"kobieta" meaning in Polish

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "kobieciarz"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "kobieciątko"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "kobiecina"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "kobieton"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "be",
            "2": "кабе́та",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Belarusian: кабе́та (kabjéta)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Belarusian: кабе́та (kabjéta)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "csb",
            "2": "kòbiéta",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Kashubian: kòbiéta",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Kashubian: kòbiéta"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "zlw-mas",
            "2": "kobziéta",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Masurian: kobziéta",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Masurian: kobziéta"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "szl",
            "2": "kobiyta",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Silesian: kobiyta",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Silesian: kobiyta"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "zlw-slv",
            "2": "kôbjéta",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Slovincian: kôbjéta",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Slovincian: kôbjéta"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "uk",
            "2": "кобі́та",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Ukrainian: кобі́та (kobíta)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Ukrainian: кобі́та (kobíta)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl"
      },
      "expansion": "Uncertain",
      "name": "unc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Displaced"
      },
      "expansion": "Displaced",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "niewiasta",
        "3": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "t": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "niewiasta",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "niewiasta",
        "sl": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Displaced niewiasta",
      "name": "displaced"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "żona"
      },
      "expansion": "żona",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "1545"
      },
      "expansion": "1545",
      "name": "etydate/the"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "<span class=\"cited-source\">Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">2010-2023) “kobieta”, in <cite>Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku</cite> [<cite>A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish</cite>]</span></span>",
        "name": ""
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "ref"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "1545",
        "ref": "<span class=\"cited-source\">Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">2010-2023) “kobieta”, in <cite>Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku</cite> [<cite>A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish</cite>]</span></span>"
      },
      "expansion": "First attested in 1545.",
      "name": "etydate"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "zlw-opl",
        "3": "kob",
        "nocat": "1",
        "t": "pigpen"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Polish kob (“pigpen”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zlw-opl",
        "2": "koba",
        "t": "mare"
      },
      "expansion": "koba (“mare”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "",
        "3": "-ieta"
      },
      "expansion": "-ieta",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "Markieta"
      },
      "expansion": "Markieta",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "Elżbieta"
      },
      "expansion": "Elżbieta",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "Greta"
      },
      "expansion": "Greta",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "kobiałka"
      },
      "expansion": "kobiałka",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "-ita"
      },
      "expansion": "-ita",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zlw-mpl",
        "2": "kobita"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Polish kobita",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "najmita"
      },
      "expansion": "najmita",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "",
        "3": "-ita"
      },
      "expansion": "-ita",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "gem",
        "nocat": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Germanic",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "gmh",
        "3": "kobe",
        "4": "",
        "5": "sty, shed",
        "nocat": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle High German kobe (“sty, shed”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "Koben"
      },
      "expansion": "German Koben",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmh",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*geit",
        "t": "goat"
      },
      "expansion": "*geit (“goat”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "geit"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch geit",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "sla-pro",
        "3": "*kobь",
        "4": "",
        "5": "bird-flight divination",
        "nocat": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *kobь (“bird-flight divination”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "*věta",
        "3": "",
        "4": "fairy"
      },
      "expansion": "*věta (“fairy”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "goh",
        "3": "gambetta",
        "4": "",
        "5": "concubine",
        "nocat": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Old High German gambetta (“concubine”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "fi",
        "3": "kave",
        "4": "",
        "5": "a creature related to the moon, sky, or air",
        "nocat": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Finnish kave (“a creature related to the moon, sky, or air”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "et",
        "3": "kabu",
        "4": "",
        "5": "castrated animal",
        "nocat": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Estonian kabu (“castrated animal”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "smi-pro",
        "2": "*kāpëk"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Samic *kāpëk",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Uncertain. Displaced niewiasta (now considered poetic) and żona (meaning narrowed down to “wife”). Popularized by Polish Romantic writers in the 19th century. First attested in 1545.\n* Possibly from Old Polish kob (“pigpen”) or koba (“mare”) (the suffix -ieta is found in some contemporaneous female names (e.g. Markieta, Elżbieta, Greta)); however, this theory has been rejected by most etymologists. Compare kobiałka.\n* Boryś asserts the term is a Polish innovation with an unclear root kob- and potentially the original suffix being extended with -ita (compare Middle Polish kobita and najmita), but he rejects the existence of the suffix -ita.\n* Bańkowski asserts that the term is not native, and suggests Germanic origin, possibly a compound of Middle High German kobe (“sty, shed”) (compare modern German Koben) and *geit (“goat”) (compare modern Dutch geit), originally meaning “a pen for goats” but also derogatorily “an enclosure for service maidens”; however, he also questions why the form is -bie- and not -be-.\n* Sławski also rejects native origin but is ultimately unable to draw connections to other languages.\n* Długosz-Kurczabowa thinks the word may be of native origin, specifically a compound of Proto-Slavic *kobь (“bird-flight divination”) and *věta (“fairy”), but she also does not reject the possibility of foreign origin, suggesting e.g. Old High German gambetta (“concubine”), or even Finnish kave (“a creature related to the moon, sky, or air”) or Estonian kabu (“castrated animal”) (compare also Proto-Samic *kāpëk), as the source.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "kobietka",
      "tags": [
        "diminutive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kobiecisko",
      "tags": [
        "augmentative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kobiecki",
      "tags": [
        "adjective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kobiecy",
      "tags": [
        "adjective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "pl-decl-noun-f",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kobieta",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kobiety",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kobiety",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kobiet",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kobiecie",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kobietom",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kobietę",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kobiety",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kobietą",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kobietami",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kobiecie",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kobietach",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kobieto",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kobiety",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "f",
        "adj": "kobiecki",
        "adj2": "kobiecy",
        "aug": "kobiecisko",
        "dim": "kobietka"
      },
      "expansion": "kobieta f (diminutive kobietka, augmentative kobiecisko, related adjective kobiecki or kobiecy)",
      "name": "pl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "ko‧bie‧ta"
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "pl-decl-noun-f"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Polish",
  "lang_code": "pl",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "kobieco"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "kobieciarstwo"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "kobiecinka"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "kobiecość"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "30 35 18 17",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "25 31 14 30",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
          "parents": [
            "Links with manual fragments",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "26 31 15 28",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant alt parameters",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "26 31 15 28",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "28 29 9 34",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "pl",
          "name": "Female family members",
          "orig": "pl:Female family members",
          "parents": [
            "Family members",
            "Female people",
            "Family",
            "Female",
            "People",
            "Gender",
            "Human",
            "Biology",
            "Psychology",
            "Sociology",
            "All topics",
            "Sciences",
            "Social sciences",
            "Fundamental",
            "Society"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "29 30 3 37",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "pl",
          "name": "Female people",
          "orig": "pl:Female people",
          "parents": [
            "Female",
            "People",
            "Gender",
            "Human",
            "Biology",
            "Psychology",
            "Sociology",
            "All topics",
            "Sciences",
            "Social sciences",
            "Fundamental",
            "Society"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "Coordinate term: mężczyzna"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2023 November 10, Anna Zaleska, “Kobiety wiedzą, co robią w Poznaniu. Justyna Sieńczyłło: „Kobiety potrafią się wspierać” [FILM]”, in wysokieobcasy.pl, archived from the original on 2023-12-03",
          "text": "Justyna Sieńczyłło opowiadała o wsparciu, jakie otrzymuje od kobiet, gdy walczy o utrzymanie teatru, który zakładała ze swoim mężem Emilianem Kamińskim, a także o tym, jakie decyzje repertuarowe podejmuje. – Nawet 80–90 proc. spektakli jest o kobietach. Bardzo mnie interesują kobiety, zresztą dla Emiliana również były ważne – mówiła. Z kolei opera – choć tak pełna kobiecych bohaterek – tworzona jest przez mężczyzn, męska perspektywa trzyma się tak mocno, że Renata Borowska-Juszczyńska jest jedną z nielicznych dyrektorek opery.\nJustyna Sieńczyłło talked about the support she receives from women as she struggles to maintain the theater she founded with her husband Emilian Kamiński, and the repertoire decisions she makes. “Even 80–90 percent of the plays are about women. I am very interested in women, they were important for Emilian as well,” she said. On the other hand, opera, although so full of female characters, is created by men, the male perspective holds so strongly that Renata Borowska-Juszczyńska is one of the few female opera directors.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "english": "Pope Francis, at a meeting with the International Theological Commission at the Vatican on Thursday, stressed that “the Church is a woman” and pointed out that the masculinization of the community is “one of the great sins.” “And if we do not understand who a woman is or what a woman's theology is, we will never understand what the Church is,” said Francis, as quoted by eKAI.",
          "ref": "2023 December 2, “Papież Franciszek wskazał „wielki grzech Kościoła”. W tle sprawa kobiet”, in onet.pl, archived from the original on 2023-12-03",
          "text": "Papież Franciszek podczas czwartkowego spotkania z Międzynarodową Komisją Teologiczną w Watykanie podkreślił, że „Kościół jest kobietą” i wskazał, że maskulinizacja wspólnoty jest „jednym z wielkich grzechów”. – A jeśli nie zrozumiemy, kim jest kobieta lub czym jest teologia kobiety, nigdy nie zrozumiemy, czym jest Kościół – mówił Franciszek, cytowany przez eKAI.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "woman (adult female human)"
      ],
      "id": "en-kobieta-pl-noun-PwrskiEe",
      "links": [
        [
          "woman",
          "woman"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "białogłowa"
        },
        {
          "word": "dama"
        },
        {
          "word": "facetka"
        },
        {
          "word": "kobiałka"
        },
        {
          "word": "niewiasta"
        },
        {
          "word": "żona"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle Polish",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "30 35 18 17",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "25 31 14 30",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
          "parents": [
            "Links with manual fragments",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "26 31 15 28",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant alt parameters",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "26 31 15 28",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "28 29 9 34",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "pl",
          "name": "Female family members",
          "orig": "pl:Female family members",
          "parents": [
            "Family members",
            "Female people",
            "Family",
            "Female",
            "People",
            "Gender",
            "Human",
            "Biology",
            "Psychology",
            "Sociology",
            "All topics",
            "Sciences",
            "Social sciences",
            "Fundamental",
            "Society"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "29 30 3 37",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "pl",
          "name": "Female people",
          "orig": "pl:Female people",
          "parents": [
            "Female",
            "People",
            "Gender",
            "Human",
            "Biology",
            "Psychology",
            "Sociology",
            "All topics",
            "Sciences",
            "Social sciences",
            "Fundamental",
            "Society"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "woman (adult female human)",
        "promiscuous woman"
      ],
      "id": "en-kobieta-pl-noun-XApsvYJB",
      "links": [
        [
          "woman",
          "woman"
        ],
        [
          "derogatory",
          "derogatory"
        ],
        [
          "promiscuous",
          "promiscuous"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "woman (adult female human)",
        "(Middle Polish, derogatory) promiscuous woman"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "białogłowa"
        },
        {
          "word": "dama"
        },
        {
          "word": "facetka"
        },
        {
          "word": "kobiałka"
        },
        {
          "word": "niewiasta"
        },
        {
          "word": "żona"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Middle",
        "Polish",
        "derogatory",
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "30 35 18 17",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "25 31 14 30",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
          "parents": [
            "Links with manual fragments",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "26 31 15 28",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant alt parameters",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "26 31 15 28",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Her words hurt. But what she did next was like a blow to the solar plexus. I wanted to hug her, I had already taken a step toward her... and she backed away. The woman I loved was scared that I might hit her! I felt a burning shame.",
          "ref": "2023 December 16, “„Kobieta mojego życia odrzuciła moje oświadczyny. Załamałem się, bez niej moje życie nie miało sensu””, in kobieta.pl, archived from the original on 2024-01-26",
          "text": "Jej słowa zabolały. Ale to, co zrobiła później, było jak cios w splot słoneczny. Chciałem ją przytulić, już zrobiłem krok w jej stronę... a ona się cofnęła. Kobieta, którą kochałem, wystraszyła się, że mogę ją uderzyć! Poczułem palący wstyd.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "woman (wife or lover)"
      ],
      "id": "en-kobieta-pl-noun-Ml-xJTEp",
      "links": [
        [
          "woman",
          "woman"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(colloquial) woman (wife or lover)"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "dama"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "30 35 18 17",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "25 31 14 30",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
          "parents": [
            "Links with manual fragments",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "26 31 15 28",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant alt parameters",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "26 31 15 28",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "28 29 9 34",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "pl",
          "name": "Female family members",
          "orig": "pl:Female family members",
          "parents": [
            "Family members",
            "Female people",
            "Family",
            "Female",
            "People",
            "Gender",
            "Human",
            "Biology",
            "Psychology",
            "Sociology",
            "All topics",
            "Sciences",
            "Social sciences",
            "Fundamental",
            "Society"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "29 30 3 37",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "pl",
          "name": "Female people",
          "orig": "pl:Female people",
          "parents": [
            "Female",
            "People",
            "Gender",
            "Human",
            "Biology",
            "Psychology",
            "Sociology",
            "All topics",
            "Sciences",
            "Social sciences",
            "Fundamental",
            "Society"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "20 26 12 42",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "pl",
          "name": "Marriage",
          "orig": "pl:Marriage",
          "parents": [
            "Culture",
            "Family",
            "Society",
            "People",
            "All topics",
            "Human",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "hired female worker"
      ],
      "id": "en-kobieta-pl-noun-9FmrMQRz",
      "links": [
        [
          "hire",
          "hire"
        ],
        [
          "female",
          "female"
        ],
        [
          "worker",
          "worker"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(obsolete) hired female worker"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "najemnica"
        },
        {
          "word": "robotnica"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "obsolete"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kɔˈbjɛ.ta/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kɔˈbje.ta/",
      "tags": [
        "Middle",
        "Polish"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɛta"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "english": "originally Middle Polish",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "dialectal"
      ],
      "word": "kobita"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Polish Scientific Publishers PWN",
    "pl:Ida Kurcz"
  ],
  "word": "kobieta"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Polish 3-syllable words",
    "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
    "Polish feminine nouns",
    "Polish lemmas",
    "Polish links with manual fragments",
    "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
    "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
    "Polish nouns",
    "Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Polish terms with audio links",
    "Polish terms with unknown etymologies",
    "Rhymes:Polish/ɛta",
    "Rhymes:Polish/ɛta/3 syllables",
    "pl:Female family members",
    "pl:Female people",
    "pl:Marriage"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "kobieciarz"
    },
    {
      "word": "kobieciątko"
    },
    {
      "word": "kobiecina"
    },
    {
      "word": "kobieton"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "be",
            "2": "кабе́та",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Belarusian: кабе́та (kabjéta)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Belarusian: кабе́та (kabjéta)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "csb",
            "2": "kòbiéta",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Kashubian: kòbiéta",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Kashubian: kòbiéta"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "zlw-mas",
            "2": "kobziéta",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Masurian: kobziéta",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Masurian: kobziéta"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "szl",
            "2": "kobiyta",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Silesian: kobiyta",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Silesian: kobiyta"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "zlw-slv",
            "2": "kôbjéta",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Slovincian: kôbjéta",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Slovincian: kôbjéta"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "uk",
            "2": "кобі́та",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Ukrainian: кобі́та (kobíta)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Ukrainian: кобі́та (kobíta)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl"
      },
      "expansion": "Uncertain",
      "name": "unc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Displaced"
      },
      "expansion": "Displaced",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "niewiasta",
        "3": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "t": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "niewiasta",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "niewiasta",
        "sl": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Displaced niewiasta",
      "name": "displaced"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "żona"
      },
      "expansion": "żona",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "1545"
      },
      "expansion": "1545",
      "name": "etydate/the"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "<span class=\"cited-source\">Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">2010-2023) “kobieta”, in <cite>Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku</cite> [<cite>A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish</cite>]</span></span>",
        "name": ""
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "ref"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "1545",
        "ref": "<span class=\"cited-source\">Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">2010-2023) “kobieta”, in <cite>Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku</cite> [<cite>A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish</cite>]</span></span>"
      },
      "expansion": "First attested in 1545.",
      "name": "etydate"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "zlw-opl",
        "3": "kob",
        "nocat": "1",
        "t": "pigpen"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Polish kob (“pigpen”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zlw-opl",
        "2": "koba",
        "t": "mare"
      },
      "expansion": "koba (“mare”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "",
        "3": "-ieta"
      },
      "expansion": "-ieta",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "Markieta"
      },
      "expansion": "Markieta",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "Elżbieta"
      },
      "expansion": "Elżbieta",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "Greta"
      },
      "expansion": "Greta",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "kobiałka"
      },
      "expansion": "kobiałka",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "-ita"
      },
      "expansion": "-ita",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zlw-mpl",
        "2": "kobita"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Polish kobita",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "najmita"
      },
      "expansion": "najmita",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "",
        "3": "-ita"
      },
      "expansion": "-ita",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "gem",
        "nocat": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Germanic",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "gmh",
        "3": "kobe",
        "4": "",
        "5": "sty, shed",
        "nocat": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle High German kobe (“sty, shed”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "Koben"
      },
      "expansion": "German Koben",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmh",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*geit",
        "t": "goat"
      },
      "expansion": "*geit (“goat”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "geit"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch geit",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "sla-pro",
        "3": "*kobь",
        "4": "",
        "5": "bird-flight divination",
        "nocat": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *kobь (“bird-flight divination”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "*věta",
        "3": "",
        "4": "fairy"
      },
      "expansion": "*věta (“fairy”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "goh",
        "3": "gambetta",
        "4": "",
        "5": "concubine",
        "nocat": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Old High German gambetta (“concubine”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "fi",
        "3": "kave",
        "4": "",
        "5": "a creature related to the moon, sky, or air",
        "nocat": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Finnish kave (“a creature related to the moon, sky, or air”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "et",
        "3": "kabu",
        "4": "",
        "5": "castrated animal",
        "nocat": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Estonian kabu (“castrated animal”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "smi-pro",
        "2": "*kāpëk"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Samic *kāpëk",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Uncertain. Displaced niewiasta (now considered poetic) and żona (meaning narrowed down to “wife”). Popularized by Polish Romantic writers in the 19th century. First attested in 1545.\n* Possibly from Old Polish kob (“pigpen”) or koba (“mare”) (the suffix -ieta is found in some contemporaneous female names (e.g. Markieta, Elżbieta, Greta)); however, this theory has been rejected by most etymologists. Compare kobiałka.\n* Boryś asserts the term is a Polish innovation with an unclear root kob- and potentially the original suffix being extended with -ita (compare Middle Polish kobita and najmita), but he rejects the existence of the suffix -ita.\n* Bańkowski asserts that the term is not native, and suggests Germanic origin, possibly a compound of Middle High German kobe (“sty, shed”) (compare modern German Koben) and *geit (“goat”) (compare modern Dutch geit), originally meaning “a pen for goats” but also derogatorily “an enclosure for service maidens”; however, he also questions why the form is -bie- and not -be-.\n* Sławski also rejects native origin but is ultimately unable to draw connections to other languages.\n* Długosz-Kurczabowa thinks the word may be of native origin, specifically a compound of Proto-Slavic *kobь (“bird-flight divination”) and *věta (“fairy”), but she also does not reject the possibility of foreign origin, suggesting e.g. Old High German gambetta (“concubine”), or even Finnish kave (“a creature related to the moon, sky, or air”) or Estonian kabu (“castrated animal”) (compare also Proto-Samic *kāpëk), as the source.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "kobietka",
      "tags": [
        "diminutive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kobiecisko",
      "tags": [
        "augmentative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kobiecki",
      "tags": [
        "adjective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kobiecy",
      "tags": [
        "adjective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "pl-decl-noun-f",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kobieta",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kobiety",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kobiety",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kobiet",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kobiecie",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kobietom",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kobietę",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kobiety",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kobietą",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kobietami",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kobiecie",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kobietach",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kobieto",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kobiety",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "f",
        "adj": "kobiecki",
        "adj2": "kobiecy",
        "aug": "kobiecisko",
        "dim": "kobietka"
      },
      "expansion": "kobieta f (diminutive kobietka, augmentative kobiecisko, related adjective kobiecki or kobiecy)",
      "name": "pl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "ko‧bie‧ta"
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "pl-decl-noun-f"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Polish",
  "lang_code": "pl",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "kobieco"
    },
    {
      "word": "kobieciarstwo"
    },
    {
      "word": "kobiecinka"
    },
    {
      "word": "kobiecość"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Polish terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "Coordinate term: mężczyzna"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2023 November 10, Anna Zaleska, “Kobiety wiedzą, co robią w Poznaniu. Justyna Sieńczyłło: „Kobiety potrafią się wspierać” [FILM]”, in wysokieobcasy.pl, archived from the original on 2023-12-03",
          "text": "Justyna Sieńczyłło opowiadała o wsparciu, jakie otrzymuje od kobiet, gdy walczy o utrzymanie teatru, który zakładała ze swoim mężem Emilianem Kamińskim, a także o tym, jakie decyzje repertuarowe podejmuje. – Nawet 80–90 proc. spektakli jest o kobietach. Bardzo mnie interesują kobiety, zresztą dla Emiliana również były ważne – mówiła. Z kolei opera – choć tak pełna kobiecych bohaterek – tworzona jest przez mężczyzn, męska perspektywa trzyma się tak mocno, że Renata Borowska-Juszczyńska jest jedną z nielicznych dyrektorek opery.\nJustyna Sieńczyłło talked about the support she receives from women as she struggles to maintain the theater she founded with her husband Emilian Kamiński, and the repertoire decisions she makes. “Even 80–90 percent of the plays are about women. I am very interested in women, they were important for Emilian as well,” she said. On the other hand, opera, although so full of female characters, is created by men, the male perspective holds so strongly that Renata Borowska-Juszczyńska is one of the few female opera directors.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "english": "Pope Francis, at a meeting with the International Theological Commission at the Vatican on Thursday, stressed that “the Church is a woman” and pointed out that the masculinization of the community is “one of the great sins.” “And if we do not understand who a woman is or what a woman's theology is, we will never understand what the Church is,” said Francis, as quoted by eKAI.",
          "ref": "2023 December 2, “Papież Franciszek wskazał „wielki grzech Kościoła”. W tle sprawa kobiet”, in onet.pl, archived from the original on 2023-12-03",
          "text": "Papież Franciszek podczas czwartkowego spotkania z Międzynarodową Komisją Teologiczną w Watykanie podkreślił, że „Kościół jest kobietą” i wskazał, że maskulinizacja wspólnoty jest „jednym z wielkich grzechów”. – A jeśli nie zrozumiemy, kim jest kobieta lub czym jest teologia kobiety, nigdy nie zrozumiemy, czym jest Kościół – mówił Franciszek, cytowany przez eKAI.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "woman (adult female human)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "woman",
          "woman"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "białogłowa"
        },
        {
          "word": "dama"
        },
        {
          "word": "facetka"
        },
        {
          "word": "kobiałka"
        },
        {
          "word": "niewiasta"
        },
        {
          "word": "żona"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Middle Polish",
        "Polish derogatory terms",
        "Polish terms with quotations"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "woman (adult female human)",
        "promiscuous woman"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "woman",
          "woman"
        ],
        [
          "derogatory",
          "derogatory"
        ],
        [
          "promiscuous",
          "promiscuous"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "woman (adult female human)",
        "(Middle Polish, derogatory) promiscuous woman"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "białogłowa"
        },
        {
          "word": "dama"
        },
        {
          "word": "facetka"
        },
        {
          "word": "kobiałka"
        },
        {
          "word": "niewiasta"
        },
        {
          "word": "żona"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Middle",
        "Polish",
        "derogatory",
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Polish colloquialisms",
        "Polish terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Her words hurt. But what she did next was like a blow to the solar plexus. I wanted to hug her, I had already taken a step toward her... and she backed away. The woman I loved was scared that I might hit her! I felt a burning shame.",
          "ref": "2023 December 16, “„Kobieta mojego życia odrzuciła moje oświadczyny. Załamałem się, bez niej moje życie nie miało sensu””, in kobieta.pl, archived from the original on 2024-01-26",
          "text": "Jej słowa zabolały. Ale to, co zrobiła później, było jak cios w splot słoneczny. Chciałem ją przytulić, już zrobiłem krok w jej stronę... a ona się cofnęła. Kobieta, którą kochałem, wystraszyła się, że mogę ją uderzyć! Poczułem palący wstyd.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "woman (wife or lover)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "woman",
          "woman"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(colloquial) woman (wife or lover)"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "dama"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Polish terms with obsolete senses"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "hired female worker"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "hire",
          "hire"
        ],
        [
          "female",
          "female"
        ],
        [
          "worker",
          "worker"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(obsolete) hired female worker"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "najemnica"
        },
        {
          "word": "robotnica"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "obsolete"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kɔˈbjɛ.ta/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kɔˈbje.ta/",
      "tags": [
        "Middle",
        "Polish"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɛta"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "english": "originally Middle Polish",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "dialectal"
      ],
      "word": "kobita"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Polish Scientific Publishers PWN",
    "pl:Ida Kurcz"
  ],
  "word": "kobieta"
}