See ab in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for ab meaning in Proto-Germanic (7.1kB)
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂epó"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "preposition"
},
"expansion": "*ab",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ab",
"pos": "prep",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 88 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 70 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic prepositions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"away from, off of [+dative]",
"away from, off of"
],
"id": "en-ab-gem-pro-prep-l6TEw3cO",
"links": [
[
"away",
"away"
],
[
"from",
"from"
],
[
"off",
"off"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"away from, off of [+dative]"
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"of [+dative]",
"of"
],
"id": "en-ab-gem-pro-prep-JTSiB7zJ",
"links": [
[
"of",
"of"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"of [+dative]"
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɑβ/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "aba"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "af"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "afa"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "ab"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*ab",
"alt": "*ab(a)"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *ab(a)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*af",
"3": "*af(a)"
},
"expansion": "*af(a)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *ab(a), *af(a)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ob",
"3": "æf",
"4": "af",
"5": "of"
},
"expansion": "Old English: ob, æf, af, of",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: ob, æf, af, of"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "of",
"3": "off"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: of, off",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: of, off"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "of",
"3": "off",
"4": "af",
"5": "aff"
},
"expansion": "Scots: of, off, af, aff",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: of, off, af, aff"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "of",
"3": "off"
},
"expansion": "English: of, off",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: of, off"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "af",
"3": "of"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: af, of",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: af, of"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "oawe",
"3": "ou"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: oawe, ou",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: oawe, ou"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "af",
"3": "ôf"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: af, ôf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: af, ôf"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "af"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: af",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: af"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "af"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: af",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: af"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "af",
"3": "of"
},
"expansion": "Low German: af, of",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Low German: af, of"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pdt",
"2": "auf"
},
"expansion": "Plautdietsch: auf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Plautdietsch: auf"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "ava",
"3": "af-"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: ava, af-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: ava, af-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "ave",
"3": "af"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: ave, af",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: ave, af"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "af"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: af",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "averechts"
},
"expansion": "averechts",
"name": "m"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: af (but also ave- in averechts)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "li",
"2": "aaf",
"3": "aof"
},
"expansion": "Limburgish: aaf, aof",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Limburgish: aaf, aof"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vls",
"2": "of"
},
"expansion": "West Flemish: of",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Flemish: of"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "aba"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: aba",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "rarely"
},
"expansion": "(rarely)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "ab"
},
"expansion": "ab",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "northern"
},
"expansion": "(northern)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "ava"
},
"expansion": "ava",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "af"
},
"expansion": "af",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: aba; (rarely) ab; (northern) ava, af"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "abe",
"3": "ab"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: abe, ab",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "northern"
},
"expansion": "(northern)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "ave"
},
"expansion": "ave",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "af"
},
"expansion": "af",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: abe, ab; (northern) ave, af"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "ab"
},
"expansion": "German: ab",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: ab"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "ab"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål: ab",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian Bokmål: ab"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "of"
},
"expansion": "Luxembourgish: of",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Luxembourgish: of"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yi",
"2": "אָפּ"
},
"expansion": "Yiddish: אָפּ (op)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yiddish: אָפּ (op)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-pro",
"2": "*ᚨᛒ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛒ (*ab)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛒ (*ab)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "af"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: af\nIcelandic: af\nFaroese: av\nNorn: av\nElfdalian: åv\nOld Swedish: af, āf, aff\nSwedish: av, af (pre-1906 spelling; remains in surnames)\nDanish: af\nNorwegian Bokmål: av",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: af\nIcelandic: af\nFaroese: av\nNorn: av\nElfdalian: åv\nOld Swedish: af, āf, aff\nSwedish: av, af (pre-1906 spelling; remains in surnames)\nDanish: af\nNorwegian Bokmål: av"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐌰𐍆"
},
"expansion": "Gothic: 𐌰𐍆 (af)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gothic: 𐌰𐍆 (af)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂epó"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó.",
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ab",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"away"
],
"id": "en-ab-gem-pro-adv-N4zlap0U",
"links": [
[
"away",
"away"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɑβ/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "aba"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "af"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "afa"
}
],
"word": "ab"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Germanic adverbs",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic prepositions",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂epó"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "preposition"
},
"expansion": "*ab",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ab",
"pos": "prep",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"away from, off of [+dative]",
"away from, off of"
],
"links": [
[
"away",
"away"
],
[
"from",
"from"
],
[
"off",
"off"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"away from, off of [+dative]"
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"of [+dative]",
"of"
],
"links": [
[
"of",
"of"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"of [+dative]"
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɑβ/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "aba"
},
{
"word": "af"
},
{
"word": "afa"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "ab"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Germanic adverbs",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic prepositions",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*ab",
"alt": "*ab(a)"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *ab(a)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*af",
"3": "*af(a)"
},
"expansion": "*af(a)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *ab(a), *af(a)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ob",
"3": "æf",
"4": "af",
"5": "of"
},
"expansion": "Old English: ob, æf, af, of",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: ob, æf, af, of"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "of",
"3": "off"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: of, off",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: of, off"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "of",
"3": "off",
"4": "af",
"5": "aff"
},
"expansion": "Scots: of, off, af, aff",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: of, off, af, aff"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "of",
"3": "off"
},
"expansion": "English: of, off",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: of, off"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "af",
"3": "of"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: af, of",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: af, of"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "oawe",
"3": "ou"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: oawe, ou",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: oawe, ou"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "af",
"3": "ôf"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: af, ôf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: af, ôf"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "af"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: af",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: af"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "af"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: af",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: af"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "af",
"3": "of"
},
"expansion": "Low German: af, of",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Low German: af, of"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pdt",
"2": "auf"
},
"expansion": "Plautdietsch: auf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Plautdietsch: auf"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "ava",
"3": "af-"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: ava, af-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: ava, af-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "ave",
"3": "af"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: ave, af",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: ave, af"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "af"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: af",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "averechts"
},
"expansion": "averechts",
"name": "m"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: af (but also ave- in averechts)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "li",
"2": "aaf",
"3": "aof"
},
"expansion": "Limburgish: aaf, aof",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Limburgish: aaf, aof"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vls",
"2": "of"
},
"expansion": "West Flemish: of",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Flemish: of"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "aba"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: aba",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "rarely"
},
"expansion": "(rarely)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "ab"
},
"expansion": "ab",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "northern"
},
"expansion": "(northern)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "ava"
},
"expansion": "ava",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "af"
},
"expansion": "af",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: aba; (rarely) ab; (northern) ava, af"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "abe",
"3": "ab"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: abe, ab",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "northern"
},
"expansion": "(northern)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "ave"
},
"expansion": "ave",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "af"
},
"expansion": "af",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: abe, ab; (northern) ave, af"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "ab"
},
"expansion": "German: ab",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: ab"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "ab"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål: ab",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian Bokmål: ab"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "of"
},
"expansion": "Luxembourgish: of",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Luxembourgish: of"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yi",
"2": "אָפּ"
},
"expansion": "Yiddish: אָפּ (op)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yiddish: אָפּ (op)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-pro",
"2": "*ᚨᛒ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛒ (*ab)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛒ (*ab)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "af"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: af\nIcelandic: af\nFaroese: av\nNorn: av\nElfdalian: åv\nOld Swedish: af, āf, aff\nSwedish: av, af (pre-1906 spelling; remains in surnames)\nDanish: af\nNorwegian Bokmål: av",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: af\nIcelandic: af\nFaroese: av\nNorn: av\nElfdalian: åv\nOld Swedish: af, āf, aff\nSwedish: av, af (pre-1906 spelling; remains in surnames)\nDanish: af\nNorwegian Bokmål: av"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐌰𐍆"
},
"expansion": "Gothic: 𐌰𐍆 (af)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gothic: 𐌰𐍆 (af)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂epó"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó.",
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ab",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"away"
],
"links": [
[
"away",
"away"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɑβ/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "aba"
},
{
"word": "af"
},
{
"word": "afa"
}
],
"word": "ab"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (8203a16 and 304864d). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.