See krowa in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"adjective"
],
"word": "krowiasty"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "choroba szalonych krów"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "dojna krowa"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "krowa morska"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "krowica"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"noun"
],
"word": "krowię"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "krowina"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "mleko od wściekłej krowy"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "stara krowa"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "święta krowa"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"perfective",
"verb"
],
"word": "wytłumaczyć jak krowie na rowie"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"verb"
],
"word": "tłumaczyć jak krowie na rowie"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*ḱer-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱer-#Proto-Indo-European:_grow"
],
[
"*-h₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-h₂"
],
[
"*ḱerh₂-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱerh₂-#Proto-Indo-European:_head"
],
[
"*kárˀwāˀ",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Balto-Slavic/kárˀwāˀ"
],
[
"*kòrva",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/korva"
],
[
"krowa",
"krowa#Old_Polish"
],
[
"krowa",
"krowa#Old_Polish"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "zlw-opl:krowa",
"id": "cow",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ḱer-\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\n?\nProto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂-der.\nProto-Balto-Slavic *kárˀwāˀ\nProto-Slavic *kòrva\nOld Polish krowa\nPolish krowa\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"head\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"grow\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*ḱer-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-h₂\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*ḱerh₂-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Balto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*kárˀwāˀ\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-bsl-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*kòrva\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old Polish\", \"term\" : \"krowa\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"zlw-opl\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Polish\", \"term\" : \"krowa\", \"lang\" : \"pl\" }\" data-id=\"cow\" data-lang=\"pl\" data-title=\"krowa\" id=\"Polish:_cow\">\nInherited from Old Polish krowa.",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ḱer-\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\n?\nProto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂-der.\nProto-Balto-Slavic *kárˀwāˀ\nProto-Slavic *kòrva\nOld Polish krowa\nPolish krowa\nInherited from Old Polish krowa.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "krówka",
"tags": [
"diminutive"
]
},
{
"form": "krowica",
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"diminutive"
]
},
{
"form": "krowina",
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"diminutive"
]
},
{
"form": "krowisia",
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"diminutive"
]
},
{
"form": "krowiusia",
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"diminutive"
]
},
{
"form": "krowula",
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"diminutive"
]
},
{
"form": "krówsko",
"tags": [
"augmentative"
]
},
{
"form": "krowicha",
"tags": [
"augmentative",
"dialectal"
]
},
{
"form": "krowi",
"tags": [
"adjective"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-f",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "krowa",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krowy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "krowy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "krowie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krowom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "krowę",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krowy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "krową",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krowami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "krowie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krowach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "krowo",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "krowy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"adj": "krowi",
"aug": "krówsko,krowicha<l:dialectal>",
"dim": "krówka,krowica<l:dialectal>,krowina<l:dialectal>,krowisia<l:dialectal>,krowiusia<l:dialectal>,krowula<l:dialectal>"
},
"expansion": "krowa f (diminutive krówka or (dialectal) krowica or (dialectal) krowina or (dialectal) krowisia or (dialectal) krowiusia or (dialectal) krowula, augmentative krówsko or (dialectal) krowicha, related adjective krowi)",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"kro‧wa"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"kro‧wa"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"genp": "krów"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-f"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "15 16 6 3 2 11 20 10 14 0 2",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Cattle",
"orig": "pl:Cattle",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "33 4 31 1 3 9 12 1 4 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Female animals",
"orig": "pl:Female animals",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "48 0 46 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Female people",
"orig": "pl:Female people",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"word": "byk"
}
],
"glosses": [
"cow (adult female of the species Bos taurus, especially one that has calved)"
],
"id": "en-krowa-pl-noun-jM1bR7-T",
"links": [
[
"cow",
"cow"
],
[
"Bos taurus",
"Bos taurus#Translingual"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "krasula"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "10 11 6 3 5 23 26 5 11 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 16 6 3 2 11 20 10 14 0 2",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Cattle",
"orig": "pl:Cattle",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"cow (any member of the species Bos taurus regardless of sex or age, including bulls and calves)"
],
"id": "en-krowa-pl-noun-dYBuseu0",
"links": [
[
"cow",
"cow"
],
[
"Bos taurus",
"Bos taurus#Translingual"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(informal) cow (any member of the species Bos taurus regardless of sex or age, including bulls and calves)"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"informal"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "33 4 31 1 3 9 12 1 4 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Female animals",
"orig": "pl:Female animals",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "48 0 46 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Female people",
"orig": "pl:Female people",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"cow (female member of other large species of mammal, including the bovines, moose, whales, seals, hippos, rhinos, manatees, and elephants)"
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"word": "samica"
}
],
"id": "en-krowa-pl-noun-RXByq-2v",
"links": [
[
"cow",
"cow"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"cow, whale (woman considered unpleasant in some way, particularly one considered nasty, stupid, fat, lazy, or difficult)"
],
"id": "en-krowa-pl-noun-8RM46WOL",
"links": [
[
"cow",
"cow"
],
[
"whale",
"whale"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial, offensive) cow, whale (woman considered unpleasant in some way, particularly one considered nasty, stupid, fat, lazy, or difficult)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "babsko"
},
{
"word": "krówsko"
}
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"feminine",
"offensive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"handle; big boy (large bottle of vodka 0.7 litres or larger in size)"
],
"id": "en-krowa-pl-noun-QJEHmI6d",
"links": [
[
"handle",
"handle"
],
[
"big boy",
"big boy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial) handle; big boy (large bottle of vodka 0.7 litres or larger in size)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "krówka"
}
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "5 5 0 0 20 5 1 6 6 4 1 4 13 19 0 6 0 0 5 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 5 1 4 32 33 1 8 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 7 6 2 6 25 30 2 11 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 7 6 2 6 25 30 2 11 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 6 1 6 25 30 5 11 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 10 5 6 6 23 20 6 16 2 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 11 6 3 5 23 26 5 11 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 16 6 3 2 11 20 10 14 0 2",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Cattle",
"orig": "pl:Cattle",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hunk of junk; big boy (object that is too large or too heavy and therefore of little use)"
],
"id": "en-krowa-pl-noun-L5EDKHpX",
"links": [
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"hunk of junk",
"hunk of junk"
],
[
"big boy",
"big boy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial, derogatory) hunk of junk; big boy (object that is too large or too heavy and therefore of little use)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "grzmot"
},
{
"word": "kobyła"
},
{
"word": "kolubryna"
},
{
"word": "krówsko"
}
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"derogatory",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "5 6 1 1 11 5 2 7 6 4 1 4 13 20 1 7 1 1 5 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 5 0 0 20 5 1 6 6 4 1 4 13 19 0 6 0 0 5 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 6 1 1 11 5 2 6 6 4 1 4 12 20 2 7 1 1 5 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 6 1 1 12 5 2 6 6 4 1 4 12 21 1 7 1 1 5 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 5 1 4 32 33 1 8 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 7 6 2 6 25 30 2 11 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 7 6 2 6 25 30 2 11 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 8 6 2 6 25 32 2 10 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 6 1 6 25 30 5 11 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 10 5 6 6 23 20 6 16 2 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 11 6 3 5 23 26 5 11 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 9 6 2 6 24 31 3 11 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 16 6 3 2 11 20 10 14 0 2",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Cattle",
"orig": "pl:Cattle",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 10 8 3 6 19 27 2 11 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Distilled beverages",
"orig": "pl:Distilled beverages",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "33 4 31 1 3 9 12 1 4 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Female animals",
"orig": "pl:Female animals",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 12 4 0 4 24 34 0 10 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Marriage",
"orig": "pl:Marriage",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 5 7 6 5 6 38 6 10 3 7",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Weapons",
"orig": "pl:Weapons",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 4 1 0 1 7 79 0 3 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "World War II",
"orig": "pl:World War II",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Nebelwerfer (World War II German series of mortar weapons)"
],
"id": "en-krowa-pl-noun-DmgvvDdO",
"links": [
[
"Nebelwerfer",
"Nebelwerfer"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical, informal) Nebelwerfer (World War II German series of mortar weapons)"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"historical",
"informal"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"cattle tax; cattle delivery (obligation to provide cattle for the royal kitchen or a tax on cattle)"
],
"id": "en-krowa-pl-noun-pTadGK40",
"links": [
[
"cattle",
"cattle"
],
[
"tax",
"tax"
],
[
"delivery",
"delivery"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical, obsolete) cattle tax; cattle delivery (obligation to provide cattle for the royal kitchen or a tax on cattle)"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"historical",
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 7 6 2 6 25 30 2 11 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 7 6 2 6 25 30 2 11 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 6 1 6 25 30 5 11 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 10 5 6 6 23 20 6 16 2 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 11 6 3 5 23 26 5 11 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 16 6 3 2 11 20 10 14 0 2",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Cattle",
"orig": "pl:Cattle",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 9 9 10 8 7 11 8 15 4 10",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Smoking",
"orig": "pl:Smoking",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"cattle dowry (cattle tribute paid to a lord by a peasant who is marrying off his daughter)"
],
"id": "en-krowa-pl-noun-XvvYKvjC",
"links": [
[
"cattle",
"cattle"
],
[
"dowry",
"dowry"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical, obsolete) cattle dowry (cattle tribute paid to a lord by a peasant who is marrying off his daughter)"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"historical",
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"synonym of fajka (“pipe”)"
],
"id": "en-krowa-pl-noun-k3Z3kNV8",
"links": [
[
"fajka",
"fajka#Polish"
],
[
"pipe",
"pipe"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) synonym of fajka (“pipe”)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"extra": "pipe",
"tags": [
"synonym",
"synonym-of"
],
"word": "fajka"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 7 9 9 7 8 8 8 14 4 18",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Hides",
"orig": "pl:Hides",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"cow leather (hide or leather of a cow)"
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"word": "skóra"
}
],
"id": "en-krowa-pl-noun-0BcIwc6l",
"links": [
[
"cow",
"cow"
],
[
"leather",
"leather"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) cow leather (hide or leather of a cow)"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkrɔ.va/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkrɔ.va/",
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔva"
}
],
"word": "krowa"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle Polish",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 5 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon",
"Polish 2-syllable words",
"Polish entries with etymology texts",
"Polish entries with etymology trees",
"Polish entries with etymon",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish feminine nouns",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish terms derived from Old Polish",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
"Polish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱer- (grow)",
"Polish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱerh₂- (head)",
"Polish terms inherited from Old Polish",
"Polish terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio pronunciation",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɔva",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɔva/2 syllables",
"pl:Cattle",
"pl:Distilled beverages",
"pl:Female animals",
"pl:Female people",
"pl:Hides",
"pl:Marriage",
"pl:Smoking",
"pl:Weapons",
"pl:World War II",
"szl:Cattle",
"szl:Female animals",
"szl:Female people"
],
"derived": [
{
"tags": [
"adjective"
],
"word": "krowiasty"
},
{
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "choroba szalonych krów"
},
{
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "dojna krowa"
},
{
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "krowa morska"
},
{
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "krowica"
},
{
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"noun"
],
"word": "krowię"
},
{
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "krowina"
},
{
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "mleko od wściekłej krowy"
},
{
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "stara krowa"
},
{
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "święta krowa"
},
{
"tags": [
"perfective",
"verb"
],
"word": "wytłumaczyć jak krowie na rowie"
},
{
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"verb"
],
"word": "tłumaczyć jak krowie na rowie"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*ḱer-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱer-#Proto-Indo-European:_grow"
],
[
"*-h₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-h₂"
],
[
"*ḱerh₂-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱerh₂-#Proto-Indo-European:_head"
],
[
"*kárˀwāˀ",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Balto-Slavic/kárˀwāˀ"
],
[
"*kòrva",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/korva"
],
[
"krowa",
"krowa#Old_Polish"
],
[
"krowa",
"krowa#Old_Polish"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "zlw-opl:krowa",
"id": "cow",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ḱer-\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\n?\nProto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂-der.\nProto-Balto-Slavic *kárˀwāˀ\nProto-Slavic *kòrva\nOld Polish krowa\nPolish krowa\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"head\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"grow\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*ḱer-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-h₂\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*ḱerh₂-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Balto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*kárˀwāˀ\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-bsl-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*kòrva\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old Polish\", \"term\" : \"krowa\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"zlw-opl\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Polish\", \"term\" : \"krowa\", \"lang\" : \"pl\" }\" data-id=\"cow\" data-lang=\"pl\" data-title=\"krowa\" id=\"Polish:_cow\">\nInherited from Old Polish krowa.",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ḱer-\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\n?\nProto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂-der.\nProto-Balto-Slavic *kárˀwāˀ\nProto-Slavic *kòrva\nOld Polish krowa\nPolish krowa\nInherited from Old Polish krowa.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "krówka",
"tags": [
"diminutive"
]
},
{
"form": "krowica",
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"diminutive"
]
},
{
"form": "krowina",
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"diminutive"
]
},
{
"form": "krowisia",
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"diminutive"
]
},
{
"form": "krowiusia",
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"diminutive"
]
},
{
"form": "krowula",
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"diminutive"
]
},
{
"form": "krówsko",
"tags": [
"augmentative"
]
},
{
"form": "krowicha",
"tags": [
"augmentative",
"dialectal"
]
},
{
"form": "krowi",
"tags": [
"adjective"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-f",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "krowa",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krowy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "krowy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "krowie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krowom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "krowę",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krowy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "krową",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krowami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "krowie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krowach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "krowo",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "krowy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"adj": "krowi",
"aug": "krówsko,krowicha<l:dialectal>",
"dim": "krówka,krowica<l:dialectal>,krowina<l:dialectal>,krowisia<l:dialectal>,krowiusia<l:dialectal>,krowula<l:dialectal>"
},
"expansion": "krowa f (diminutive krówka or (dialectal) krowica or (dialectal) krowina or (dialectal) krowisia or (dialectal) krowiusia or (dialectal) krowula, augmentative krówsko or (dialectal) krowicha, related adjective krowi)",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"kro‧wa"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"kro‧wa"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"genp": "krów"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-f"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"word": "byk"
}
],
"glosses": [
"cow (adult female of the species Bos taurus, especially one that has calved)"
],
"links": [
[
"cow",
"cow"
],
[
"Bos taurus",
"Bos taurus#Translingual"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "krasula"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish informal terms"
],
"glosses": [
"cow (any member of the species Bos taurus regardless of sex or age, including bulls and calves)"
],
"links": [
[
"cow",
"cow"
],
[
"Bos taurus",
"Bos taurus#Translingual"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(informal) cow (any member of the species Bos taurus regardless of sex or age, including bulls and calves)"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"informal"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"cow (female member of other large species of mammal, including the bovines, moose, whales, seals, hippos, rhinos, manatees, and elephants)"
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"word": "samica"
}
],
"links": [
[
"cow",
"cow"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish colloquialisms",
"Polish offensive terms"
],
"glosses": [
"cow, whale (woman considered unpleasant in some way, particularly one considered nasty, stupid, fat, lazy, or difficult)"
],
"links": [
[
"cow",
"cow"
],
[
"whale",
"whale"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial, offensive) cow, whale (woman considered unpleasant in some way, particularly one considered nasty, stupid, fat, lazy, or difficult)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "babsko"
},
{
"word": "krówsko"
}
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"feminine",
"offensive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish colloquialisms"
],
"glosses": [
"handle; big boy (large bottle of vodka 0.7 litres or larger in size)"
],
"links": [
[
"handle",
"handle"
],
[
"big boy",
"big boy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial) handle; big boy (large bottle of vodka 0.7 litres or larger in size)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "krówka"
}
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish colloquialisms",
"Polish derogatory terms"
],
"glosses": [
"hunk of junk; big boy (object that is too large or too heavy and therefore of little use)"
],
"links": [
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"hunk of junk",
"hunk of junk"
],
[
"big boy",
"big boy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial, derogatory) hunk of junk; big boy (object that is too large or too heavy and therefore of little use)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "grzmot"
},
{
"word": "kobyła"
},
{
"word": "kolubryna"
},
{
"word": "krówsko"
}
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"derogatory",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish informal terms",
"Polish terms with historical senses"
],
"glosses": [
"Nebelwerfer (World War II German series of mortar weapons)"
],
"links": [
[
"Nebelwerfer",
"Nebelwerfer"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical, informal) Nebelwerfer (World War II German series of mortar weapons)"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"historical",
"informal"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish terms with historical senses",
"Polish terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"cattle tax; cattle delivery (obligation to provide cattle for the royal kitchen or a tax on cattle)"
],
"links": [
[
"cattle",
"cattle"
],
[
"tax",
"tax"
],
[
"delivery",
"delivery"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical, obsolete) cattle tax; cattle delivery (obligation to provide cattle for the royal kitchen or a tax on cattle)"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"historical",
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish terms with historical senses",
"Polish terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"cattle dowry (cattle tribute paid to a lord by a peasant who is marrying off his daughter)"
],
"links": [
[
"cattle",
"cattle"
],
[
"dowry",
"dowry"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical, obsolete) cattle dowry (cattle tribute paid to a lord by a peasant who is marrying off his daughter)"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"historical",
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"synonym of fajka (“pipe”)"
],
"links": [
[
"fajka",
"fajka#Polish"
],
[
"pipe",
"pipe"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) synonym of fajka (“pipe”)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"extra": "pipe",
"tags": [
"synonym",
"synonym-of"
],
"word": "fajka"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"cow leather (hide or leather of a cow)"
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"word": "skóra"
}
],
"links": [
[
"cow",
"cow"
],
[
"leather",
"leather"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) cow leather (hide or leather of a cow)"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkrɔ.va/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkrɔ.va/",
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔva"
}
],
"word": "krowa"
}
Download raw JSONL data for krowa meaning in Polish (11.0kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Polish dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (1a05e46 and e3d6d4e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.