See cổ in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "mkh-vie-pro",
"3": "*koh",
"4": "",
"5": "throat; neck"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Vietic *koh (“throat; neck”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "mkh-pro",
"3": "*kɔʔ",
"4": "*kɔʔ ~ *kɔ(ɔ)k",
"5": "neck"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Mon-Khmer *kɔʔ ~ *kɔ(ɔ)k (“neck”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tou",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Tho",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "km",
"2": "ក"
},
"expansion": "Khmer ក (kɑɑ)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bdq",
"2": "hơko"
},
"expansion": "Bahnar hơko",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mnw",
"2": "ကံ"
},
"expansion": "Mon ကံ",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tai-pro",
"2": "*ɣo:ᴬ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tai *ɣo:ᴬ",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Vietic *koh (“throat; neck”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kɔʔ ~ *kɔ(ɔ)k (“neck”). Cognates include Tho [Cuối Chăm] kɔː⁵, Khmer ក (kɑɑ), Bahnar hơko, Mon ကံ. Compare Proto-Tai *ɣo:ᴬ.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "古",
"tags": [
"CJK"
]
},
{
"form": "𦙶",
"tags": [
"CJK"
]
},
{
"form": "股",
"tags": [
"CJK"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"head": "",
"tr": "古, 𦙶, 股"
},
"expansion": "cổ • (古, 𦙶, 股)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "古, 𦙶, 股"
},
"expansion": "cổ • (古, 𦙶, 股)",
"name": "vi-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "a wrist",
"text": "cổ tay",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "an ankle",
"text": "cổ chân",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "a bottleneck",
"text": "cổ chai",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"neck"
],
"id": "en-cổ-vi-noun-8UiW2N6d",
"links": [
[
"neck",
"neck"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "bướu cổ"
},
{
"word": "cắt cổ"
},
{
"word": "cần cổ"
},
{
"word": "cổ chân"
},
{
"word": "cổ họng"
},
{
"word": "cổ tay"
},
{
"word": "cổ tử cung"
},
{
"word": "cứng cổ"
},
{
"word": "è cổ"
},
{
"word": "hươu cao cổ"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ko˧˩]",
"tags": [
"Hà-Nội"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[kow˧˨]",
"tags": [
"Huế"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[kow˨˩˦]",
"note": "Saigon"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cổ.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "cổ"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "Sino-Vietnamese words"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "categorize"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "古"
},
"expansion": "Sino-Vietnamese word from 古",
"name": "vi-etym-sino"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "cũ"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of cũ",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Sino-Vietnamese word from 古. Doublet of cũ.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "adjective",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"head": "",
"tr": ""
},
"expansion": "cổ",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cổ",
"name": "vi-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cũ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cổ hủ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cổ kim"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cổ kính"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cổ lỗ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cổ quái"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cổ thụ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cổ tích"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cổ trang"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cổ truyền"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cổ vật"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cổ xuý"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cổ xưa"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "hoài cổ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "khảo cổ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "phố cổ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "thượng cổ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "tối cổ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "trung cổ"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Ancient Egypt",
"text": "Ai Cập cổ",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"ancient; \"old\"; compare cũ (“old, but not ancient”)"
],
"id": "en-cổ-vi-adj--~BK7cBS",
"links": [
[
"ancient",
"ancient"
],
[
"old",
"old"
],
[
"cũ",
"cũ#Vietnamese"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "34 54 0 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 67 0 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 49 3 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 64 1 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Vietnamese personal pronouns",
"parents": [
"Personal pronouns",
"Pronouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 46 3 47",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Vietnamese pronouns",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 60",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Sino-Vietnamese words",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "antiques",
"text": "đồ cổ",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"antique; \"old\"; compare cũ (“old, but not ancient”)"
],
"id": "en-cổ-vi-adj-9bxIWko8",
"links": [
[
"antique",
"antique"
],
[
"old",
"old"
],
[
"cũ",
"cũ#Vietnamese"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ko˧˩]",
"tags": [
"Hà-Nội"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[kow˧˨]",
"tags": [
"Huế"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[kow˨˩˦]",
"note": "Saigon"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cổ.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "cổ"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cô"
},
"expansion": "Word formation with distal denotation by adding hỏi tone to the root cô in Southern Vietnamese and certain dialects of Thanh Hoá",
"name": "vi-etym-hoi"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Word formation with distal denotation by adding hỏi tone to the root cô in Southern Vietnamese and certain dialects of Thanh Hoá.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "pronoun",
"head": "",
"tr": ""
},
"expansion": "cổ",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cổ",
"name": "vi-pronoun"
}
],
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"pos": "pron",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Southern Vietnamese",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "5 46 3 47",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Vietnamese pronouns",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 27 1 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Vietnamese third person pronouns",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"she/her, that young adult woman"
],
"id": "en-cổ-vi-pron-3N5KxEEC",
"links": [
[
"she",
"she"
],
[
"her",
"her"
],
[
"young adult",
"young adult"
],
[
"woman",
"woman"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Southern Vietnam) she/her, that young adult woman"
],
"tags": [
"Southern",
"Vietnam"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ko˧˩]",
"tags": [
"Hà-Nội"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[kow˧˨]",
"tags": [
"Huế"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[kow˨˩˦]",
"note": "Saigon"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cổ.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "cổ"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
"Vietnamese lemmas",
"Vietnamese nouns",
"Vietnamese personal pronouns",
"Vietnamese pronouns",
"Vietnamese terms derived from Proto-Mon-Khmer",
"Vietnamese terms derived from Proto-Vietic",
"Vietnamese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Vietnamese third person pronouns"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "mkh-vie-pro",
"3": "*koh",
"4": "",
"5": "throat; neck"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Vietic *koh (“throat; neck”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "mkh-pro",
"3": "*kɔʔ",
"4": "*kɔʔ ~ *kɔ(ɔ)k",
"5": "neck"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Mon-Khmer *kɔʔ ~ *kɔ(ɔ)k (“neck”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tou",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Tho",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "km",
"2": "ក"
},
"expansion": "Khmer ក (kɑɑ)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bdq",
"2": "hơko"
},
"expansion": "Bahnar hơko",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mnw",
"2": "ကံ"
},
"expansion": "Mon ကံ",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tai-pro",
"2": "*ɣo:ᴬ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tai *ɣo:ᴬ",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Vietic *koh (“throat; neck”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kɔʔ ~ *kɔ(ɔ)k (“neck”). Cognates include Tho [Cuối Chăm] kɔː⁵, Khmer ក (kɑɑ), Bahnar hơko, Mon ကံ. Compare Proto-Tai *ɣo:ᴬ.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "古",
"tags": [
"CJK"
]
},
{
"form": "𦙶",
"tags": [
"CJK"
]
},
{
"form": "股",
"tags": [
"CJK"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"head": "",
"tr": "古, 𦙶, 股"
},
"expansion": "cổ • (古, 𦙶, 股)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "古, 𦙶, 股"
},
"expansion": "cổ • (古, 𦙶, 股)",
"name": "vi-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "bướu cổ"
},
{
"word": "cắt cổ"
},
{
"word": "cần cổ"
},
{
"word": "cổ chân"
},
{
"word": "cổ họng"
},
{
"word": "cổ tay"
},
{
"word": "cổ tử cung"
},
{
"word": "cứng cổ"
},
{
"word": "è cổ"
},
{
"word": "hươu cao cổ"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Vietnamese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "a wrist",
"text": "cổ tay",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "an ankle",
"text": "cổ chân",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "a bottleneck",
"text": "cổ chai",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"neck"
],
"links": [
[
"neck",
"neck"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ko˧˩]",
"tags": [
"Hà-Nội"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[kow˧˨]",
"tags": [
"Huế"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[kow˨˩˦]",
"note": "Saigon"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cổ.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "cổ"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Sino-Vietnamese words",
"Vietnamese adjectives",
"Vietnamese doublets",
"Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
"Vietnamese lemmas",
"Vietnamese personal pronouns",
"Vietnamese pronouns",
"Vietnamese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Vietnamese third person pronouns"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "Sino-Vietnamese words"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "categorize"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "古"
},
"expansion": "Sino-Vietnamese word from 古",
"name": "vi-etym-sino"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "cũ"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of cũ",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Sino-Vietnamese word from 古. Doublet of cũ.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "adjective",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"head": "",
"tr": ""
},
"expansion": "cổ",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cổ",
"name": "vi-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"word": "cũ"
},
{
"word": "cổ hủ"
},
{
"word": "cổ kim"
},
{
"word": "cổ kính"
},
{
"word": "cổ lỗ"
},
{
"word": "cổ quái"
},
{
"word": "cổ thụ"
},
{
"word": "cổ tích"
},
{
"word": "cổ trang"
},
{
"word": "cổ truyền"
},
{
"word": "cổ vật"
},
{
"word": "cổ xuý"
},
{
"word": "cổ xưa"
},
{
"word": "hoài cổ"
},
{
"word": "khảo cổ"
},
{
"word": "phố cổ"
},
{
"word": "thượng cổ"
},
{
"word": "tối cổ"
},
{
"word": "trung cổ"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Vietnamese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Ancient Egypt",
"text": "Ai Cập cổ",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"ancient; \"old\"; compare cũ (“old, but not ancient”)"
],
"links": [
[
"ancient",
"ancient"
],
[
"old",
"old"
],
[
"cũ",
"cũ#Vietnamese"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Vietnamese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "antiques",
"text": "đồ cổ",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"antique; \"old\"; compare cũ (“old, but not ancient”)"
],
"links": [
[
"antique",
"antique"
],
[
"old",
"old"
],
[
"cũ",
"cũ#Vietnamese"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ko˧˩]",
"tags": [
"Hà-Nội"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[kow˧˨]",
"tags": [
"Huế"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[kow˨˩˦]",
"note": "Saigon"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cổ.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "cổ"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
"Vietnamese lemmas",
"Vietnamese personal pronouns",
"Vietnamese pronouns",
"Vietnamese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Vietnamese third person pronouns"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cô"
},
"expansion": "Word formation with distal denotation by adding hỏi tone to the root cô in Southern Vietnamese and certain dialects of Thanh Hoá",
"name": "vi-etym-hoi"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Word formation with distal denotation by adding hỏi tone to the root cô in Southern Vietnamese and certain dialects of Thanh Hoá.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "pronoun",
"head": "",
"tr": ""
},
"expansion": "cổ",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cổ",
"name": "vi-pronoun"
}
],
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"pos": "pron",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Southern Vietnamese"
],
"glosses": [
"she/her, that young adult woman"
],
"links": [
[
"she",
"she"
],
[
"her",
"her"
],
[
"young adult",
"young adult"
],
[
"woman",
"woman"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Southern Vietnam) she/her, that young adult woman"
],
"tags": [
"Southern",
"Vietnam"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ko˧˩]",
"tags": [
"Hà-Nội"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[kow˧˨]",
"tags": [
"Huế"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[kow˨˩˦]",
"note": "Saigon"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cổ.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Jessica_Nguyen_%28Pamputt%29-c%E1%BB%95.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "cổ"
}
Download raw JSONL data for cổ meaning in Vietnamese (7.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Vietnamese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.