See -az in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "z-stem"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-os",
"pos": "adjectival ending"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-os (adjectival ending)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "-ος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek -ος (-os)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*-os"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *-os",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "-ः"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit -ः (-ḥ)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*-ъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *-ъ",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *-os (adjectival ending). Cognate with Ancient Greek -ος (-os), Proto-Italic *-os, Sanskrit -ः (-ḥ), Proto-Slavic *-ъ.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "z-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-az",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-izō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-az",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-izō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-az",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-izō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-iziz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-izǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-izi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-izumaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-izē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-izumiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "*-az n",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"stem": "z"
},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-az",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "19 10 36 35",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 9 39 37",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 5 39 37",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 14 34 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic_z-stem_nouns",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffix of nouns"
],
"id": "en--az-gem-pro-suffix-94XPbHyv",
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-az"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-pro",
"2": "-ᚨᛉ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Norse: -ᚨᛉ (-aʀ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Norse: -ᚨᛉ (-aʀ)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "-r"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: -r",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: -r"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-pro",
"2": "-ᛃᚨᛉ",
"pos": "after class 1 verbs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Norse: -ᛃᚨᛉ (-jaʀ, after class 1 verbs)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Norse: -ᛃᚨᛉ (-jaʀ, after class 1 verbs)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "-ir"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: -ir",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: -ir"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "agent noun"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-ós",
"id": "o-grade",
"pos": "agent suffix"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ós (agent suffix)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *-ós (agent suffix).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-az",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-anz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-as",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-is",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-amaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-amiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "*-az m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"stem": "a"
},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-az",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 14 34 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"-er, agent suffix"
],
"id": "en--az-gem-pro-suffix-5uQvphHi",
"links": [
[
"er",
"er#English"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*-ārijaz"
},
{
"word": "*-ilaz"
},
{
"word": "*-jô"
},
{
"word": "*-ndz"
},
{
"word": "*-ô"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-az"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "a-stem noun"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "inherited"
},
"expansion": "inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-os",
"4": "*(ó)-os",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "thematic",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "noun ending",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(ó)-os (noun ending)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-os",
"4": "*(ó)-os",
"id": "thematic",
"nocap": "1",
"pos": "noun ending"
},
"expansion": "inherited from Proto-Indo-European *(ó)-os (noun ending)",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "pre-Germanic",
"name": "pre-Germanic"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Primarily inherited from Proto-Indo-European *(ó)-os (noun ending), but eventually merging with the reflex of *-ós (forms which triggered Verner's law) by late pre-Germanic.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-az",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-anz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-as",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-is",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-amaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-amiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "*-az m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"stem": "a"
},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-az",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "19 10 36 35",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 9 39 37",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 5 39 37",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 14 34 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic_a-stem_nouns",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ō"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Suffix for a-stem nouns."
],
"id": "en--az-gem-pro-suffix-xiJskb3t",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Germanic parent language"
],
"word": "-az"
}
{
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "e-grade"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-ós",
"4": "*(e)-ós",
"id": "e-grade",
"pos": "deverbal adjective/nominal suffix"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(e)-ós (deverbal adjective/nominal suffix)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *(e)-ós (deverbal adjective/nominal suffix). In Germanic, this suffix greatly increased in productivity, unlike in other Indo-European branches, where it died off early (leaving only relics).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-adj",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-az",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-at",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-atō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-anǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-at",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-atō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-anz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-as",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-is",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-aizōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-as",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-is",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-aizǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-aizǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-aizǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ammai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-aizōi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ammai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-aimaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-aimaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-aimaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-anō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-aizō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-anō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-aimiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-aimiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-aimiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-aniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-anų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōnų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-anunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōnunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-iniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-iniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-anǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōnǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-anǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ini",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ini",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ammaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōmaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ammaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-inē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōnē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-inē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ammiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōmiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ammiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"head": "*(e)-az"
},
"expansion": "*(e)-az",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-az",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "19 10 36 35",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 9 39 37",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 5 39 37",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 14 34 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "hwerbaną (“to turn”) + *-az → *hwerbaz (“turning”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms e-grade adjectives from verbs."
],
"id": "en--az-gem-pro-suffix-tmS2dr-f",
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-az"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic a-stem adjectives",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic neuter suffixes",
"Proto-Germanic suffixes",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic z-stem nouns",
"Proto-Germanic_z-stem_nouns"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "z-stem"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-os",
"pos": "adjectival ending"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-os (adjectival ending)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "-ος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek -ος (-os)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*-os"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *-os",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "-ः"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit -ः (-ḥ)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*-ъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *-ъ",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *-os (adjectival ending). Cognate with Ancient Greek -ος (-os), Proto-Italic *-os, Sanskrit -ः (-ḥ), Proto-Slavic *-ъ.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "z-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-az",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-izō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-az",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-izō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-az",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-izō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-iziz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-izǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-izi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-izumaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-izē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-izumiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "*-az n",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"stem": "z"
},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-az",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"suffix of nouns"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-az"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic a-stem adjectives",
"Proto-Germanic a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic masculine suffixes",
"Proto-Germanic suffixes",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-pro",
"2": "-ᚨᛉ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Norse: -ᚨᛉ (-aʀ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Norse: -ᚨᛉ (-aʀ)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "-r"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: -r",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: -r"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-pro",
"2": "-ᛃᚨᛉ",
"pos": "after class 1 verbs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Norse: -ᛃᚨᛉ (-jaʀ, after class 1 verbs)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Norse: -ᛃᚨᛉ (-jaʀ, after class 1 verbs)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "-ir"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: -ir",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: -ir"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "agent noun"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-ós",
"id": "o-grade",
"pos": "agent suffix"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ós (agent suffix)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *-ós (agent suffix).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-az",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-anz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-as",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-is",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-amaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-amiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "*-az m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"stem": "a"
},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-az",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"-er, agent suffix"
],
"links": [
[
"er",
"er#English"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*-ārijaz"
},
{
"word": "*-ilaz"
},
{
"word": "*-jô"
},
{
"word": "*-ndz"
},
{
"word": "*-ô"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-az"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic a-stem adjectives",
"Proto-Germanic a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic masculine suffixes",
"Proto-Germanic suffixes",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic_a-stem_nouns"
],
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ō"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "a-stem noun"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "inherited"
},
"expansion": "inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-os",
"4": "*(ó)-os",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "thematic",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "noun ending",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(ó)-os (noun ending)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-os",
"4": "*(ó)-os",
"id": "thematic",
"nocap": "1",
"pos": "noun ending"
},
"expansion": "inherited from Proto-Indo-European *(ó)-os (noun ending)",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "pre-Germanic",
"name": "pre-Germanic"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Primarily inherited from Proto-Indo-European *(ó)-os (noun ending), but eventually merging with the reflex of *-ós (forms which triggered Verner's law) by late pre-Germanic.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-az",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-anz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-as",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-is",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-amaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-amiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "*-az m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"stem": "a"
},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-az",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Germanic a-stem nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"Suffix for a-stem nouns."
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Germanic parent language"
],
"word": "-az"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic a-stem adjectives",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic suffixes",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "e-grade"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-ós",
"4": "*(e)-ós",
"id": "e-grade",
"pos": "deverbal adjective/nominal suffix"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(e)-ós (deverbal adjective/nominal suffix)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *(e)-ós (deverbal adjective/nominal suffix). In Germanic, this suffix greatly increased in productivity, unlike in other Indo-European branches, where it died off early (leaving only relics).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-adj",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-az",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-at",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-atō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-anǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-at",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-atō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-anz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-as",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-is",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-aizōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-as",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-is",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-aizǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-aizǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-aizǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ammai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-aizōi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ammai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-aimaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-aimaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-aimaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-anō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-aizō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-anō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-aimiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-aimiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-aimiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-aniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-anų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōnų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-anunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōnunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-iniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-iniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-anǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōnǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-anǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ini",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ini",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ammaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōmaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ammaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-inē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōnē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-inē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ammiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōmiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ammiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"head": "*(e)-az"
},
"expansion": "*(e)-az",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-az",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "hwerbaną (“to turn”) + *-az → *hwerbaz (“turning”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms e-grade adjectives from verbs."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-az"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -az meaning in Proto-Germanic (16.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-04-10 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-04-03 using wiktextract (74c5344 and fb63907). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.