁵/"
}
],
"word": "污"
}
{
"etymology_number": 4,
"forms": [
{
"form": "汙",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
]
},
{
"form": "汚",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "hanzi"
},
"expansion": "污",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "character",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "excrement; faeces; dung",
"word": "惡 /恶"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Wu Chinese",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "10 5 6 4 13 7 15 1 0 6 12 0 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 0 0 0 8 6 10 0 0 8 10 0 45",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese hanzi",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 6 7 5 9 4 11 0 0 9 17 0 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 5 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 5 6 4 7 4 9 0 0 7 14 0 35",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of 惡 /恶 (“excrement; faeces; dung”)"
],
"id": "en-污-zh-character-46-KXzNS",
"links": [
[
"惡",
"惡#Chinese"
],
[
"恶",
"恶#Chinese"
],
[
"excrement",
"excrement"
],
[
"faeces",
"faeces"
],
[
"dung",
"dung"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Wu) Alternative form of 惡 /恶 (“excrement; faeces; dung”)"
],
"tags": [
"Wu",
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"zh-pron": "⁵u"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Wugniu"
],
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "⁵u"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"MiniDict"
],
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "u^去"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"Wiktionary-specific",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "²u"
},
{
"ipa": "/u³⁴/",
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Wu"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/u³⁴/"
}
],
"word": "污"
}
{
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "character",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese hyōgai kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"id": "en-污-ja-character-47DEQpj8",
"tags": [
"Hyōgai",
"kanji",
"no-gloss"
]
}
],
"word": "污"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "o",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "오",
"tags": [
"hangeul"
]
},
{
"form": "o",
"tags": [
"revised"
]
},
{
"form": "o",
"tags": [
"McCune-Reischauer"
]
},
{
"form": "o",
"tags": [
"Yale"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "hanja",
"sc": "Kore",
"sort": "오",
"tr": "o"
},
"expansion": "污 • (o)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"ehmr": "",
"ehrv": "",
"ehy": "",
"eumhun": "",
"hangeul": "오",
"mr": "o",
"rv": "o",
"y": "o"
},
"expansion": "污 • (o) (hangeul 오, revised o, McCune–Reischauer o, Yale o)",
"name": "ko-hanja/old"
},
{
"args": {
"eumhun": "",
"hangeul": "오",
"mr": "o",
"rv": "o",
"y": "o"
},
"expansion": "污 • (o) (hangeul 오, revised o, McCune–Reischauer o, Yale o)",
"name": "ko-hanja"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "character",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean hanja",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 5 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"id": "en-污-ko-character-47DEQpj8",
"raw_tags": [
"Hanja"
],
"tags": [
"no-gloss"
]
}
],
"word": "污"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "ô",
"tags": [
"Hán-Nôm"
]
},
{
"form": "ố",
"tags": [
"Hán-Nôm"
]
}
],
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"pos": "character",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"id": "en-污-vi-character-47DEQpj8",
"raw_tags": [
"han"
],
"tags": [
"no-gloss"
]
}
],
"word": "污"
}
{
"categories": [
"Chinese adjectives",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese hanzi",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese nouns",
"Chinese terms spelled with 污",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Chinese verbs",
"Intermediate Mandarin",
"Middle Chinese adjectives",
"Middle Chinese hanzi",
"Middle Chinese lemmas",
"Middle Chinese nouns",
"Middle Chinese verbs",
"Old Chinese adjectives",
"Old Chinese hanzi",
"Old Chinese lemmas",
"Old Chinese nouns",
"Old Chinese verbs",
"Pages with 5 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "二次污染"
},
{
"roman": "bēiwū",
"word": "卑污"
},
{
"roman": "tóngliúhéwū",
"word": "同流合污"
},
{
"word": "含垢納污"
},
{
"word": "含垢纳污"
},
{
"roman": "zàoyīn wūrǎn",
"word": "噪音污染"
},
{
"roman": "tǔrǎng wūrǎn",
"word": "土壤污染"
},
{
"word": "垢污"
},
{
"word": "塵污"
},
{
"word": "尘污"
},
{
"word": "大氣污染"
},
{
"word": "大气污染"
},
{
"roman": "jiānwū",
"word": "姦污"
},
{
"roman": "jiānwū",
"word": "奸污"
},
{
"word": "媟污"
},
{
"word": "家庭污水"
},
{
"word": "展污"
},
{
"word": "川澤納污"
},
{
"word": "川泽纳污"
},
{
"word": "工業廢污"
},
{
"word": "工业废污"
},
{
"word": "扯爛污"
},
{
"word": "扯烂污"
},
{
"word": "拆爛污"
},
{
"word": "拆烂污"
},
{
"word": "放射污染"
},
{
"word": "染污"
},
{
"word": "核污染"
},
{
"roman": "shuǐwūrǎn",
"word": "水污染"
},
{
"roman": "wūmíng",
"word": "污名"
},
{
"roman": "wūlì",
"word": "污吏"
},
{
"word": "污吏黠胥"
},
{
"roman": "wūgòu",
"word": "污垢"
},
{
"word": "污庳"
},
{
"roman": "wūsǔn",
"word": "污損"
},
{
"roman": "wūsǔn",
"word": "污损"
},
{
"roman": "wūrǎn",
"word": "污染"
},
{
"roman": "wūrǎnwù",
"word": "污染物"
},
{
"roman": "wūshuǐ",
"word": "污水"
},
{
"word": "污水處理"
},
{
"word": "污水处理"
},
{
"roman": "wūní",
"word": "污泥"
},
{
"roman": "wūmàn",
"word": "污漫"
},
{
"roman": "wūzhuó",
"word": "污濁"
},
{
"roman": "wūzhuó",
"word": "污浊"
},
{
"roman": "wūhén",
"word": "污痕"
},
{
"roman": "wūhuì",
"word": "污穢"
},
{
"roman": "wūhuì",
"word": "污秽"
},
{
"roman": "wūmiè",
"word": "污衊"
},
{
"roman": "wūmiè",
"word": "污蔑"
},
{
"roman": "wūrǔ",
"word": "污辱"
},
{
"word": "污隆"
},
{
"roman": "wūdiǎn",
"word": "污點"
},
{
"roman": "wūdiǎn",
"word": "污点"
},
{
"word": "泥污"
},
{
"word": "沾污"
},
{
"roman": "yóuwū",
"word": "油污"
},
{
"word": "油污染"
},
{
"word": "海水污染"
},
{
"word": "淫污穢臭"
},
{
"word": "淫污秽臭"
},
{
"word": "潢污"
},
{
"word": "潔言污行"
},
{
"word": "洁言污行"
},
{
"roman": "lànguān-wūlì",
"word": "濫官污吏"
},
{
"roman": "lànguān-wūlì",
"word": "滥官污吏"
},
{
"word": "濫污"
},
{
"word": "滥污"
},
{
"word": "濯污揚清"
},
{
"word": "濯污扬清"
},
{
"word": "熱污染"
},
{
"word": "热污染"
},
{
"word": "爛污貨"
},
{
"word": "烂污货"
},
{
"roman": "diànwū",
"word": "玷污"
},
{
"roman": "huánjìng wūrǎn",
"word": "環境污染"
},
{
"roman": "huánjìng wūrǎn",
"word": "环境污染"
},
{
"word": "穢語污言"
},
{
"word": "秽语污言"
},
{
"roman": "kōngqì wūrǎn",
"word": "空氣污染"
},
{
"roman": "kōngqì wūrǎn",
"word": "空气污染"
},
{
"word": "納垢藏污"
},
{
"word": "纳垢藏污"
},
{
"word": "蕩垢滌污"
},
{
"word": "荡垢涤污"
},
{
"roman": "cánggòunàwū",
"word": "藏垢納污"
},
{
"roman": "cánggòunàwū",
"word": "藏垢纳污"
},
{
"roman": "cángwūnàgòu",
"word": "藏污納垢"
},
{
"roman": "cángwūnàgòu",
"word": "藏污纳垢"
},
{
"roman": "xuèwū",
"word": "血污"
},
{
"word": "血污池"
},
{
"roman": "tānguān-wūlì",
"word": "貪官污吏"
},
{
"roman": "tānguān-wūlì",
"word": "贪官污吏"
},
{
"roman": "tānwū",
"word": "貪污"
},
{
"roman": "tānwū",
"word": "贪污"
},
{
"word": "貪污腐化"
},
{
"word": "贪污腐化"
},
{
"word": "貪污舞弊"
},
{
"word": "贪污舞弊"
},
{
"word": "贓污"
},
{
"word": "赃污"
},
{
"word": "贓污狼藉"
},
{
"word": "赃污狼借"
},
{
"word": "除污"
},
{
"word": "除污去垢"
},
{
"word": "隆污"
},
{
"word": "雪污"
},
{
"word": "騫污"
},
{
"word": "骞污"
},
{
"word": "點污"
},
{
"word": "点污"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"forms": [
{
"form": "汙",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
]
},
{
"form": "汚",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "hanzi"
},
"expansion": "污",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "character",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"dirt; filth"
],
"links": [
[
"dirt",
"dirt"
],
[
"filth",
"filth"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"unclean; dirty; filthy"
],
"links": [
[
"unclean",
"unclean"
],
[
"dirty",
"dirty"
],
[
"filthy",
"filthy"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"rotten; corrupt"
],
"links": [
[
"rotten",
"rotten"
],
[
"corrupt",
"corrupt"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to make dirty; to pollute; to stain"
],
"links": [
[
"make",
"make"
],
[
"dirty",
"dirty"
],
[
"pollute",
"pollute"
],
[
"stain",
"stain"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to defile; to smear; to tarnish"
],
"links": [
[
"defile",
"defile"
],
[
"smear",
"smear"
],
[
"tarnish",
"tarnish"
]
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "wū, “stagnant pool; puddle”",
"word": "洿"
}
],
"categories": [
"Chinese literary terms"
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of 洿 (wū, “stagnant pool; puddle”)"
],
"links": [
[
"洿",
"洿#Chinese"
],
[
"stagnant",
"stagnant"
],
[
"pool",
"pool"
],
[
"puddle",
"puddle"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literary) Alternative form of 洿 (wū, “stagnant pool; puddle”)"
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"literary"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Chinese literary terms"
],
"glosses": [
"low-lying"
],
"links": [
[
"low-lying",
"low-lying"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literary) low-lying"
],
"tags": [
"literary"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Chinese literary terms"
],
"glosses": [
"low; lowly"
],
"links": [
[
"low",
"low"
],
[
"lowly",
"lowly"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literary) low; lowly"
],
"tags": [
"literary"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Chinese literary terms"
],
"glosses": [
"decline"
],
"links": [
[
"decline",
"decline"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literary) decline"
],
"tags": [
"literary"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Chinese humorous terms",
"Chinese internet slang",
"Mandarin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
9,
16
]
],
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
4,
6
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
2,
3
]
],
"english": "Eek, how obscene!",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"roman": "yī, wū",
"text": "噫，污",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
25,
30
]
],
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
16,
18
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
5,
6
]
],
"english": "Be elegant, and don't be dirty.",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"roman": "yào yōuyǎ bùyào wū",
"text": "要優雅不要污",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
25,
30
]
],
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
16,
18
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
5,
6
]
],
"english": "Be elegant, and don't be dirty.",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"roman": "yào yōuyǎ bùyào wū",
"text": "要优雅不要污",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"embarrassing; obscene; erotic; blue; pornographic"
],
"links": [
[
"Internet",
"Internet"
],
[
"slang",
"slang"
],
[
"humorous",
"humorous"
],
[
"embarrassing",
"embarrassing"
],
[
"obscene",
"obscene"
],
[
"erotic",
"erotic"
],
[
"blue",
"blue"
],
[
"pornographic",
"pornographic"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Internet slang, humorous) embarrassing; obscene; erotic; blue; pornographic"
],
"tags": [
"Internet",
"humorous"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "wū"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "wu¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄨ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "wu¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "u"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "o͘"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "ù"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "u¹"
},
{
"zh-pron": "¹u"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wū"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄨ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wu¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wū"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "u"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "у"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "u"
},
{
"ipa": "/u⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA",
"standard"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "wu¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "wū"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "wu¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong"
],
"zh-pron": "wu¹"
},
{
"ipa": "/wuː⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "u"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "w"
},
{
"ipa": "/u³³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/u⁴⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung",
"Min-Nan",
"Taipei",
"Xiamen",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "oo"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "of"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɔ⁴⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Xiamen",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "ù"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "ux"
},
{
"ipa": "/u⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/u²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung",
"Min-Nan"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/u¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "u"
},
{
"ipa": "/u³³/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Wugniu"
],
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "¹u"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"MiniDict"
],
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "u^平"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"Wiktionary-specific",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "¹u"
},
{
"ipa": "/u⁵³/",
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Wu"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "'u"
},
{
"tags": [
"Baxter-Sagart",
"Old-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "/*qʷˤra/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh-pron": "/*qʷaː/"
},
{
"other": "/ o͘ /"
},
{
"ipa": "/u⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/wuː⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/u³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/u⁴⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɔ⁴⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/u⁴¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/u²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/u¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/u³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/u⁵³/"
},
{
"other": "/*qʷˤra/"
},
{
"other": "/*qʷaː/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "nòngzāng",
"word": "弄髒"
},
{
"roman": "nòngzāng",
"word": "弄脏"
},
{
"roman": "diànwū",
"word": "玷污"
},
{
"word": "髒"
},
{
"word": "脏"
},
{
"roman": "qīnrǔ",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "侵辱"
},
{
"word": "侮辱"
},
{
"roman": "língrǔ",
"word": "凌辱"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
],
"word": "暴辱"
},
{
"roman": "wūrǔ",
"word": "污辱"
},
{
"roman": "zou1 zat1",
"tags": [
"Cantonese"
],
"word": "糟質"
},
{
"roman": "zou1 zat1",
"tags": [
"Cantonese"
],
"word": "糟质"
},
{
"roman": "zāotà",
"word": "糟蹋"
},
{
"roman": "xiūrǔ",
"word": "羞辱"
}
],
"word": "污"
}
{
"categories": [
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese hanzi",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese nouns",
"Chinese terms spelled with 污",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Intermediate Mandarin",
"Old Chinese hanzi",
"Old Chinese lemmas",
"Pages with 5 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"zh-pron usage missing POS"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"forms": [
{
"form": "汙",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
]
},
{
"form": "汚",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "hanzi"
},
"expansion": "污",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "character",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Chinese terms with obsolete senses",
"Literary Chinese terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
7,
11
],
[
31,
36
]
],
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
3,
5
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
1,
2
]
],
"english": "I will wash my private clothes clean,\nAnd I will rinse my robes.",
"raw_tags": [
"Pre-Classical Chinese",
"Traditional Chinese",
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"ref": " The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version",
"roman": "Bó wū wǒ sī, bó huàn wǒ yī.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "薄污我私，薄澣我衣。",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to wash away dirt"
],
"links": [
[
"wash away",
"wash away"
],
[
"dirt",
"dirt"
]
],
"qualifier": "obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese",
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to wash away dirt"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "wū"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "wù"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "wu¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "wu⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄨ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄨˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wū"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄨ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wu¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wū"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "u"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "у"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "u"
},
{
"ipa": "/u⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA",
"standard"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wù"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄨˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wù"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wu⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wù"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wuh"
},
{
"ipa": "/u⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA",
"standard"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh-pron": "/*qʷaːs/"
},
{
"ipa": "/u⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/u⁵¹/"
},
{
"other": "/*qʷaːs/"
}
],
"word": "污"
}
{
"categories": [
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese hanzi",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese nouns",
"Chinese terms spelled with 污",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Intermediate Mandarin",
"Pages with 5 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"zh-pron usage missing POS"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "污尊"
},
{
"word": "污膺"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"forms": [
{
"form": "汙",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
]
},
{
"form": "汚",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "hanzi"
},
"expansion": "污",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "character",
"senses": [
{
"tags": [
"no-gloss"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "wā"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "wa¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄨㄚ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "waa¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wā"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄨㄚ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wa¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wā"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ua"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ва"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "va"
},
{
"ipa": "/wä⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA",
"standard"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "waa¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "wā"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "waa¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong"
],
"zh-pron": "wa¹"
},
{
"ipa": "/waː⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/wä⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/waː⁵⁵/"
}
],
"word": "污"
}
{
"categories": [
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese hanzi",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese nouns",
"Chinese terms spelled with 污",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Intermediate Mandarin",
"Pages with 5 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 4,
"forms": [
{
"form": "汙",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
]
},
{
"form": "汚",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "hanzi"
},
"expansion": "污",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "character",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "excrement; faeces; dung",
"word": "惡 /恶"
}
],
"categories": [
"Wu Chinese"
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of 惡 /恶 (“excrement; faeces; dung”)"
],
"links": [
[
"惡",
"惡#Chinese"
],
[
"恶",
"恶#Chinese"
],
[
"excrement",
"excrement"
],
[
"faeces",
"faeces"
],
[
"dung",
"dung"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Wu) Alternative form of 惡 /恶 (“excrement; faeces; dung”)"
],
"tags": [
"Wu",
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"zh-pron": "⁵u"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Wugniu"
],
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "⁵u"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"MiniDict"
],
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "u^去"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"Wiktionary-specific",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "²u"
},
{
"ipa": "/u³⁴/",
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Wu"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/u³⁴/"
}
],
"word": "污"
}
{
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "character",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Japanese hyōgai kanji",
"Japanese kanji",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys"
],
"tags": [
"Hyōgai",
"kanji",
"no-gloss"
]
}
],
"word": "污"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "o",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "오",
"tags": [
"hangeul"
]
},
{
"form": "o",
"tags": [
"revised"
]
},
{
"form": "o",
"tags": [
"McCune-Reischauer"
]
},
{
"form": "o",
"tags": [
"Yale"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "hanja",
"sc": "Kore",
"sort": "오",
"tr": "o"
},
"expansion": "污 • (o)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"ehmr": "",
"ehrv": "",
"ehy": "",
"eumhun": "",
"hangeul": "오",
"mr": "o",
"rv": "o",
"y": "o"
},
"expansion": "污 • (o) (hangeul 오, revised o, McCune–Reischauer o, Yale o)",
"name": "ko-hanja/old"
},
{
"args": {
"eumhun": "",
"hangeul": "오",
"mr": "o",
"rv": "o",
"y": "o"
},
"expansion": "污 • (o) (hangeul 오, revised o, McCune–Reischauer o, Yale o)",
"name": "ko-hanja"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "character",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"Korean hanja",
"Korean lemmas",
"Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"Pages with 5 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"raw_tags": [
"Hanja"
],
"tags": [
"no-gloss"
]
}
],
"word": "污"
}
{
"lang": "Translingual",
"lang_code": "mul",
"pos": "character",
"related": [
{
"english": "Preferred form used for traditional Chinese in Taiwan",
"word": "汙"
},
{
"english": "Preferred form used in Japanese kanji",
"word": "汚"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Han script characters",
"Pages with 5 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Translingual entries with incorrect language header",
"Translingual lemmas",
"Translingual symbols",
"Translingual terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Translingual terms with redundant script codes"
],
"glosses": [
"污 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+3, 6 strokes, cangjie input 水一一尸 (EMMS), four-corner 3112₇, composition ⿰氵亏)"
],
"links": [
[
"Kangxi radical",
"Kangxi radical"
],
[
"氵",
"氵#Translingual"
],
[
"亏",
"亏#Translingual"
]
],
"raw_tags": [
"han"
]
}
],
"word": "污"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "ô",
"tags": [
"Hán-Nôm"
]
},
{
"form": "ố",
"tags": [
"Hán-Nôm"
]
}
],
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"pos": "character",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Vietnamese Han characters",
"Vietnamese Han characters with unconfirmed readings",
"Vietnamese lemmas"
],
"raw_tags": [
"han"
],
"tags": [
"no-gloss"
]
}
],
"word": "污"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 污 meaning in All languages combined (19.7kB)
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"path": [
"污"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "污",
"trace": ""
}
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"msg": "parse_linkage_recurse unhandled NodeKind.URL: <URL(['https://wiki.local/w/index.php?action=edit&title=Thesaurus%3A%E5%BC%84%E9%AB%92'], ['edit']){} >",
"path": [
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"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "definitions",
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"path": [
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"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu)'",
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],
"section": "Chinese",
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"title": "污",
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}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-05 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-06-01 using wiktextract (5ee713e and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.