cứng in Vietnamese

IPA: [kɨŋ˧˦] [Hà-Nội], [kɨŋ˦˧˥] [Huế], [kɨŋ˦˥] (note: Saigon) Audio: LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cứng.wav

Forms: 亘 [CJK], 勁 [CJK], 徑 [CJK], 𠡚 [CJK], 𦚸 [CJK] [Show additional information ▼] [Hide additional information ▲]

Etymology: From Proto-Vietic *kəŋʔ. Compare Khmer កឹង (kəng) and Pacoh câng. Possibly related to nứng (“horny”), through an infixed form. Similarities to Chinese 勁 (OC *keŋ-s) (SV: kình, kính), 強 (OC *N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ) (SV: cường, cưỡng), 剛 (OC *kˤaŋ) (SV: cương), 堅 (OC *kˤi[ŋ]) (SV: kiên) are probably coincidental. The Austroasiatic words might also be borrowed from another source that gave rise to one of the Sinitic words. Also a semantic loan from English hard in hardware and hard copy. Etymology templates: {{inh|vi|mkh-vie-pro|*kəŋʔ}} Proto-Vietic *kəŋʔ, {{cog|km|កឹង}} Khmer កឹង (kəng), {{cog|pac|câng}} Pacoh câng, {{ncog|zh|-}} Chinese, {{IPAfont|*keŋ-s}} *keŋ-s, {{och-l|勁|tr=*keŋ-s}} 勁 (OC *keŋ-s), {{IPAfont|*N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ}} *N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ, {{och-l|強|tr=*N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ}} 強 (OC *N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ), {{IPAfont|*kˤaŋ}} *kˤaŋ, {{och-l|剛|tr=*kˤaŋ}} 剛 (OC *kˤaŋ), {{IPAfont|*kˤi􂀿ŋ􂁀}} *kˤi[ŋ], {{och-l|堅|tr=*kˤi􂀿ŋ􂁀}} 堅 (OC *kˤi[ŋ]), {{semantic loan|vi|en|hard|nocap=y}} semantic loan from English hard Head templates: {{head|vi|adjective|||||||head=|tr=亘, 勁, 徑, 𠡚, 𦚸}} cứng • (亘, 勁, 徑, 𠡚, 𦚸), {{vi-adj|亘, 勁, 徑, 𠡚, 𦚸}} cứng • (亘, 勁, 徑, 𠡚, 𦚸)

[Show JSON for postprocessed kaikki.org data shown on this page ▼] [Hide JSON for postprocessed kaikki.org data shown on this page ▲]

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "mkh-vie-pro",
        "3": "*kəŋʔ"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Vietic *kəŋʔ",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "km",
        "2": "កឹង"
      },
      "expansion": "Khmer កឹង (kəng)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pac",
        "2": "câng"
      },
      "expansion": "Pacoh câng",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Chinese",
      "name": "ncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "*keŋ-s"
      },
      "expansion": "*keŋ-s",
      "name": "IPAfont"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "勁",
        "tr": "*keŋ-s"
      },
      "expansion": "勁 (OC *keŋ-s)",
      "name": "och-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "*N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ"
      },
      "expansion": "*N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ",
      "name": "IPAfont"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "強",
        "tr": "*N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ"
      },
      "expansion": "強 (OC *N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ)",
      "name": "och-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "*kˤaŋ"
      },
      "expansion": "*kˤaŋ",
      "name": "IPAfont"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "剛",
        "tr": "*kˤaŋ"
      },
      "expansion": "剛 (OC *kˤaŋ)",
      "name": "och-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "*kˤi􂀿ŋ􂁀"
      },
      "expansion": "*kˤi[ŋ]",
      "name": "IPAfont"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "堅",
        "tr": "*kˤi􂀿ŋ􂁀"
      },
      "expansion": "堅 (OC *kˤi[ŋ])",
      "name": "och-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "en",
        "3": "hard",
        "nocap": "y"
      },
      "expansion": "semantic loan from English hard",
      "name": "semantic loan"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Vietic *kəŋʔ. Compare Khmer កឹង (kəng) and Pacoh câng. Possibly related to nứng (“horny”), through an infixed form.\nSimilarities to Chinese 勁 (OC *keŋ-s) (SV: kình, kính), 強 (OC *N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ) (SV: cường, cưỡng), 剛 (OC *kˤaŋ) (SV: cương), 堅 (OC *kˤi[ŋ]) (SV: kiên) are probably coincidental. The Austroasiatic words might also be borrowed from another source that gave rise to one of the Sinitic words.\nAlso a semantic loan from English hard in hardware and hard copy.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "亘",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "勁",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "徑",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "𠡚",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "𦚸",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "adjective",
        "3": "",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "6": "",
        "7": "",
        "8": "",
        "head": "",
        "tr": "亘, 勁, 徑, 𠡚, 𦚸"
      },
      "expansion": "cứng • (亘, 勁, 徑, 𠡚, 𦚸)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "亘, 勁, 徑, 𠡚, 𦚸"
      },
      "expansion": "cứng • (亘, 勁, 徑, 𠡚, 𦚸)",
      "name": "vi-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Vietnamese",
  "lang_code": "vi",
  "pos": "adj",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "cardboard",
      "word": "bìa cứng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "beetle",
      "word": "bọ cánh cứng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "overcrowded",
      "word": "chật cứng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "robust",
      "roman": "từ láy",
      "word": "cứng cáp"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "strong, firm",
      "word": "cứng chắc"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "strong, tough",
      "word": "cứng cỏi"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "stubborn",
      "word": "cứng cổ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "persistent",
      "word": "cứng cựa"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "headstrong",
      "word": "cứng đầu"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "cứng đơ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "cứng đờ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "speechless",
      "word": "cứng họng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "speechless",
      "word": "cứng miệng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "inflexible",
      "word": "cứng nhắc"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "tough",
      "word": "cứng rắn"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "erect",
      "word": "cương cứng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "hard drive",
      "word": "đĩa cứng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "toffee",
      "word": "kẹo bơ cứng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "dura mater",
      "word": "màng cứng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "hard disk drive",
      "word": "ổ cứng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "hard disk drive",
      "word": "ổ đĩa cứng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "hardware",
      "word": "phần cứng"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "antonyms": [
        {
          "english": "soft",
          "word": "mềm"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "100 0",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "100 0",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "97 3",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": ","
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "hard; firm; rigid"
      ],
      "id": "en-cứng-vi-adj-tj3WZFgE",
      "links": [
        [
          "hard",
          "hard"
        ],
        [
          "firm",
          "firm"
        ],
        [
          "rigid",
          "rigid"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "rắn"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "hard"
      ],
      "id": "en-cứng-vi-adj-7VRluSIN",
      "links": [
        [
          "hard",
          "hard"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(of a copy of a document) hard"
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "of a copy of a document"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[kɨŋ˧˦]",
      "tags": [
        "Hà-Nội"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kɨŋ˦˧˥]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kɨŋ˦˥]",
      "note": "Saigon"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cứng.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%A9ng.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%A9ng.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%A9ng.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%A9ng.wav.ogg"
    }
  ],
  "word": "cứng"
}

[Show JSON for raw wiktextract data ▼] [Hide JSON for raw wiktextract data ▲]

{
  "categories": [
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Vietnamese adjectives",
    "Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Vietnamese lemmas",
    "Vietnamese semantic loans from English",
    "Vietnamese terms derived from English",
    "Vietnamese terms derived from Proto-Vietic",
    "Vietnamese terms inherited from Proto-Vietic",
    "Vietnamese terms with IPA pronunciation"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "mkh-vie-pro",
        "3": "*kəŋʔ"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Vietic *kəŋʔ",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "km",
        "2": "កឹង"
      },
      "expansion": "Khmer កឹង (kəng)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pac",
        "2": "câng"
      },
      "expansion": "Pacoh câng",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Chinese",
      "name": "ncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "*keŋ-s"
      },
      "expansion": "*keŋ-s",
      "name": "IPAfont"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "勁",
        "tr": "*keŋ-s"
      },
      "expansion": "勁 (OC *keŋ-s)",
      "name": "och-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "*N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ"
      },
      "expansion": "*N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ",
      "name": "IPAfont"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "強",
        "tr": "*N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ"
      },
      "expansion": "強 (OC *N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ)",
      "name": "och-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "*kˤaŋ"
      },
      "expansion": "*kˤaŋ",
      "name": "IPAfont"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "剛",
        "tr": "*kˤaŋ"
      },
      "expansion": "剛 (OC *kˤaŋ)",
      "name": "och-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "*kˤi􂀿ŋ􂁀"
      },
      "expansion": "*kˤi[ŋ]",
      "name": "IPAfont"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "堅",
        "tr": "*kˤi􂀿ŋ􂁀"
      },
      "expansion": "堅 (OC *kˤi[ŋ])",
      "name": "och-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "en",
        "3": "hard",
        "nocap": "y"
      },
      "expansion": "semantic loan from English hard",
      "name": "semantic loan"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Vietic *kəŋʔ. Compare Khmer កឹង (kəng) and Pacoh câng. Possibly related to nứng (“horny”), through an infixed form.\nSimilarities to Chinese 勁 (OC *keŋ-s) (SV: kình, kính), 強 (OC *N-kaŋ, *m-kaŋʔ) (SV: cường, cưỡng), 剛 (OC *kˤaŋ) (SV: cương), 堅 (OC *kˤi[ŋ]) (SV: kiên) are probably coincidental. The Austroasiatic words might also be borrowed from another source that gave rise to one of the Sinitic words.\nAlso a semantic loan from English hard in hardware and hard copy.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "亘",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "勁",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "徑",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "𠡚",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "𦚸",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "adjective",
        "3": "",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "6": "",
        "7": "",
        "8": "",
        "head": "",
        "tr": "亘, 勁, 徑, 𠡚, 𦚸"
      },
      "expansion": "cứng • (亘, 勁, 徑, 𠡚, 𦚸)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "亘, 勁, 徑, 𠡚, 𦚸"
      },
      "expansion": "cứng • (亘, 勁, 徑, 𠡚, 𦚸)",
      "name": "vi-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Vietnamese",
  "lang_code": "vi",
  "pos": "adj",
  "related": [
    {
      "english": "cardboard",
      "word": "bìa cứng"
    },
    {
      "english": "beetle",
      "word": "bọ cánh cứng"
    },
    {
      "english": "overcrowded",
      "word": "chật cứng"
    },
    {
      "english": "robust",
      "roman": "từ láy",
      "word": "cứng cáp"
    },
    {
      "english": "strong, firm",
      "word": "cứng chắc"
    },
    {
      "english": "strong, tough",
      "word": "cứng cỏi"
    },
    {
      "english": "stubborn",
      "word": "cứng cổ"
    },
    {
      "english": "persistent",
      "word": "cứng cựa"
    },
    {
      "english": "headstrong",
      "word": "cứng đầu"
    },
    {
      "word": "cứng đơ"
    },
    {
      "word": "cứng đờ"
    },
    {
      "english": "speechless",
      "word": "cứng họng"
    },
    {
      "english": "speechless",
      "word": "cứng miệng"
    },
    {
      "english": "inflexible",
      "word": "cứng nhắc"
    },
    {
      "english": "tough",
      "word": "cứng rắn"
    },
    {
      "english": "erect",
      "word": "cương cứng"
    },
    {
      "english": "hard drive",
      "word": "đĩa cứng"
    },
    {
      "english": "toffee",
      "word": "kẹo bơ cứng"
    },
    {
      "english": "dura mater",
      "word": "màng cứng"
    },
    {
      "english": "hard disk drive",
      "word": "ổ cứng"
    },
    {
      "english": "hard disk drive",
      "word": "ổ đĩa cứng"
    },
    {
      "english": "hardware",
      "word": "phần cứng"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "antonyms": [
        {
          "english": "soft",
          "word": "mềm"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": ","
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "hard; firm; rigid"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "hard",
          "hard"
        ],
        [
          "firm",
          "firm"
        ],
        [
          "rigid",
          "rigid"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "rắn"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "hard"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "hard",
          "hard"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(of a copy of a document) hard"
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "of a copy of a document"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[kɨŋ˧˦]",
      "tags": [
        "Hà-Nội"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kɨŋ˦˧˥]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kɨŋ˦˥]",
      "note": "Saigon"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cứng.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%A9ng.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%A9ng.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%A9ng.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%A9ng.wav.ogg"
    }
  ],
  "word": "cứng"
}

"cứng" meaning in Vietnamese

Adjective