See xula on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "хула"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: хула (xula)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: хула (xula)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ort",
"2": "хула́"
},
"expansion": "Old Ruthenian: хула́ (xulá)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Ruthenian: хула́ (xulá)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "хула́",
"qq": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "Belarusian: хула́ (xulá) (dialectal)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Belarusian: хула́ (xulá) (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "хула́"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: хула́ (xulá)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: хула́ (xulá)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "хула́",
"qq": "dated, literary"
},
"expansion": "Russian: хула́ (xulá) (dated, literary)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: хула́ (xulá) (dated, literary)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "ху́ла",
"t": "scolding"
},
"expansion": "Belarusian: ху́ла (xúla, “scolding”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Belarusian: ху́ла (xúla, “scolding”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "хоула",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Old Cyrillic script: хоула (xula)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Cyrillic script: хоула (xula)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "ⱈⱆⰾⰰ",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Glagolitic script: ⱈⱆⰾⰰ (xula)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Glagolitic script: ⱈⱆⰾⰰ (xula)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "ху́ла"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: ху́ла (húla)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: ху́ла (húla)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mk",
"2": "хула",
"qq": "literary"
},
"expansion": "Macedonian: хула (hula) (literary)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Macedonian: хула (hula) (literary)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "ху̏ла",
"qq": "dialectal",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: ху̏ла (dialectal)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: ху̏ла (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "hȕla",
"qq": "dialectal",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: hȕla (dialectal)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: hȕla (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "húla"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: húla",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "poetic"
},
"expansion": "(poetic)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: húla (poetic)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)kew-",
"4": "",
"5": "to shout, to scold"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)kew- (“to shout, to scold”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*čьvati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *čьvati",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ksew-",
"4": "",
"5": "to scrape, to injure"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ksew- (“to scrape, to injure”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*xudъ",
"3": "",
"4": "injured, weak"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *xudъ (“injured, weak”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*xytiti",
"3": "",
"4": "to assault"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *xytiti (“to assault”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Main lines of reasoning:\n* Of onomatopoeic or expressive origin, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kew- (“to shout, to scold”), originally meaning “taunt”. Related to Proto-Slavic *čьvati, *ščьvati (“to bark, to slander, to harass”).\n* Of physical nature, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ksew- (“to scrape, to injure”), originally meaning “physical attack, offend”. Related to Proto-Slavic *xudъ (“injured, weak”), possibly Proto-Slavic *xytiti (“to assault”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "xulà",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "b",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accent-paradigm"
]
},
{
"form": "xūlà",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xũlě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "xūlỳ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xūlỳ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xūlù",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "xũlъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xūlě̀",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xūlàma",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "xūlàmъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xūlǫ̀",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xũlě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "xūlỳ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xūlòjǫ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xũlǫ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xūlàma",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "xūlàmī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xūlě̀",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xūlù",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "xūlàsъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xūlàxъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xulo",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "xũlě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "xūlỳ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"ap": "b"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xula",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm b",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "insulting",
"sense": "*xuliti (“to vilify, to offend”)",
"word": "xulьnъ"
},
{
"english": "to commit blasphemy",
"word": "xulovati"
},
{
"word": "xulostь"
},
{
"english": "sacrilege, blasphemy",
"word": "xulьstvo"
}
],
"glosses": [
"unjust vilification, verbal offence → blasphemy (in religion)"
],
"id": "en-xula-sla-pro-noun-iCPfJq6D",
"links": [
[
"unjust",
"unjust"
],
[
"vilification",
"vilification"
],
[
"verbal",
"verbal"
],
[
"offence",
"offence"
],
[
"blasphemy",
"blasphemy"
]
],
"related": [
{
"alt": "sę",
"english": "to cripple, to bend down",
"word": "xyliti"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*kleveta"
}
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Marko Snoj"
]
}
],
"word": "xula"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "adjective form"
},
"expansion": "xula",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Catalan entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "xulo"
}
],
"glosses": [
"feminine singular of xulo"
],
"id": "en-xula-ca-adj-qOSOccPa",
"links": [
[
"xulo",
"xulo#Catalan"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"form-of",
"singular"
]
}
],
"word": "xula"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "adjective form"
},
"expansion": "xula",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Catalan adjective forms",
"Catalan entries with incorrect language header",
"Catalan non-lemma forms",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "xulo"
}
],
"glosses": [
"feminine singular of xulo"
],
"links": [
[
"xulo",
"xulo#Catalan"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"form-of",
"singular"
]
}
],
"word": "xula"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"english": "insulting",
"sense": "*xuliti (“to vilify, to offend”)",
"word": "xulьnъ"
},
{
"english": "to commit blasphemy",
"word": "xulovati"
},
{
"word": "xulostь"
},
{
"english": "sacrilege, blasphemy",
"word": "xulьstvo"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "хула"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: хула (xula)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: хула (xula)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ort",
"2": "хула́"
},
"expansion": "Old Ruthenian: хула́ (xulá)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Ruthenian: хула́ (xulá)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "хула́",
"qq": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "Belarusian: хула́ (xulá) (dialectal)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Belarusian: хула́ (xulá) (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "хула́"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: хула́ (xulá)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: хула́ (xulá)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "хула́",
"qq": "dated, literary"
},
"expansion": "Russian: хула́ (xulá) (dated, literary)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: хула́ (xulá) (dated, literary)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "ху́ла",
"t": "scolding"
},
"expansion": "Belarusian: ху́ла (xúla, “scolding”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Belarusian: ху́ла (xúla, “scolding”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "хоула",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Old Cyrillic script: хоула (xula)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Cyrillic script: хоула (xula)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "ⱈⱆⰾⰰ",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Glagolitic script: ⱈⱆⰾⰰ (xula)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Glagolitic script: ⱈⱆⰾⰰ (xula)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "ху́ла"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: ху́ла (húla)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: ху́ла (húla)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mk",
"2": "хула",
"qq": "literary"
},
"expansion": "Macedonian: хула (hula) (literary)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Macedonian: хула (hula) (literary)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "ху̏ла",
"qq": "dialectal",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: ху̏ла (dialectal)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: ху̏ла (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "hȕla",
"qq": "dialectal",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: hȕla (dialectal)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: hȕla (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "húla"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: húla",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "poetic"
},
"expansion": "(poetic)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: húla (poetic)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)kew-",
"4": "",
"5": "to shout, to scold"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)kew- (“to shout, to scold”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*čьvati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *čьvati",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ksew-",
"4": "",
"5": "to scrape, to injure"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ksew- (“to scrape, to injure”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*xudъ",
"3": "",
"4": "injured, weak"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *xudъ (“injured, weak”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*xytiti",
"3": "",
"4": "to assault"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *xytiti (“to assault”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Main lines of reasoning:\n* Of onomatopoeic or expressive origin, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kew- (“to shout, to scold”), originally meaning “taunt”. Related to Proto-Slavic *čьvati, *ščьvati (“to bark, to slander, to harass”).\n* Of physical nature, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ksew- (“to scrape, to injure”), originally meaning “physical attack, offend”. Related to Proto-Slavic *xudъ (“injured, weak”), possibly Proto-Slavic *xytiti (“to assault”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "xulà",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "b",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accent-paradigm"
]
},
{
"form": "xūlà",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xũlě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "xūlỳ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xūlỳ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xūlù",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "xũlъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xūlě̀",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xūlàma",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "xūlàmъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xūlǫ̀",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xũlě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "xūlỳ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xūlòjǫ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xũlǫ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xūlàma",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "xūlàmī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xūlě̀",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xūlù",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "xūlàsъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xūlàxъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xulo",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "xũlě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "xūlỳ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"ap": "b"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xula",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"alt": "sę",
"english": "to cripple, to bend down",
"word": "xyliti"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic feminine nouns",
"Proto-Slavic hard a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm b",
"Proto-Slavic nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"unjust vilification, verbal offence → blasphemy (in religion)"
],
"links": [
[
"unjust",
"unjust"
],
[
"vilification",
"vilification"
],
[
"verbal",
"verbal"
],
[
"offence",
"offence"
],
[
"blasphemy",
"blasphemy"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*kleveta"
}
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Marko Snoj"
]
}
],
"word": "xula"
}
Download raw JSONL data for xula meaning in All languages combined (8.0kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.