See wendan in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for wendan meaning in Old English (9.6kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "āwendan"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "bewendan"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "edwendan"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "framwendan"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "ġewendan"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "miswendan"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "onwendan"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "oþwendan"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "underwendan"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "wandrian"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "wendere"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "wending"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "ymbwendan"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "wenden"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: wenden",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: wenden"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "wend"
},
"expansion": "English: wend",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: wend"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*wandijan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *wandijan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*wandijaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *wandijaną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*windaną",
"3": "",
"4": "to twist"
},
"expansion": "*windaną (“to twist”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "windan"
},
"expansion": "windan",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "wenda"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian wenda",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "wendian"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon wendian",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "wenden"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch wenden",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "wenten"
},
"expansion": "Old High German wenten",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "venda"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse venda",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽"
},
"expansion": "Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (wandjan)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *wandijan, from Proto-Germanic *wandijaną, originally ‘to make something twist or wind’, a causative form of *windaną (“to twist”) (whence windan).\nCognate with Old Frisian wenda, Old Saxon wendian, Old Dutch wenden, Old High German wenten, Old Norse venda, Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (wandjan).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ang-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "1",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "wendan",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "wendenne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "wende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wendest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wenst",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wentst",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wendest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wendeþ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "went",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "wende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "wendaþ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "wendon",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "wende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wenden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "wenden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "wend",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wendaþ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "wendende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "wended",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ġewended",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "wendan",
"name": "ang-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wendan<w1>"
},
"name": "ang-conj"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "windan"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I beseech you, turn my head down, and stretch my feet towards heaven: I am not worthy to hang as my Lord.",
"text": "late 10th century, Ælfric, \"THE PASSION OF THE APOSTLES PETER AND PAUL\"\nIc bidde eow, wendað min heafod adune, and astreccað mine fet wið heofonas weard: ne eom ic wyrðe þæt ic swa hangige swa min Drihten.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "They turned their backs [literally “back”] to him.",
"text": "late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Pope Gregory's Pastoral Care\nHīe wendon heora bæc tō him.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "The moon always turns its back to the sun, i.e. the round side that is illuminated.",
"text": "c. 994, Ælfric, On the Seasons of the Year\nSimle went sē mōna his hryċġ tō þǣre sunnan, þæt is sē sinewealta ende þe þǣr onlīehted biþ.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "After Jesus had been starving for such a long time, the Devil thought he wasn't the messiah, and said to him, “Why are you hungry? If you're God's son, turn these rocks into bread and eat them!”",
"text": "c. 992, Ælfric, “The First Sunday in Lent”\nÞā Crist hyngrede æfter swā langum firste, þā wēnde sē dēofol þæt hē Crist nǣre, and cwæþ tō him, “Hwȳ hyngreþ þē? Ġif þū Godes sunu sīe, wend þās stānas tō hlāfum and et!”",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to turn"
],
"id": "en-wendan-ang-verb-4s29iXOP",
"links": [
[
"turn",
"turn"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, intransitive) to turn"
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "It's not useless for us to put our hope in God, because he doesn't change like we do.",
"text": "late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy\nFor þām hit nis nā unnytt þæt wē hopiġen tō Gode, for þām hē ne went nā swā swǣ wē dōþ.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to change"
],
"id": "en-wendan-ang-verb-WB4OyXXt",
"links": [
[
"change",
"change"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, intransitive) to change"
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 9 35 36 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "King Alfred translated this book from Latin to English.",
"text": "late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy\nÆlfrēd cyning wende þās bōc of Bōclǣdene on Englisċ.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "When I remembered how the teaching of Latin had declined throughout England, but many people could still read English writing, I began to translate the book into English that is known as Pastoralis in Latin and “Shepherd Book” in English, sometimes word for word, sometimes sense for sense.",
"text": "late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Pope Gregory's Pastoral Care\nÞā iċ þā ġemunde hū sēo lār Lǣdenġeþēodes ǣr þissum āfeallen wæs ġeond Angelcynn, and þēah maniġe cūðon Englisċ ġewrit ārǣdan, þā ongann iċ þā bōc wendan on Englisċ þe is ġenemnedu on Lǣden Pāstorālis and on Englisċ Hierdebōc, hwīlum word be worde, hwīlum andġiet of andġiete.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "When I remembered all this, I was utterly amazed at the good and wise people who used to live throughout England, who had studied all the books thoroughly and didn't want to translate any part of them into their own language. But then I answered myself and said: they didn't think people would ever become so careless or that learning would decay the way it has.",
"text": "late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Pope Gregory's Pastoral Care\nÞā iċ þisses ealles ġemunde, þā wundrode iċ swīðe swīðe þāra gōdena witena þe ġeō wǣron ġeond Angelcynn and þā bēċ ealle be fullan ġeleornode hæfdon, þæt hīe heora þā nānne dǣl noldon on heora āgen ġeþēode wendan. Ac iċ þā sōna eft mē selfum andwyrde and cwæþ: hīe ne wēndon þætte ǣfre menn sċolden swā rēċelēase weorðan and sēo lār swā oþfeallan.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to translate"
],
"id": "en-wendan-ang-verb-VRxNHmW7",
"links": [
[
"translate",
"translate"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 9 35 36 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to go or depart"
],
"id": "en-wendan-ang-verb-7QtSMmxB",
"links": [
[
"go",
"go"
],
[
"depart",
"depart"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) to go or depart"
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 9 35 36 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to happen"
],
"id": "en-wendan-ang-verb-5u2vbnWW",
"links": [
[
"happen",
"happen"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈwen.dɑn/"
}
],
"word": "wendan"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old English class 1 weak verbs",
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old English verbs"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "āwendan"
},
{
"word": "bewendan"
},
{
"word": "edwendan"
},
{
"word": "framwendan"
},
{
"word": "ġewendan"
},
{
"word": "miswendan"
},
{
"word": "onwendan"
},
{
"word": "oþwendan"
},
{
"word": "underwendan"
},
{
"word": "wandrian"
},
{
"word": "wendere"
},
{
"word": "wending"
},
{
"word": "ymbwendan"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "wenden"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: wenden",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: wenden"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "wend"
},
"expansion": "English: wend",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: wend"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*wandijan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *wandijan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*wandijaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *wandijaną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*windaną",
"3": "",
"4": "to twist"
},
"expansion": "*windaną (“to twist”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "windan"
},
"expansion": "windan",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "wenda"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian wenda",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "wendian"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon wendian",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "wenden"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch wenden",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "wenten"
},
"expansion": "Old High German wenten",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "venda"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse venda",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽"
},
"expansion": "Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (wandjan)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *wandijan, from Proto-Germanic *wandijaną, originally ‘to make something twist or wind’, a causative form of *windaną (“to twist”) (whence windan).\nCognate with Old Frisian wenda, Old Saxon wendian, Old Dutch wenden, Old High German wenten, Old Norse venda, Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (wandjan).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ang-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "1",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "wendan",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "wendenne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "wende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wendest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wenst",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wentst",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wendest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wendeþ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "went",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "wende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "wendaþ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "wendon",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "wende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wenden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "wenden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "wend",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wendaþ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "wendende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "wended",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ġewended",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "wendan",
"name": "ang-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wendan<w1>"
},
"name": "ang-conj"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "windan"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old English intransitive verbs",
"Old English terms with quotations",
"Old English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I beseech you, turn my head down, and stretch my feet towards heaven: I am not worthy to hang as my Lord.",
"text": "late 10th century, Ælfric, \"THE PASSION OF THE APOSTLES PETER AND PAUL\"\nIc bidde eow, wendað min heafod adune, and astreccað mine fet wið heofonas weard: ne eom ic wyrðe þæt ic swa hangige swa min Drihten.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "They turned their backs [literally “back”] to him.",
"text": "late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Pope Gregory's Pastoral Care\nHīe wendon heora bæc tō him.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "The moon always turns its back to the sun, i.e. the round side that is illuminated.",
"text": "c. 994, Ælfric, On the Seasons of the Year\nSimle went sē mōna his hryċġ tō þǣre sunnan, þæt is sē sinewealta ende þe þǣr onlīehted biþ.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "After Jesus had been starving for such a long time, the Devil thought he wasn't the messiah, and said to him, “Why are you hungry? If you're God's son, turn these rocks into bread and eat them!”",
"text": "c. 992, Ælfric, “The First Sunday in Lent”\nÞā Crist hyngrede æfter swā langum firste, þā wēnde sē dēofol þæt hē Crist nǣre, and cwæþ tō him, “Hwȳ hyngreþ þē? Ġif þū Godes sunu sīe, wend þās stānas tō hlāfum and et!”",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to turn"
],
"links": [
[
"turn",
"turn"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, intransitive) to turn"
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Old English intransitive verbs",
"Old English terms with quotations",
"Old English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "It's not useless for us to put our hope in God, because he doesn't change like we do.",
"text": "late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy\nFor þām hit nis nā unnytt þæt wē hopiġen tō Gode, for þām hē ne went nā swā swǣ wē dōþ.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to change"
],
"links": [
[
"change",
"change"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, intransitive) to change"
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Old English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "King Alfred translated this book from Latin to English.",
"text": "late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy\nÆlfrēd cyning wende þās bōc of Bōclǣdene on Englisċ.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "When I remembered how the teaching of Latin had declined throughout England, but many people could still read English writing, I began to translate the book into English that is known as Pastoralis in Latin and “Shepherd Book” in English, sometimes word for word, sometimes sense for sense.",
"text": "late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Pope Gregory's Pastoral Care\nÞā iċ þā ġemunde hū sēo lār Lǣdenġeþēodes ǣr þissum āfeallen wæs ġeond Angelcynn, and þēah maniġe cūðon Englisċ ġewrit ārǣdan, þā ongann iċ þā bōc wendan on Englisċ þe is ġenemnedu on Lǣden Pāstorālis and on Englisċ Hierdebōc, hwīlum word be worde, hwīlum andġiet of andġiete.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "When I remembered all this, I was utterly amazed at the good and wise people who used to live throughout England, who had studied all the books thoroughly and didn't want to translate any part of them into their own language. But then I answered myself and said: they didn't think people would ever become so careless or that learning would decay the way it has.",
"text": "late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Pope Gregory's Pastoral Care\nÞā iċ þisses ealles ġemunde, þā wundrode iċ swīðe swīðe þāra gōdena witena þe ġeō wǣron ġeond Angelcynn and þā bēċ ealle be fullan ġeleornode hæfdon, þæt hīe heora þā nānne dǣl noldon on heora āgen ġeþēode wendan. Ac iċ þā sōna eft mē selfum andwyrde and cwæþ: hīe ne wēndon þætte ǣfre menn sċolden swā rēċelēase weorðan and sēo lār swā oþfeallan.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to translate"
],
"links": [
[
"translate",
"translate"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Old English intransitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"to go or depart"
],
"links": [
[
"go",
"go"
],
[
"depart",
"depart"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) to go or depart"
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to happen"
],
"links": [
[
"happen",
"happen"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈwen.dɑn/"
}
],
"word": "wendan"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Old English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-30 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (210104c and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.