See brugjǭ in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*bruggju"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *bruggju\nOld English: bryċġ\nMiddle English: brigge, brugge, brygge, bregge, brige, brig, bryge, brydge\nEnglish: bridge\nGeordie English: brig\nScots: brig\nYola: burge\nOld Frisian: brigge, bregge\nNorth Frisian: brag, Bröch (Sylt)\nSaterland Frisian: Brääch\nWest Frisian: brêge\nOld Saxon: bruggia\nMiddle Low German: brugge\nDutch Low Saxon: brugge (Achterhoeks, Drents, Gronings, Twents, Veluws), brogge (Drents, Stellingwerfs, Veluws), brog (Drents, Gronings, Veluws)\nGerman Low German: Brugge, Brügg(e), Brüch\nPlautdietsch: Brigj\nOld Dutch: brugga\nMiddle Dutch: brugge\nDutch: brug, Brugge\nAfrikaans: brug\n→ Papiamentu: brùg\nLimburgish: brögk\nOld High German: brugga, brucka\nMiddle High German: brucke, brücke, brügge, brugge\nAlemannic German: Brugg\nBavarian: Bruck, Brugg\nCentral Franconian: Bröck, Breck (Moselle Franconian)\nHunsrik: Brick\nLuxembourgish: Bréck\nEast Central German: Brick\nGerman: Brücke\nRhine Franconian:\nPennsylvania German: Brick\nVilamovian: bryk\nYiddish: בריק (brik)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *bruggju\nOld English: bryċġ\nMiddle English: brigge, brugge, brygge, bregge, brige, brig, bryge, brydge\nEnglish: bridge\nGeordie English: brig\nScots: brig\nYola: burge\nOld Frisian: brigge, bregge\nNorth Frisian: brag, Bröch (Sylt)\nSaterland Frisian: Brääch\nWest Frisian: brêge\nOld Saxon: bruggia\nMiddle Low German: brugge\nDutch Low Saxon: brugge (Achterhoeks, Drents, Gronings, Twents, Veluws), brogge (Drents, Stellingwerfs, Veluws), brog (Drents, Gronings, Veluws)\nGerman Low German: Brugge, Brügg(e), Brüch\nPlautdietsch: Brigj\nOld Dutch: brugga\nMiddle Dutch: brugge\nDutch: brug, Brugge\nAfrikaans: brug\n→ Papiamentu: brùg\nLimburgish: brögk\nOld High German: brugga, brucka\nMiddle High German: brucke, brücke, brügge, brugge\nAlemannic German: Brugg\nBavarian: Bruck, Brugg\nCentral Franconian: Bröck, Breck (Moselle Franconian)\nHunsrik: Brick\nLuxembourgish: Bréck\nEast Central German: Brick\nGerman: Brücke\nRhine Franconian:\nPennsylvania German: Brick\nVilamovian: bryk\nYiddish: בריק (brik)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "bryggja"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: bryggja\nIcelandic: bryggja\nFaroese: bryggja\nNorwegian Nynorsk: brygge, bryggje, brygga, bryggja\nNorwegian Bokmål: brygge\nOld Swedish: bryggia, ᛒᚱᛦᚵᚵᛁᛆ\nSwedish: brygga\nDanish: brygge\n→ Middle English: brig, brigg, bryg, bregg\nScots: brig, brigg, breeg\n→ English: brig, brigg",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: bryggja\nIcelandic: bryggja\nFaroese: bryggja\nNorwegian Nynorsk: brygge, bryggje, brygga, bryggja\nNorwegian Bokmål: brygge\nOld Swedish: bryggia, ᛒᚱᛦᚵᚵᛁᛆ\nSwedish: brygga\nDanish: brygge\n→ Middle English: brig, brigg, bryg, bregg\nScots: brig, brigg, breeg\n→ English: brig, brigg"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*h₃bʰruH-íh₂-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₃bʰruH-íh₂-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "bryggja"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse bryggja",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*bʰerh₁w-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰerh₁w-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-gau",
"2": "briua",
"3": "brīuā"
},
"expansion": "Gaulish brīuā",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Of uncertain origin.\nKroonen takes the word from the genitive of a pre-Germanic formation *brug-, from an earlier *bru(w)ī with velarization of the *-w- to a *-g-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃bʰruH-íh₂-, itself an ih₂-stem nominal formation from the root of *h₃bʰrúHs (“eyebrow”), owing to the similar shapes of bridges and brows.\nThe North Germanic forms, represented by Old Norse bryggja, stem from the original genitive of *h₃bʰruH-íh₂-, *h₃bʰruH-iéh₂-s. This latter formation became *brujjōz in Proto-Germanic, via Dybo's Law and Holtzmann's law.\nAn alternate theory by Matasovic derives the root from a Proto-Indo-European *bʰerh₁w-, from a root *bʰrewh₁- (“wooden flooring, decking, bridge”), comparing Gaulish brīuā. Whether a relation exists between *bʰrewh₁- and *h₃bʰrúHs is unclear.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ōn-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "brugjǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "brugjōniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "brugjǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "brugjōniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "brugjōnų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "brugjōnunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "brugjōniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "brugjōnǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "brugjōni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "brugjōmaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "brugjōnē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "brugjōmiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/brugjǭ",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Gaulish links with redundant target parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant target parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bridge"
],
"id": "en-brugjǭ-gem-pro-noun-F~KbBzFD",
"links": [
[
"bridge",
"bridge"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "brēwō"
},
{
"word": "brūwō"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Dybo's Law",
"Holtzmann's law"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbruɣ.jɔ̃ː/"
}
],
"word": "brugjǭ"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*bruggju"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *bruggju\nOld English: bryċġ\nMiddle English: brigge, brugge, brygge, bregge, brige, brig, bryge, brydge\nEnglish: bridge\nGeordie English: brig\nScots: brig\nYola: burge\nOld Frisian: brigge, bregge\nNorth Frisian: brag, Bröch (Sylt)\nSaterland Frisian: Brääch\nWest Frisian: brêge\nOld Saxon: bruggia\nMiddle Low German: brugge\nDutch Low Saxon: brugge (Achterhoeks, Drents, Gronings, Twents, Veluws), brogge (Drents, Stellingwerfs, Veluws), brog (Drents, Gronings, Veluws)\nGerman Low German: Brugge, Brügg(e), Brüch\nPlautdietsch: Brigj\nOld Dutch: brugga\nMiddle Dutch: brugge\nDutch: brug, Brugge\nAfrikaans: brug\n→ Papiamentu: brùg\nLimburgish: brögk\nOld High German: brugga, brucka\nMiddle High German: brucke, brücke, brügge, brugge\nAlemannic German: Brugg\nBavarian: Bruck, Brugg\nCentral Franconian: Bröck, Breck (Moselle Franconian)\nHunsrik: Brick\nLuxembourgish: Bréck\nEast Central German: Brick\nGerman: Brücke\nRhine Franconian:\nPennsylvania German: Brick\nVilamovian: bryk\nYiddish: בריק (brik)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *bruggju\nOld English: bryċġ\nMiddle English: brigge, brugge, brygge, bregge, brige, brig, bryge, brydge\nEnglish: bridge\nGeordie English: brig\nScots: brig\nYola: burge\nOld Frisian: brigge, bregge\nNorth Frisian: brag, Bröch (Sylt)\nSaterland Frisian: Brääch\nWest Frisian: brêge\nOld Saxon: bruggia\nMiddle Low German: brugge\nDutch Low Saxon: brugge (Achterhoeks, Drents, Gronings, Twents, Veluws), brogge (Drents, Stellingwerfs, Veluws), brog (Drents, Gronings, Veluws)\nGerman Low German: Brugge, Brügg(e), Brüch\nPlautdietsch: Brigj\nOld Dutch: brugga\nMiddle Dutch: brugge\nDutch: brug, Brugge\nAfrikaans: brug\n→ Papiamentu: brùg\nLimburgish: brögk\nOld High German: brugga, brucka\nMiddle High German: brucke, brücke, brügge, brugge\nAlemannic German: Brugg\nBavarian: Bruck, Brugg\nCentral Franconian: Bröck, Breck (Moselle Franconian)\nHunsrik: Brick\nLuxembourgish: Bréck\nEast Central German: Brick\nGerman: Brücke\nRhine Franconian:\nPennsylvania German: Brick\nVilamovian: bryk\nYiddish: בריק (brik)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "bryggja"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: bryggja\nIcelandic: bryggja\nFaroese: bryggja\nNorwegian Nynorsk: brygge, bryggje, brygga, bryggja\nNorwegian Bokmål: brygge\nOld Swedish: bryggia, ᛒᚱᛦᚵᚵᛁᛆ\nSwedish: brygga\nDanish: brygge\n→ Middle English: brig, brigg, bryg, bregg\nScots: brig, brigg, breeg\n→ English: brig, brigg",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: bryggja\nIcelandic: bryggja\nFaroese: bryggja\nNorwegian Nynorsk: brygge, bryggje, brygga, bryggja\nNorwegian Bokmål: brygge\nOld Swedish: bryggia, ᛒᚱᛦᚵᚵᛁᛆ\nSwedish: brygga\nDanish: brygge\n→ Middle English: brig, brigg, bryg, bregg\nScots: brig, brigg, breeg\n→ English: brig, brigg"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*h₃bʰruH-íh₂-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₃bʰruH-íh₂-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "bryggja"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse bryggja",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*bʰerh₁w-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰerh₁w-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-gau",
"2": "briua",
"3": "brīuā"
},
"expansion": "Gaulish brīuā",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Of uncertain origin.\nKroonen takes the word from the genitive of a pre-Germanic formation *brug-, from an earlier *bru(w)ī with velarization of the *-w- to a *-g-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃bʰruH-íh₂-, itself an ih₂-stem nominal formation from the root of *h₃bʰrúHs (“eyebrow”), owing to the similar shapes of bridges and brows.\nThe North Germanic forms, represented by Old Norse bryggja, stem from the original genitive of *h₃bʰruH-íh₂-, *h₃bʰruH-iéh₂-s. This latter formation became *brujjōz in Proto-Germanic, via Dybo's Law and Holtzmann's law.\nAn alternate theory by Matasovic derives the root from a Proto-Indo-European *bʰerh₁w-, from a root *bʰrewh₁- (“wooden flooring, decking, bridge”), comparing Gaulish brīuā. Whether a relation exists between *bʰrewh₁- and *h₃bʰrúHs is unclear.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ōn-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "brugjǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "brugjōniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "brugjǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "brugjōniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "brugjōnų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "brugjōnunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "brugjōniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "brugjōnǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "brugjōni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "brugjōmaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "brugjōnē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "brugjōmiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/brugjǭ",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "brēwō"
},
{
"word": "brūwō"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Gaulish links with redundant target parameters",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic feminine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms with unknown etymologies",
"Proto-Germanic ōn-stem nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"bridge"
],
"links": [
[
"bridge",
"bridge"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Dybo's Law",
"Holtzmann's law"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbruɣ.jɔ̃ː/"
}
],
"word": "brugjǭ"
}
Download raw JSONL data for brugjǭ meaning in Proto-Germanic (6.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-10 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (df33d17 and 4ed51a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.