"通達" meaning in 漢語

See 通達 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Verb

IPA: /tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ tä³⁵/, /tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ taːt̚²/, /tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tat̚⁴/, /tʰɔŋ³³ tat̚²⁴/, /tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tat̚¹²¹/, /tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tat̚⁴/, /tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tat̚⁴/
  1. 通行;到達。
    Sense id: zh-通達-zh-verb-d4DxYcSe
  2. 通曉;洞達。
    Sense id: zh-通達-zh-verb-cC0VNCyp
  3. 通情達理。
    Sense id: zh-通達-zh-verb-6DhlT9r8
  4. 亨通顯達。
    Sense id: zh-通達-zh-verb-H5eEuu0f
  5. 指暢通。
    Sense id: zh-通達-zh-verb-UrX2fuxe
  6. 溝通傳達。
    Sense id: zh-通達-zh-verb--72K9AFw
  7. 指通人達士。
    Sense id: zh-通達-zh-verb-I9BqrHb8
  8. #통달〈通達〉的漢字表記。
    Sense id: zh-通達-zh-verb-sg2F0vWG
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Related terms: 人情, 见解, 事理, 四面 Translations: беспрепятственно (俄语), доходить (俄语), достигать (俄语), проходить (俄语), до (俄语), вести (俄语), быть (俄语), сведущим (俄语), хорошо (俄语), понимать (俄语), хорошо (俄语), осведомлённый (俄语), понимающий (俄语), многосторонний (俄语), широкий (俄语), доводить (俄语), до (俄语), сведения (俄语), информировать (俄语), сообщать (俄语), извещать (俄语), уведомлять (俄语), стоять (俄语), на (俄语), проезжих (俄语), путях (俄语), быть (俄语), густонаселённым (俄语), Einsicht (德语), Einstieg (德语), comprendre (法语), saisir (法语), savoir (法语), shuwefun (满语), understand (英语), clearly (英语), 밝다 (韩语), 정통하다 (韩语), 통하다 (韩语)
{
  "categories": [
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "官話動詞",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "官話詞元",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "帶「通」的漢語詞",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "帶「達」的漢語詞",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "待分類的日語詞",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "待分類的朝鮮語詞",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "待分類的漢語詞",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "日語",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "有國際音標的漢語詞",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "朝鲜语汉字词",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "泉漳話動詞",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "泉漳話詞元",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "漢語",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "漢語動詞",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "漢語詞元",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "粵語動詞",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "粵語詞元",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "漢語",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "verb",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "人情"
    },
    {
      "word": "见解"
    },
    {
      "word": "事理"
    },
    {
      "word": "四面"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "通行;到達。"
      ],
      "id": "zh-通達-zh-verb-d4DxYcSe"
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "通曉;洞達。"
      ],
      "id": "zh-通達-zh-verb-cC0VNCyp"
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "通情達理。"
      ],
      "id": "zh-通達-zh-verb-6DhlT9r8"
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "亨通顯達。"
      ],
      "id": "zh-通達-zh-verb-H5eEuu0f"
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "指暢通。"
      ],
      "id": "zh-通達-zh-verb-UrX2fuxe"
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "溝通傳達。"
      ],
      "id": "zh-通達-zh-verb--72K9AFw"
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "指通人達士。"
      ],
      "id": "zh-通達-zh-verb-I9BqrHb8"
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "#통달〈通達〉的漢字表記。"
      ],
      "id": "zh-通達-zh-verb-sg2F0vWG"
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "官話",
        "拼音"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "tōngdá"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "官話",
        "注音"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "ㄊㄨㄥ ㄉㄚˊ"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "粵語",
        "粵拼"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "tung¹ daat⁶"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "閩南語",
        "泉漳話,白話字"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "thong-ta̍t"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "官話",
        "現代標準漢語",
        "拼音"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "tōngdá"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "官話",
        "現代標準漢語",
        "注音"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "ㄊㄨㄥ ㄉㄚˊ"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "官話",
        "現代標準漢語",
        "通用拼音"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "tongdá"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "官話",
        "現代標準漢語",
        "威妥瑪拼音"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "tʻung¹-ta²"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "官話",
        "現代標準漢語",
        "耶魯官話拼音"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "tūng-dá"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "官話",
        "現代標準漢語",
        "國語羅馬字"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "tongdar"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "官話",
        "現代標準漢語",
        "西里爾字母轉寫"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "тунда (tunda)"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ tä³⁵/",
      "raw_tags": [
        "官話",
        "現代標準漢語",
        "漢語國際音標"
      ]
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "粵語",
        "標準粵語,廣州–香港話",
        "粵拼"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "tung¹ daat⁶"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "粵語",
        "標準粵語,廣州–香港話",
        "耶魯粵拼"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "tūng daaht"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "粵語",
        "標準粵語,廣州–香港話",
        "廣州話拼音"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "tung¹ daat⁹"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "粵語",
        "標準粵語,廣州–香港話",
        "廣東拼音"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "tung¹ dad⁶"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ taːt̚²/",
      "raw_tags": [
        "粵語",
        "標準粵語,廣州–香港話",
        "國際音標"
      ]
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "閩南語",
        "泉漳話",
        "白話字"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "thong-ta̍t"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "閩南語",
        "泉漳話",
        "臺羅"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "thong-ta̍t"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "閩南語",
        "泉漳話",
        "普實台文"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "tongdat"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tat̚⁴/",
      "raw_tags": [
        "閩南語",
        "泉漳話",
        "國際音標 (廈門"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tʰɔŋ³³ tat̚²⁴/",
      "raw_tags": [
        "閩南語",
        "泉漳話",
        "國際音標 (泉州"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tat̚¹²¹/",
      "raw_tags": [
        "閩南語",
        "泉漳話",
        "國際音標 (漳州"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tat̚⁴/",
      "raw_tags": [
        "閩南語",
        "泉漳話",
        "國際音標 (臺北"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tat̚⁴/",
      "raw_tags": [
        "閩南語",
        "泉漳話",
        "國際音標 (高雄"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "lang": "德语",
      "lang_code": "de",
      "word": "Einsicht"
    },
    {
      "lang": "德语",
      "lang_code": "de",
      "word": "Einstieg"
    },
    {
      "lang": "英语",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "word": "understand"
    },
    {
      "lang": "英语",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "word": "clearly"
    },
    {
      "lang": "法语",
      "lang_code": "fr",
      "word": "comprendre"
    },
    {
      "lang": "法语",
      "lang_code": "fr",
      "word": "saisir"
    },
    {
      "lang": "法语",
      "lang_code": "fr",
      "word": "savoir"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "беспрепятственно"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "доходить"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "достигать"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "проходить"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "до"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "вести"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "быть"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "сведущим"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "хорошо"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "понимать"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "хорошо"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "осведомлённый"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "понимающий"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "многосторонний"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "широкий"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "доводить"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "до"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "сведения"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "информировать"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "сообщать"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "извещать"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "уведомлять"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "стоять"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "на"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "проезжих"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "путях"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "быть"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "густонаселённым"
    },
    {
      "lang": "韩语",
      "lang_code": "ko",
      "word": "밝다"
    },
    {
      "lang": "韩语",
      "lang_code": "ko",
      "word": "정통하다"
    },
    {
      "lang": "韩语",
      "lang_code": "ko",
      "word": "통하다"
    },
    {
      "lang": "满语",
      "lang_code": "mnc",
      "word": "shuwefun"
    }
  ],
  "word": "通達"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "官話動詞",
    "官話詞元",
    "帶「通」的漢語詞",
    "帶「達」的漢語詞",
    "待分類的日語詞",
    "待分類的朝鮮語詞",
    "待分類的漢語詞",
    "日語",
    "有國際音標的漢語詞",
    "朝鲜语汉字词",
    "泉漳話動詞",
    "泉漳話詞元",
    "漢語",
    "漢語動詞",
    "漢語詞元",
    "粵語動詞",
    "粵語詞元"
  ],
  "lang": "漢語",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "verb",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "人情"
    },
    {
      "word": "见解"
    },
    {
      "word": "事理"
    },
    {
      "word": "四面"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "通行;到達。"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "通曉;洞達。"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "通情達理。"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "亨通顯達。"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "指暢通。"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "溝通傳達。"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "指通人達士。"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "#통달〈通達〉的漢字表記。"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "官話",
        "拼音"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "tōngdá"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "官話",
        "注音"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "ㄊㄨㄥ ㄉㄚˊ"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "粵語",
        "粵拼"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "tung¹ daat⁶"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "閩南語",
        "泉漳話,白話字"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "thong-ta̍t"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "官話",
        "現代標準漢語",
        "拼音"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "tōngdá"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "官話",
        "現代標準漢語",
        "注音"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "ㄊㄨㄥ ㄉㄚˊ"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "官話",
        "現代標準漢語",
        "通用拼音"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "tongdá"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "官話",
        "現代標準漢語",
        "威妥瑪拼音"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "tʻung¹-ta²"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "官話",
        "現代標準漢語",
        "耶魯官話拼音"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "tūng-dá"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "官話",
        "現代標準漢語",
        "國語羅馬字"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "tongdar"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "官話",
        "現代標準漢語",
        "西里爾字母轉寫"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "тунда (tunda)"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ tä³⁵/",
      "raw_tags": [
        "官話",
        "現代標準漢語",
        "漢語國際音標"
      ]
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "粵語",
        "標準粵語,廣州–香港話",
        "粵拼"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "tung¹ daat⁶"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "粵語",
        "標準粵語,廣州–香港話",
        "耶魯粵拼"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "tūng daaht"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "粵語",
        "標準粵語,廣州–香港話",
        "廣州話拼音"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "tung¹ daat⁹"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "粵語",
        "標準粵語,廣州–香港話",
        "廣東拼音"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "tung¹ dad⁶"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ taːt̚²/",
      "raw_tags": [
        "粵語",
        "標準粵語,廣州–香港話",
        "國際音標"
      ]
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "閩南語",
        "泉漳話",
        "白話字"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "thong-ta̍t"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "閩南語",
        "泉漳話",
        "臺羅"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "thong-ta̍t"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "閩南語",
        "泉漳話",
        "普實台文"
      ],
      "zh_pron": "tongdat"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tat̚⁴/",
      "raw_tags": [
        "閩南語",
        "泉漳話",
        "國際音標 (廈門"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tʰɔŋ³³ tat̚²⁴/",
      "raw_tags": [
        "閩南語",
        "泉漳話",
        "國際音標 (泉州"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tat̚¹²¹/",
      "raw_tags": [
        "閩南語",
        "泉漳話",
        "國際音標 (漳州"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tat̚⁴/",
      "raw_tags": [
        "閩南語",
        "泉漳話",
        "國際音標 (臺北"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tat̚⁴/",
      "raw_tags": [
        "閩南語",
        "泉漳話",
        "國際音標 (高雄"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "lang": "德语",
      "lang_code": "de",
      "word": "Einsicht"
    },
    {
      "lang": "德语",
      "lang_code": "de",
      "word": "Einstieg"
    },
    {
      "lang": "英语",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "word": "understand"
    },
    {
      "lang": "英语",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "word": "clearly"
    },
    {
      "lang": "法语",
      "lang_code": "fr",
      "word": "comprendre"
    },
    {
      "lang": "法语",
      "lang_code": "fr",
      "word": "saisir"
    },
    {
      "lang": "法语",
      "lang_code": "fr",
      "word": "savoir"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "беспрепятственно"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "доходить"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "достигать"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "проходить"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "до"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "вести"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "быть"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "сведущим"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "хорошо"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "понимать"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "хорошо"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "осведомлённый"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "понимающий"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "многосторонний"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "широкий"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "доводить"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "до"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "сведения"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "информировать"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "сообщать"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "извещать"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "уведомлять"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "стоять"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "на"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "проезжих"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "путях"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "быть"
    },
    {
      "lang": "俄语",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "word": "густонаселённым"
    },
    {
      "lang": "韩语",
      "lang_code": "ko",
      "word": "밝다"
    },
    {
      "lang": "韩语",
      "lang_code": "ko",
      "word": "정통하다"
    },
    {
      "lang": "韩语",
      "lang_code": "ko",
      "word": "통하다"
    },
    {
      "lang": "满语",
      "lang_code": "mnc",
      "word": "shuwefun"
    }
  ],
  "word": "通達"
}

Download raw JSONL data for 通達 meaning in 漢語 (5.6kB)

{
  "called_from": "extractor/zh/page/parse_section/192",
  "msg": "Unhandled subtitle: 寫法",
  "path": [
    "通達"
  ],
  "section": "漢語",
  "subsection": "寫法",
  "title": "通達",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "extractor/zh/page/parse_section/192",
  "msg": "Unhandled subtitle: 使用",
  "path": [
    "通達"
  ],
  "section": "漢語",
  "subsection": "使用",
  "title": "通達",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "extractor/zh/page/parse_section/192",
  "msg": "Unhandled subtitle: 示例",
  "path": [
    "通達"
  ],
  "section": "漢語",
  "subsection": "示例",
  "title": "通達",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "extractor/zh/page/parse_section/192",
  "msg": "Unhandled subtitle: 用法说明",
  "path": [
    "通達"
  ],
  "section": "漢語",
  "subsection": "用法说明",
  "title": "通達",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable 漢語 dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-09-04 from the zhwiktionary dump dated 2024-09-01 using wiktextract (1403a84 and f99c758). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.