"čьvati" meaning in All languages combined

See čьvati on Wiktionary

Verb [Proto-Slavic]

Etymology: From an earlier onomatopoeic *čuti (“to growl”) + *-ati. Probably reflects a s-mobile root Proto-Indo-European *(s)kew-, which yielded as well synonymous Proto-Slavic *ščuti, *ščьvati (“to bark, to slander, to swagger”) (attested in Slovene ščúti / ščúvati, Polish szczuć / szczwać, Czech štvát). Etymology templates: {{affix|sla-pro|*čuti|*-ati|t1=to growl}} *čuti (“to growl”) + *-ati, {{der|sla-pro|ine-pro|*(s)kew-}} Proto-Indo-European *(s)kew-, {{cog|sla-pro|*ščuti}} Proto-Slavic *ščuti, {{m|sla-pro|*ščьvati||to bark, to slander, to swagger}} *ščьvati (“to bark, to slander, to swagger”), {{cog|sl|ščúti}} Slovene ščúti, {{m|sl|ščúvati}} ščúvati, {{cog|pl|szczuć}} Polish szczuć, {{m|pl|szczwać}} szczwać, {{cog|cs|štvát}} Czech štvát Inflection templates: {{sla-conj|impf|-1}} Forms: imperfective [table-tags], ? [accent-paradigm], čьvanьje [noun-from-verb], čьvati [infinitive], čьvatъ [supine], čьvalъ [l-participle], imperfective [table-tags], ? [accent-paradigm], čьvanъ [participle, passive, past], čьvajemъ [participle, passive, present], čьvavъ [active, participle, past], čьvaję [active, participle, present], imperfective [table-tags], ? [accent-paradigm], čьvaxъ [aorist, first-person, singular], čьva [aorist, second-person, singular], čьva [aorist, singular, third-person], čьvajǫ [first-person, present, singular], čьvaješi [present, second-person, singular], čьvajetь [present, singular, third-person], čьvaxově [aorist, dual, first-person], čьvasta [aorist, dual, second-person], čьvaste [aorist, dual, third-person], čьvajevě [dual, first-person, present], čьvajeta [dual, present, second-person], čьvajete [dual, present, third-person], čьvaxomъ [aorist, first-person, plural], čьvaste [aorist, plural, second-person], čьvašę [aorist, plural, third-person], čьvajemъ [first-person, plural, present], čьvajete [plural, present, second-person], čьvajǫtь [plural, present, third-person], čьvaaxъ [first-person, imperfect, singular], čьvaaše [imperfect, second-person, singular], čьvaaše [imperfect, singular, third-person], - [first-person, imperative, singular], čьvaji [imperative, second-person, singular], čьvaji [imperative, singular, third-person], čьvaaxově [dual, first-person, imperfect], čьvaašeta [dual, imperfect, second-person], čьvaašete [dual, imperfect, third-person], čьvajivě [dual, first-person, imperative], čьvajita [dual, imperative, second-person], - [dual, imperative, third-person], čьvaaxomъ [first-person, imperfect, plural], čьvaašete [imperfect, plural, second-person], čьvaaxǫ [imperfect, plural, third-person], čьvajimъ [first-person, imperative, plural], čьvajite [imperative, plural, second-person], - [imperative, plural, third-person]
  1. to growl, to bark Tags: imperfective, reconstruction Related terms (*čuxъ (“growl, bark”)): čuxati (english: to growl; to drive away)
    Sense id: en-čьvati-sla-pro-verb-OwfcPPM6 Categories (other): Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header, Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-ati, Proto-Slavic verbs ending in -a- Disambiguation of Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header: 69 31 Disambiguation of Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-ati: 76 24 Disambiguation of Proto-Slavic verbs ending in -a-: 74 26 Disambiguation of '*čuxъ (“growl, bark”)': 96 4
  2. (figurative) to harass, to snub Tags: figuratively, imperfective, reconstruction
    Sense id: en-čьvati-sla-pro-verb-o8R4cOG7
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms (*čьvanъ (“conceited, arrogant”) (past participle)): čьvaniti [causative, verb], čьvanьstvo [abstract-noun] Related terms: xula (english: unjust vilification, insult)
Disambiguation of '*čьvanъ (“conceited, arrogant”) (past participle)': 47 53

Download JSON data for čьvati meaning in All languages combined (8.1kB)

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "47 53",
      "sense": "*čьvanъ (“conceited, arrogant”) (past participle)",
      "tags": [
        "causative",
        "verb"
      ],
      "word": "čьvaniti"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "47 53",
      "sense": "*čьvanъ (“conceited, arrogant”) (past participle)",
      "tags": [
        "abstract-noun"
      ],
      "word": "čьvanьstvo"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "East Slavic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "uk",
            "2": "чва́ти"
          },
          "expansion": "Ukrainian: чва́ти (čváty)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Ukrainian: чва́ти (čváty)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "West Slavic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "cs",
            "2": "čvat"
          },
          "expansion": "Czech: čvat",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "dialectal"
          },
          "expansion": "(dialectal)",
          "name": "q"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Czech: čvat (dialectal)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "*čuti",
        "3": "*-ati",
        "t1": "to growl"
      },
      "expansion": "*čuti (“to growl”) + *-ati",
      "name": "affix"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*(s)kew-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)kew-",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "*ščuti"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *ščuti",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "*ščьvati",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to bark, to slander, to swagger"
      },
      "expansion": "*ščьvati (“to bark, to slander, to swagger”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sl",
        "2": "ščúti"
      },
      "expansion": "Slovene ščúti",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sl",
        "2": "ščúvati"
      },
      "expansion": "ščúvati",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "szczuć"
      },
      "expansion": "Polish szczuć",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "szczwać"
      },
      "expansion": "szczwać",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cs",
        "2": "štvát"
      },
      "expansion": "Czech štvát",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From an earlier onomatopoeic *čuti (“to growl”) + *-ati. Probably reflects a s-mobile root Proto-Indo-European *(s)kew-, which yielded as well synonymous Proto-Slavic *ščuti, *ščьvati (“to bark, to slander, to swagger”) (attested in Slovene ščúti / ščúvati, Polish szczuć / szczwać, Czech štvát).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "imperfective",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sla-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "?",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "accent-paradigm"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvanьje",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "noun-from-verb"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvati",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvatъ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "supine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvalъ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "l-participle"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imperfective",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sla-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "?",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "accent-paradigm"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvanъ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvajemъ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvavъ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvaję",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imperfective",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sla-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "?",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "accent-paradigm"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvaxъ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "aorist",
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьva",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "aorist",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьva",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "aorist",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvajǫ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvaješi",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvajetь",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvaxově",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "aorist",
        "dual",
        "first-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvasta",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "aorist",
        "dual",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvaste",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "aorist",
        "dual",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvajevě",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "first-person",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvajeta",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvajete",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvaxomъ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "aorist",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvaste",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "aorist",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvašę",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "aorist",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvajemъ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvajete",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvajǫtь",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvaaxъ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvaaše",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvaaše",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvaji",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvaji",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvaaxově",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "first-person",
        "imperfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvaašeta",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "imperfect",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvaašete",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "imperfect",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvajivě",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "first-person",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvajita",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "imperative",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "imperative",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvaaxomъ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvaašete",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvaaxǫ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvajimъ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvajite",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "impf",
        "2": "-1"
      },
      "name": "sla-conj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Slavic",
  "lang_code": "sla-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/čьvati",
  "pos": "verb",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "unjust vilification, insult",
      "word": "xula"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "69 31",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "76 24",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-ati",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "74 26",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Slavic verbs ending in -a-",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to growl, to bark"
      ],
      "id": "en-čьvati-sla-pro-verb-OwfcPPM6",
      "links": [
        [
          "growl",
          "growl"
        ],
        [
          "bark",
          "bark"
        ]
      ],
      "related": [
        {
          "_dis1": "96 4",
          "english": "to growl; to drive away",
          "sense": "*čuxъ (“growl, bark”)",
          "word": "čuxati"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "imperfective",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to harass, to snub"
      ],
      "id": "en-čьvati-sla-pro-verb-o8R4cOG7",
      "links": [
        [
          "harass",
          "harass"
        ],
        [
          "snub",
          "snub"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(figurative) to harass, to snub"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "figuratively",
        "imperfective",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "čьvati"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
    "Proto-Slavic imperfective verbs",
    "Proto-Slavic lemmas",
    "Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-ati",
    "Proto-Slavic verbs",
    "Proto-Slavic verbs ending in -a-",
    "sla-conj with extra parameters/n"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "sense": "*čьvanъ (“conceited, arrogant”) (past participle)",
      "tags": [
        "causative",
        "verb"
      ],
      "word": "čьvaniti"
    },
    {
      "sense": "*čьvanъ (“conceited, arrogant”) (past participle)",
      "tags": [
        "abstract-noun"
      ],
      "word": "čьvanьstvo"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "East Slavic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "uk",
            "2": "чва́ти"
          },
          "expansion": "Ukrainian: чва́ти (čváty)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Ukrainian: чва́ти (čváty)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "West Slavic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "cs",
            "2": "čvat"
          },
          "expansion": "Czech: čvat",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "dialectal"
          },
          "expansion": "(dialectal)",
          "name": "q"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Czech: čvat (dialectal)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "*čuti",
        "3": "*-ati",
        "t1": "to growl"
      },
      "expansion": "*čuti (“to growl”) + *-ati",
      "name": "affix"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*(s)kew-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)kew-",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "*ščuti"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *ščuti",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "*ščьvati",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to bark, to slander, to swagger"
      },
      "expansion": "*ščьvati (“to bark, to slander, to swagger”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sl",
        "2": "ščúti"
      },
      "expansion": "Slovene ščúti",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sl",
        "2": "ščúvati"
      },
      "expansion": "ščúvati",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "szczuć"
      },
      "expansion": "Polish szczuć",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "szczwać"
      },
      "expansion": "szczwać",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cs",
        "2": "štvát"
      },
      "expansion": "Czech štvát",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From an earlier onomatopoeic *čuti (“to growl”) + *-ati. Probably reflects a s-mobile root Proto-Indo-European *(s)kew-, which yielded as well synonymous Proto-Slavic *ščuti, *ščьvati (“to bark, to slander, to swagger”) (attested in Slovene ščúti / ščúvati, Polish szczuć / szczwać, Czech štvát).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "imperfective",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sla-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "?",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "accent-paradigm"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvanьje",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "noun-from-verb"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvati",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvatъ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "supine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvalъ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "l-participle"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imperfective",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sla-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "?",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "accent-paradigm"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvanъ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvajemъ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "passive",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvavъ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvaję",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imperfective",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sla-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "?",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "accent-paradigm"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvaxъ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "aorist",
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьva",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "aorist",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьva",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "aorist",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvajǫ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvaješi",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvajetь",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvaxově",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "aorist",
        "dual",
        "first-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvasta",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "aorist",
        "dual",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvaste",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "aorist",
        "dual",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvajevě",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "first-person",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvajeta",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvajete",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvaxomъ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "aorist",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvaste",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "aorist",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvašę",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "aorist",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvajemъ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvajete",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvajǫtь",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvaaxъ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvaaše",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvaaše",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvaji",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvaji",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvaaxově",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "first-person",
        "imperfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvaašeta",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "imperfect",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvaašete",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "imperfect",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvajivě",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "first-person",
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvajita",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "imperative",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "imperative",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvaaxomъ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvaašete",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvaaxǫ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvajimъ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "čьvajite",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "impf",
        "2": "-1"
      },
      "name": "sla-conj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Slavic",
  "lang_code": "sla-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/čьvati",
  "pos": "verb",
  "related": [
    {
      "english": "to growl; to drive away",
      "sense": "*čuxъ (“growl, bark”)",
      "word": "čuxati"
    },
    {
      "english": "unjust vilification, insult",
      "word": "xula"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to growl, to bark"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "growl",
          "growl"
        ],
        [
          "bark",
          "bark"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "imperfective",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to harass, to snub"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "harass",
          "harass"
        ],
        [
          "snub",
          "snub"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(figurative) to harass, to snub"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "figuratively",
        "imperfective",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "čьvati"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.