"Sài Gòn" meaning in Vietnamese

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "Sài Gòn–Gia Định"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "yue",
            "2": "^堤岸",
            "bor": "y"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Cantonese: 堤岸 (Tai⁴ ngon⁶)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Cantonese: 堤岸 (Tai⁴ ngon⁶), 西貢 /西贡 (Sai¹ gung³)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "Saigon",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ English: Saigon",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ English: Saigon"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fr",
            "2": "Saïgon",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ French: Saïgon",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ French: Saïgon"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "de",
            "2": "Saigon",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ German: Saigon",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ German: Saigon"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "borrowed",
            "2": "→"
          },
          "expansion": "→",
          "name": "tooltip"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "→",
          "name": "→"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "サイゴン",
            "caps": "y"
          },
          "expansion": "サイゴン (Saigon)",
          "name": "ja-r"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Japanese: サイゴン (Saigon)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "km",
            "2": "សៃហ្គន",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Khmer: សៃហ្គន (saygɔɔn)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Khmer: សៃហ្គន (saygɔɔn)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pt",
            "2": "Saigão",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Portuguese: Saigão",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Portuguese: Saigão"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi"
      },
      "expansion": "Uncertain",
      "name": "unc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "柴棍*"
      },
      "expansion": "柴棍",
      "name": "zh-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "撫邊雜錄"
      },
      "expansion": "撫邊雜錄",
      "name": "lang"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "1776",
        "short": "y"
      },
      "expansion": "c. 1776",
      "name": "circa2"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "高綿"
      },
      "expansion": "高綿",
      "name": "lang"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "柴棍"
      },
      "expansion": "柴棍",
      "name": "lang"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "1776",
        "short": "y"
      },
      "expansion": "c. 1776",
      "name": "circa2"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "撫邊雜錄"
      },
      "expansion": "撫邊雜錄",
      "name": "lang"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "柴棍*"
      },
      "expansion": "柴棍",
      "name": "zh-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "Trịnh Hoài Đức"
      },
      "expansion": "Trịnh Hoài Đức",
      "name": "lw"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "Gia Định thành thông chí"
      },
      "expansion": "Gia Định thành thông chí",
      "name": "lw"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "嘉定城通志"
      },
      "expansion": "嘉定城通志",
      "name": "lang"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "1820",
        "short": "y"
      },
      "expansion": "c. 1820",
      "name": "circa2"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "南國地輿教科書"
      },
      "expansion": "南國地輿教科書",
      "name": "lang"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "Adrien Launay"
      },
      "expansion": "Adrien Launay",
      "name": "lw"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "km",
        "3": "ព្រៃនគរ"
      },
      "expansion": "Khmer ព្រៃនគរ (prɨy nɔɔnɔkɔɔ)",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "km",
        "3": "ព្រៃគរ"
      },
      "expansion": "Khmer ព្រៃគរ (preykôr)",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "堤岸"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymid"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "zh",
        "3": "堤岸//",
        "pos": "SV: <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"vi\">đê ngạn</i>",
        "t": "embankment",
        "tr": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Chinese 堤岸 (“embankment”, SV: đê ngạn)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "堤岸",
        "2": "embankment",
        "3": "đê ngạn",
        "hv": "n",
        "nocap": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 堤岸 (“embankment”, SV: đê ngạn)",
      "name": "vi-etym-sino"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "Vương Hồng Sển"
      },
      "expansion": "Vương Hồng Sển",
      "name": "lw"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "An Chi"
      },
      "expansion": "An Chi",
      "name": "lw"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "堤岸"
      },
      "expansion": "堤岸",
      "name": "lang"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "柴棍*"
      },
      "expansion": "柴棍",
      "name": "zh-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "1776",
        "short": "y"
      },
      "expansion": "c. 1776",
      "name": "circa2"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "堤岸"
      },
      "expansion": "堤岸",
      "name": "lang"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "提岸"
      },
      "expansion": "提岸",
      "name": "lang"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Uncertain.\nThe original toponym behind Sài Gòn, was attested earliest as 柴棍, with two phonograms whose Sino-Vietnamese readings are sài and côn respectively, in Lê Quý Đôn's Phủ biên tạp lục (撫邊雜錄 \"Miscellaneous Chronicles of the Pacified Frontier\", c. 1776), wherein Lê relates that, in 1674, Cambodian prince Ang Sor was installed as king over 高綿 (Cao Miên) and his brother Ang Nan as vice-king in 柴棍 (Sài Gòn) by Vietnamese forces.\n柴棍 also appears later in Trịnh Hoài Đức's Gia Định thành thông chí (嘉定城通志 \"Comprehensive Records about the Gia Định Citadel\", c. 1820), Nam quốc địa dư giáo khoa thư (南國地輿教科書 \"Textbook on the Geography of the Southern Country\", 1908), etc.\nAdrien Launay cites 1747 documents containing the toponyms: provincia Rai-gon (for Sài Gòn \"Saigon\"), Rai-gon thong (for *Sài Gòn thượng \"Upper Saigon\"), & Rai-gon-ha (for *Sài Gòn hạ \"Lower Saigon\").\nIt is probably a transcription of Khmer ព្រៃនគរ (prɨy nɔɔnɔkɔɔ), or Khmer ព្រៃគរ (preykôr).\nThe proposal that Sài Gòn is from non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 堤岸 (“embankment”, SV: đê ngạn) (e.g. by Francis Garnier, Vương Hồng Sển, Cheng Zhenghong, etc.) has been critiqued as folk-etymological (e.g. by An Chi, 2016), as:\n* (1) Garnier states that the Chinese settlement Tai-ngon or Tin-gan (i.e. 堤岸 Đê Ngạn ~ Đề Ngạn) – the Chinese name for Chợ Lớn – was found in 1778, yet the underlying toponym had possibly been known to Vietnamese as early as 1674, transcribed as 柴棍, then preserved in Phủ biên tạp lục (c. 1776);\n* (2) 堤岸 has variant form 提岸, thus suggesting that both are not originals of but instead come from Sài Gòn.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "柴棍",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "proper noun",
        "head": "Sài Gòn",
        "tr": "柴棍"
      },
      "expansion": "Sài Gòn • (柴棍)",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Vietnamese",
  "lang_code": "vi",
  "pos": "name",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "place",
          "langcode": "vi",
          "name": "Cities in Vietnam",
          "orig": "vi:Cities in Vietnam",
          "parents": [
            "Cities",
            "Places"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "vi",
          "name": "Former capitals",
          "orig": "vi:Former capitals",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "vi",
          "name": "Ho Chi Minh City",
          "orig": "vi:Ho Chi Minh City",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "place",
          "langcode": "vi",
          "name": "Places in South Vietnam",
          "orig": "vi:Places in South Vietnam",
          "parents": [
            "Places"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "place",
          "langcode": "vi",
          "name": "Places in Vietnam",
          "orig": "vi:Places in Vietnam",
          "parents": [
            "Places"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_english_offsets": [
            [
              61,
              67
            ],
            [
              121,
              127
            ]
          ],
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              53,
              60
            ],
            [
              93,
              100
            ]
          ],
          "english": "Advance to kill the enemies, tighten the siege!\nAdvance into Saigon, smash and crush the American foes!\nAdvancing toward Saigon, we'll sweep away all enemies.\nHeading toward the plain, we'll advance toward the metropolis.",
          "ref": "1966, Lưu Hữu Phước, “Tiến về Sài Gòn [Advance Toward Saigon]”performed by Tốp ca nam Đoàn Nghệ thuật Quân khu 7 [The Male Choir of the 7th Military Region's Art Troupe]:",
          "text": "Tiến lên giết giặc, siết thêm chặt vòng vây!\nTiến vô Sài Gòn, đánh tan tành giặc Mỹ!\nTiến về Sài Gòn, ta quét sạch giặc thù.\nHướng về đồng bằng, ta tiến về thành đô.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Saigon (The former name of Ho Chi Minh City, the largest city in Vietnam; the former capital of South Vietnam)"
      ],
      "id": "en-Sài_Gòn-vi-name-PQFh2R~1",
      "links": [
        [
          "Saigon",
          "Saigon#English:_Q1854"
        ],
        [
          "Ho Chi Minh City",
          "Ho Chi Minh City"
        ],
        [
          "large",
          "large"
        ],
        [
          "city",
          "city"
        ],
        [
          "Vietnam",
          "Vietnam#English"
        ],
        [
          "capital",
          "capital"
        ],
        [
          "South Vietnam",
          "South Vietnam#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(historical or informal) Saigon (The former name of Ho Chi Minh City, the largest city in Vietnam; the former capital of South Vietnam)"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0 0",
          "sense": "Saigon",
          "tags": [
            "historical"
          ],
          "word": "Gia Định"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0 0",
          "sense": "Saigon",
          "word": "Sài Thành"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0 0",
          "sense": "Saigon",
          "word": "Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "historical",
        "informal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "place",
          "langcode": "vi",
          "name": "Places in Vietnam",
          "orig": "vi:Places in Vietnam",
          "parents": [
            "Places"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "place",
          "langcode": "vi",
          "name": "Rivers in Vietnam",
          "orig": "vi:Rivers in Vietnam",
          "parents": [
            "Rivers",
            "Places"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A river in southern Vietnam that rises near Phum Daung in southeastern Cambodia and empties into the Nhà Bè River, which in its turn empties into the South China Sea northeast of the Mekong Delta."
      ],
      "id": "en-Sài_Gòn-vi-name-YR8sbir1",
      "links": [
        [
          "sông",
          "sông#Vietnamese"
        ],
        [
          "river",
          "river"
        ],
        [
          "Vietnam",
          "Vietnam#English"
        ],
        [
          "Phum Daung",
          "Phum Daung"
        ],
        [
          "Cambodia",
          "Cambodia"
        ],
        [
          "Nhà Bè",
          "Nhà Bè"
        ],
        [
          "South China Sea",
          "South China Sea"
        ],
        [
          "Mekong",
          "Mekong"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(sông ～) A river in southern Vietnam that rises near Phum Daung in southeastern Cambodia and empties into the Nhà Bè River, which in its turn empties into the South China Sea northeast of the Mekong Delta."
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "37 15 48",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "36 14 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "36 15 49",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "34 21 45",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Vietnamese links with redundant alt parameters",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "30 17 53",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Vietnamese links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "District 1, Ho Chi Minh City"
      ],
      "id": "en-Sài_Gòn-vi-name-HEWH0vqD",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(informal) District 1, Ho Chi Minh City"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "informal"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[saːj˨˩ ɣɔn˨˩]",
      "tags": [
        "Hà-Nội"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ʂaːj˦˩ ɣɔŋ˦˩]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[saːj˦˩ ɣɔŋ˦˩]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ʂaːj˨˩ ɣɔŋ˨˩]",
      "note": "Saigon"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[saːj˨˩ ɣɔŋ˨˩]",
      "note": "Saigon"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Sài Gòn.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/26/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-S%C3%A0i_G%C3%B2n.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-S%C3%A0i_G%C3%B2n.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/26/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-S%C3%A0i_G%C3%B2n.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-S%C3%A0i_G%C3%B2n.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Saigon.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/Saigon.ogg/Saigon.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Saigon.ogg"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "47 2 51",
      "sense": "Ho Chi Minh City",
      "word": "Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Ang Nan",
    "Chey Chettha IV",
    "Chợ Lớn",
    "Citadel of Saigon",
    "Francis Garnier",
    "Lê Quý Đôn",
    "Phủ biên tạp lục",
    "Post-Angkor period",
    "vi:Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh"
  ],
  "word": "Sài Gòn"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Vietnamese lemmas",
    "Vietnamese links with redundant alt parameters",
    "Vietnamese links with redundant wikilinks",
    "Vietnamese proper nouns",
    "Vietnamese terms borrowed from Khmer",
    "Vietnamese terms derived from Chinese",
    "Vietnamese terms derived from Khmer",
    "Vietnamese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Vietnamese terms with unknown etymologies"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "Sài Gòn–Gia Định"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "yue",
            "2": "^堤岸",
            "bor": "y"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Cantonese: 堤岸 (Tai⁴ ngon⁶)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Cantonese: 堤岸 (Tai⁴ ngon⁶), 西貢 /西贡 (Sai¹ gung³)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "Saigon",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ English: Saigon",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ English: Saigon"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fr",
            "2": "Saïgon",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ French: Saïgon",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ French: Saïgon"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "de",
            "2": "Saigon",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ German: Saigon",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ German: Saigon"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "borrowed",
            "2": "→"
          },
          "expansion": "→",
          "name": "tooltip"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "→",
          "name": "→"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "サイゴン",
            "caps": "y"
          },
          "expansion": "サイゴン (Saigon)",
          "name": "ja-r"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Japanese: サイゴン (Saigon)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "km",
            "2": "សៃហ្គន",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Khmer: សៃហ្គន (saygɔɔn)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Khmer: សៃហ្គន (saygɔɔn)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pt",
            "2": "Saigão",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Portuguese: Saigão",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Portuguese: Saigão"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi"
      },
      "expansion": "Uncertain",
      "name": "unc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "柴棍*"
      },
      "expansion": "柴棍",
      "name": "zh-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "撫邊雜錄"
      },
      "expansion": "撫邊雜錄",
      "name": "lang"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "1776",
        "short": "y"
      },
      "expansion": "c. 1776",
      "name": "circa2"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "高綿"
      },
      "expansion": "高綿",
      "name": "lang"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "柴棍"
      },
      "expansion": "柴棍",
      "name": "lang"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "1776",
        "short": "y"
      },
      "expansion": "c. 1776",
      "name": "circa2"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "撫邊雜錄"
      },
      "expansion": "撫邊雜錄",
      "name": "lang"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "柴棍*"
      },
      "expansion": "柴棍",
      "name": "zh-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "Trịnh Hoài Đức"
      },
      "expansion": "Trịnh Hoài Đức",
      "name": "lw"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "Gia Định thành thông chí"
      },
      "expansion": "Gia Định thành thông chí",
      "name": "lw"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "嘉定城通志"
      },
      "expansion": "嘉定城通志",
      "name": "lang"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "1820",
        "short": "y"
      },
      "expansion": "c. 1820",
      "name": "circa2"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "南國地輿教科書"
      },
      "expansion": "南國地輿教科書",
      "name": "lang"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "Adrien Launay"
      },
      "expansion": "Adrien Launay",
      "name": "lw"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "km",
        "3": "ព្រៃនគរ"
      },
      "expansion": "Khmer ព្រៃនគរ (prɨy nɔɔnɔkɔɔ)",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "km",
        "3": "ព្រៃគរ"
      },
      "expansion": "Khmer ព្រៃគរ (preykôr)",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "堤岸"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymid"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "zh",
        "3": "堤岸//",
        "pos": "SV: <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"vi\">đê ngạn</i>",
        "t": "embankment",
        "tr": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Chinese 堤岸 (“embankment”, SV: đê ngạn)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "堤岸",
        "2": "embankment",
        "3": "đê ngạn",
        "hv": "n",
        "nocap": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 堤岸 (“embankment”, SV: đê ngạn)",
      "name": "vi-etym-sino"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "Vương Hồng Sển"
      },
      "expansion": "Vương Hồng Sển",
      "name": "lw"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "An Chi"
      },
      "expansion": "An Chi",
      "name": "lw"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "堤岸"
      },
      "expansion": "堤岸",
      "name": "lang"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "柴棍*"
      },
      "expansion": "柴棍",
      "name": "zh-l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "1776",
        "short": "y"
      },
      "expansion": "c. 1776",
      "name": "circa2"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "堤岸"
      },
      "expansion": "堤岸",
      "name": "lang"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "提岸"
      },
      "expansion": "提岸",
      "name": "lang"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Uncertain.\nThe original toponym behind Sài Gòn, was attested earliest as 柴棍, with two phonograms whose Sino-Vietnamese readings are sài and côn respectively, in Lê Quý Đôn's Phủ biên tạp lục (撫邊雜錄 \"Miscellaneous Chronicles of the Pacified Frontier\", c. 1776), wherein Lê relates that, in 1674, Cambodian prince Ang Sor was installed as king over 高綿 (Cao Miên) and his brother Ang Nan as vice-king in 柴棍 (Sài Gòn) by Vietnamese forces.\n柴棍 also appears later in Trịnh Hoài Đức's Gia Định thành thông chí (嘉定城通志 \"Comprehensive Records about the Gia Định Citadel\", c. 1820), Nam quốc địa dư giáo khoa thư (南國地輿教科書 \"Textbook on the Geography of the Southern Country\", 1908), etc.\nAdrien Launay cites 1747 documents containing the toponyms: provincia Rai-gon (for Sài Gòn \"Saigon\"), Rai-gon thong (for *Sài Gòn thượng \"Upper Saigon\"), & Rai-gon-ha (for *Sài Gòn hạ \"Lower Saigon\").\nIt is probably a transcription of Khmer ព្រៃនគរ (prɨy nɔɔnɔkɔɔ), or Khmer ព្រៃគរ (preykôr).\nThe proposal that Sài Gòn is from non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 堤岸 (“embankment”, SV: đê ngạn) (e.g. by Francis Garnier, Vương Hồng Sển, Cheng Zhenghong, etc.) has been critiqued as folk-etymological (e.g. by An Chi, 2016), as:\n* (1) Garnier states that the Chinese settlement Tai-ngon or Tin-gan (i.e. 堤岸 Đê Ngạn ~ Đề Ngạn) – the Chinese name for Chợ Lớn – was found in 1778, yet the underlying toponym had possibly been known to Vietnamese as early as 1674, transcribed as 柴棍, then preserved in Phủ biên tạp lục (c. 1776);\n* (2) 堤岸 has variant form 提岸, thus suggesting that both are not originals of but instead come from Sài Gòn.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "柴棍",
      "tags": [
        "CJK"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "proper noun",
        "head": "Sài Gòn",
        "tr": "柴棍"
      },
      "expansion": "Sài Gòn • (柴棍)",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Vietnamese",
  "lang_code": "vi",
  "pos": "name",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Vietnamese informal terms",
        "Vietnamese terms with historical senses",
        "Vietnamese terms with quotations",
        "vi:Cities in Vietnam",
        "vi:Former capitals",
        "vi:Ho Chi Minh City",
        "vi:Places in South Vietnam",
        "vi:Places in Vietnam"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_english_offsets": [
            [
              61,
              67
            ],
            [
              121,
              127
            ]
          ],
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              53,
              60
            ],
            [
              93,
              100
            ]
          ],
          "english": "Advance to kill the enemies, tighten the siege!\nAdvance into Saigon, smash and crush the American foes!\nAdvancing toward Saigon, we'll sweep away all enemies.\nHeading toward the plain, we'll advance toward the metropolis.",
          "ref": "1966, Lưu Hữu Phước, “Tiến về Sài Gòn [Advance Toward Saigon]”performed by Tốp ca nam Đoàn Nghệ thuật Quân khu 7 [The Male Choir of the 7th Military Region's Art Troupe]:",
          "text": "Tiến lên giết giặc, siết thêm chặt vòng vây!\nTiến vô Sài Gòn, đánh tan tành giặc Mỹ!\nTiến về Sài Gòn, ta quét sạch giặc thù.\nHướng về đồng bằng, ta tiến về thành đô.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Saigon (The former name of Ho Chi Minh City, the largest city in Vietnam; the former capital of South Vietnam)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Saigon",
          "Saigon#English:_Q1854"
        ],
        [
          "Ho Chi Minh City",
          "Ho Chi Minh City"
        ],
        [
          "large",
          "large"
        ],
        [
          "city",
          "city"
        ],
        [
          "Vietnam",
          "Vietnam#English"
        ],
        [
          "capital",
          "capital"
        ],
        [
          "South Vietnam",
          "South Vietnam#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(historical or informal) Saigon (The former name of Ho Chi Minh City, the largest city in Vietnam; the former capital of South Vietnam)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "historical",
        "informal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "vi:Places in Vietnam",
        "vi:Rivers in Vietnam"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A river in southern Vietnam that rises near Phum Daung in southeastern Cambodia and empties into the Nhà Bè River, which in its turn empties into the South China Sea northeast of the Mekong Delta."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "sông",
          "sông#Vietnamese"
        ],
        [
          "river",
          "river"
        ],
        [
          "Vietnam",
          "Vietnam#English"
        ],
        [
          "Phum Daung",
          "Phum Daung"
        ],
        [
          "Cambodia",
          "Cambodia"
        ],
        [
          "Nhà Bè",
          "Nhà Bè"
        ],
        [
          "South China Sea",
          "South China Sea"
        ],
        [
          "Mekong",
          "Mekong"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(sông ～) A river in southern Vietnam that rises near Phum Daung in southeastern Cambodia and empties into the Nhà Bè River, which in its turn empties into the South China Sea northeast of the Mekong Delta."
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Vietnamese informal terms"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "District 1, Ho Chi Minh City"
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(informal) District 1, Ho Chi Minh City"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "informal"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[saːj˨˩ ɣɔn˨˩]",
      "tags": [
        "Hà-Nội"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ʂaːj˦˩ ɣɔŋ˦˩]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[saːj˦˩ ɣɔŋ˦˩]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ʂaːj˨˩ ɣɔŋ˨˩]",
      "note": "Saigon"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[saːj˨˩ ɣɔŋ˨˩]",
      "note": "Saigon"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Sài Gòn.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/26/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-S%C3%A0i_G%C3%B2n.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-S%C3%A0i_G%C3%B2n.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/26/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-S%C3%A0i_G%C3%B2n.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-S%C3%A0i_G%C3%B2n.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Saigon.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/Saigon.ogg/Saigon.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Saigon.ogg"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "sense": "Saigon",
      "tags": [
        "historical"
      ],
      "word": "Gia Định"
    },
    {
      "sense": "Saigon",
      "word": "Sài Thành"
    },
    {
      "sense": "Saigon",
      "word": "Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh"
    },
    {
      "sense": "Ho Chi Minh City",
      "word": "Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Ang Nan",
    "Chey Chettha IV",
    "Chợ Lớn",
    "Citadel of Saigon",
    "Francis Garnier",
    "Lê Quý Đôn",
    "Phủ biên tạp lục",
    "Post-Angkor period",
    "vi:Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh"
  ],
  "word": "Sài Gòn"
}

{
  "called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
  "msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: sông ～",
  "path": [
    "Sài Gòn"
  ],
  "section": "Vietnamese",
  "subsection": "proper noun",
  "title": "Sài Gòn",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
  "msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: sông ～",
  "path": [
    "Sài Gòn"
  ],
  "section": "Vietnamese",
  "subsection": "proper noun",
  "title": "Sài Gòn",
  "trace": ""
}