See rug in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "History of Poland",
"orig": "pl:History of Poland",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "ine-pro"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "la",
"3": "rūga"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Latin rūga",
"name": "lbor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Latin rūga.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-in",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "rug",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rug",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "rugi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-in"
},
"expansion": "rug m inan",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"rug"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-in"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 20 25 3 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "33 23 33 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "39 21 27 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 23 34 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"crease, notch, wrinkle"
],
"id": "en-rug-pl-noun-FvdwK0DL",
"links": [
[
"crease",
"crease"
],
[
"notch",
"notch"
],
[
"wrinkle",
"wrinkle"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) crease, notch, wrinkle"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "bruzda"
},
{
"word": "fałda"
},
{
"word": "karb"
},
{
"word": "zmarszczka"
}
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈruk/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uk"
},
{
"homophone": "róg"
},
{
"homophone": "Róg"
},
{
"homophone": "Rug"
}
],
"word": "rug"
}
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "History of Poland",
"orig": "pl:History of Poland",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "gmh"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "rug",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Polish rug",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "rug"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old Polish rug",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old Polish rug.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "rugowy",
"tags": [
"adjective"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-in",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "rug",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rug",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "rugi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-in",
"adj": "rugowy"
},
"expansion": "rug m inan (related adjective rugowy)",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"rug"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-in"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "rugownik"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "rugować"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 20 25 3 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "33 23 33 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 23 34 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"mass expulsions of foreign subjects"
],
"id": "en-rug-pl-noun-V0mAjiHe",
"links": [
[
"mass",
"mass"
],
[
"expulsion",
"expulsion"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(in the plural, historical) mass expulsions of foreign subjects"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "ekspulsja"
},
{
"word": "wydalanie"
}
],
"tags": [
"historical",
"in-plural",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 20 25 3 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "33 23 33 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 23 34 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"verifying the validity of parliamentary elections"
],
"id": "en-rug-pl-noun-2XFEJ8PG",
"links": [
[
"verify",
"verify"
],
[
"validity",
"validity"
],
[
"election",
"election"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(in the plural, historical) verifying the validity of parliamentary elections"
],
"tags": [
"historical",
"in-plural",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "33 23 33 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 23 34 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"judicial inquiry, investigation"
],
"id": "en-rug-pl-noun-yMo3clNo",
"links": [
[
"inquiry",
"inquiry"
],
[
"investigation",
"investigation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chiefly in the plural, historical) judicial inquiry, investigation"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "dochodzenie"
},
{
"word": "śledztwo"
}
],
"tags": [
"historical",
"in-plural",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈruk/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uk"
},
{
"homophone": "róg"
},
{
"homophone": "Róg"
},
{
"homophone": "Rug"
}
],
"word": "rug"
}
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "History of Poland",
"orig": "pl:History of Poland",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"name": "nonlemma"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "noun form",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "rug f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"rug"
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 20 25 3 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "ruga"
}
],
"glosses": [
"genitive plural of ruga"
],
"id": "en-rug-pl-noun-WaX61wUU",
"links": [
[
"ruga",
"ruga#Polish"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"form-of",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈruk/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uk"
},
{
"homophone": "róg"
},
{
"homophone": "Róg"
},
{
"homophone": "Rug"
}
],
"word": "rug"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 16 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Polish 1-syllable words",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish inanimate nouns",
"Polish learned borrowings from Latin",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish masculine nouns",
"Polish non-lemma forms",
"Polish noun forms",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish terms borrowed from Latin",
"Polish terms derived from Latin",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with homophones",
"Rhymes:Polish/uk",
"Rhymes:Polish/uk/1 syllable",
"pl:History of Poland"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "ine-pro"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "la",
"3": "rūga"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Latin rūga",
"name": "lbor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Latin rūga.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-in",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "rug",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rug",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "rugi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-in"
},
"expansion": "rug m inan",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"rug"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-in"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Polish terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"crease, notch, wrinkle"
],
"links": [
[
"crease",
"crease"
],
[
"notch",
"notch"
],
[
"wrinkle",
"wrinkle"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) crease, notch, wrinkle"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "bruzda"
},
{
"word": "fałda"
},
{
"word": "karb"
},
{
"word": "zmarszczka"
}
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈruk/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uk"
},
{
"homophone": "róg"
},
{
"homophone": "Róg"
},
{
"homophone": "Rug"
}
],
"word": "rug"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 16 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Polish 1-syllable words",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish inanimate nouns",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish masculine nouns",
"Polish non-lemma forms",
"Polish noun forms",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish terms derived from Middle High German",
"Polish terms derived from Old Polish",
"Polish terms inherited from Old Polish",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with homophones",
"Rhymes:Polish/uk",
"Rhymes:Polish/uk/1 syllable",
"pl:History of Poland"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "gmh"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "rug",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Polish rug",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "rug"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old Polish rug",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old Polish rug.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "rugowy",
"tags": [
"adjective"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-in",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "rug",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rug",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "rugi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-in",
"adj": "rugowy"
},
"expansion": "rug m inan (related adjective rugowy)",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"rug"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-in"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "rugownik"
},
{
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "rugować"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Polish terms with historical senses"
],
"glosses": [
"mass expulsions of foreign subjects"
],
"links": [
[
"mass",
"mass"
],
[
"expulsion",
"expulsion"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(in the plural, historical) mass expulsions of foreign subjects"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "ekspulsja"
},
{
"word": "wydalanie"
}
],
"tags": [
"historical",
"in-plural",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish terms with historical senses"
],
"glosses": [
"verifying the validity of parliamentary elections"
],
"links": [
[
"verify",
"verify"
],
[
"validity",
"validity"
],
[
"election",
"election"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(in the plural, historical) verifying the validity of parliamentary elections"
],
"tags": [
"historical",
"in-plural",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish terms with historical senses"
],
"glosses": [
"judicial inquiry, investigation"
],
"links": [
[
"inquiry",
"inquiry"
],
[
"investigation",
"investigation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chiefly in the plural, historical) judicial inquiry, investigation"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "dochodzenie"
},
{
"word": "śledztwo"
}
],
"tags": [
"historical",
"in-plural",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈruk/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uk"
},
{
"homophone": "róg"
},
{
"homophone": "Róg"
},
{
"homophone": "Rug"
}
],
"word": "rug"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 16 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Polish 1-syllable words",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish non-lemma forms",
"Polish noun forms",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with homophones",
"Rhymes:Polish/uk",
"Rhymes:Polish/uk/1 syllable",
"pl:History of Poland"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"name": "nonlemma"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "noun form",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "rug f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"rug"
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "ruga"
}
],
"glosses": [
"genitive plural of ruga"
],
"links": [
[
"ruga",
"ruga#Polish"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"form-of",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈruk/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uk"
},
{
"homophone": "róg"
},
{
"homophone": "Róg"
},
{
"homophone": "Rug"
}
],
"word": "rug"
}
Download raw JSONL data for rug meaning in Polish (8.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Polish dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-05 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-06-01 using wiktextract (5ee713e and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.