See cyfyng in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "cyfyngder"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "distress, straits, adversity",
"translation": "distress, straits, adversity",
"word": "cyfyngdra"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "straits, narrow sea",
"translation": "straits, narrow sea",
"word": "cyfyngfor"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "to narrow, to constrict",
"translation": "to narrow, to constrict",
"word": "cyfyngu"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"kyving",
"kyving#Middle_Welsh"
],
[
"*komangus",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/komangus"
],
[
"cumung",
"cumung#Old_Irish"
],
[
"*ḱóm",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱóm"
],
[
"*h₂enǵʰ-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂enǵʰ-"
],
[
"cyf-",
"cyf-#Welsh"
],
[
"yng",
"yng#Welsh"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂enǵʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "wlm",
"3": "kyving"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh kyving",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*komangus"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *komangus",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "cumung"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish cumung",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ḱóm",
"4": "",
"5": "beside, near, by, with"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“beside, near, by, with”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cyf-",
"3": "yng",
"t2": "straits, distress"
},
"expansion": "cyf- + yng (“straits, distress”)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Welsh kyving, from Proto-Celtic *komangus (compare Old Irish cumung), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“beside, near, by, with”) + *h₂enǵʰ- (“tight, painfully constricted”). Analysable as cyf- + yng (“straits, distress”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cyfyng",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cyfyng",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cyfynged",
"tags": [
"equative"
]
},
{
"form": "cyfyngach",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "cyfyngaf",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cy-mut",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "cyfyng",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "gyfyng",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"soft"
]
},
{
"form": "nghyfyng",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "chyfyng",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ach"
},
"expansion": "cyfyng (feminine singular cyfyng, plural cyfyng, equative cyfynged, comparative cyfyngach, superlative cyfyngaf)",
"name": "cy-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "cy-mut"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "20 16 36 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Welsh terms prefixed with cyf-",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"confined, restricted"
],
"id": "en-cyfyng-cy-adj-xZV-D~BA",
"links": [
[
"confined",
"confined"
],
[
"restricted",
"restricted"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "cyfyngedig"
},
{
"word": "gwasgedig"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "20 39 25 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 80 8 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 69 12 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 16 36 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Welsh terms prefixed with cyf-",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"narrow"
],
"id": "en-cyfyng-cy-adj-XtqVjp3e",
"links": [
[
"narrow",
"narrow"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "cul"
},
{
"word": "anaeng"
},
{
"word": "tynn"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "20 16 36 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Welsh terms prefixed with cyf-",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"difficult"
],
"id": "en-cyfyng-cy-adj-HkRTqYyd",
"links": [
[
"difficult",
"difficult"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "gofidus"
},
{
"word": "enbyd"
},
{
"word": "dyrys"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "20 16 36 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Welsh terms prefixed with cyf-",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"limited in scope"
],
"id": "en-cyfyng-cy-adj-SFRW~IP~",
"links": [
[
"limited",
"limited"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkəvɨ̞ŋ/",
"tags": [
"North-Wales"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkəvɪŋ/",
"tags": [
"South-Wales"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-əvɨ̞ŋ"
}
],
"word": "cyfyng"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Welsh/əvɨ̞ŋ",
"Rhymes:Welsh/əvɨ̞ŋ/2 syllables",
"Welsh adjectives",
"Welsh adjectives with red links in their headword lines",
"Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"Welsh lemmas",
"Welsh terms derived from Middle Welsh",
"Welsh terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"Welsh terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Welsh terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂enǵʰ-",
"Welsh terms inherited from Middle Welsh",
"Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Celtic",
"Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Welsh terms prefixed with cyf-"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "cyfyngder"
},
{
"english": "distress, straits, adversity",
"translation": "distress, straits, adversity",
"word": "cyfyngdra"
},
{
"english": "straits, narrow sea",
"translation": "straits, narrow sea",
"word": "cyfyngfor"
},
{
"english": "to narrow, to constrict",
"translation": "to narrow, to constrict",
"word": "cyfyngu"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"kyving",
"kyving#Middle_Welsh"
],
[
"*komangus",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/komangus"
],
[
"cumung",
"cumung#Old_Irish"
],
[
"*ḱóm",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱóm"
],
[
"*h₂enǵʰ-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂enǵʰ-"
],
[
"cyf-",
"cyf-#Welsh"
],
[
"yng",
"yng#Welsh"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂enǵʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "wlm",
"3": "kyving"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh kyving",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*komangus"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *komangus",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "cumung"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish cumung",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ḱóm",
"4": "",
"5": "beside, near, by, with"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“beside, near, by, with”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cyf-",
"3": "yng",
"t2": "straits, distress"
},
"expansion": "cyf- + yng (“straits, distress”)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Welsh kyving, from Proto-Celtic *komangus (compare Old Irish cumung), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“beside, near, by, with”) + *h₂enǵʰ- (“tight, painfully constricted”). Analysable as cyf- + yng (“straits, distress”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cyfyng",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cyfyng",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cyfynged",
"tags": [
"equative"
]
},
{
"form": "cyfyngach",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "cyfyngaf",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cy-mut",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "cyfyng",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "gyfyng",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"soft"
]
},
{
"form": "nghyfyng",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "chyfyng",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ach"
},
"expansion": "cyfyng (feminine singular cyfyng, plural cyfyng, equative cyfynged, comparative cyfyngach, superlative cyfyngaf)",
"name": "cy-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "cy-mut"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"confined, restricted"
],
"links": [
[
"confined",
"confined"
],
[
"restricted",
"restricted"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "cyfyngedig"
},
{
"word": "gwasgedig"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"narrow"
],
"links": [
[
"narrow",
"narrow"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "cul"
},
{
"word": "anaeng"
},
{
"word": "tynn"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"difficult"
],
"links": [
[
"difficult",
"difficult"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "gofidus"
},
{
"word": "enbyd"
},
{
"word": "dyrys"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"limited in scope"
],
"links": [
[
"limited",
"limited"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkəvɨ̞ŋ/",
"tags": [
"North-Wales"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkəvɪŋ/",
"tags": [
"South-Wales"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-əvɨ̞ŋ"
}
],
"word": "cyfyng"
}
Download raw JSONL data for cyfyng meaning in Welsh (3.9kB)
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: cyfyng/Welsh 'radical' base_tags=set()",
"path": [
"cyfyng"
],
"section": "Welsh",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "cyfyng",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: cyfyng/Welsh 'nasal' base_tags={'soft', 'error-unrecognized-form'}",
"path": [
"cyfyng"
],
"section": "Welsh",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "cyfyng",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: cyfyng/Welsh 'aspirate' base_tags={'soft', 'error-unrecognized-form'}",
"path": [
"cyfyng"
],
"section": "Welsh",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "cyfyng",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Welsh dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-10-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (1a05e46 and e3d6d4e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.