"-u" meaning in Old English

See -u in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Suffix

IPA: /u/
Etymology: From suppletive fusion of ō-stem feminine singular nominative ending -u and Proto-Germanic *-į̄ (“feminine abstract ending”). Akin to Gothic feminine abstracts in -𐌴𐌹 (-ei) (compare 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹 (mikilei, “greatness”); 𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍀𐌴𐌹 (diupei, “depth”)). Etymology templates: {{lg|singular}} singular, {{lg|nominative}} nominative, {{inh|ang|gem-pro|*-į̄||feminine abstract ending}} Proto-Germanic *-į̄ (“feminine abstract ending”) Head templates: {{head|ang|suffix|g=f|head=-u}} -u f Inflection templates: {{ang-decl-noun-in-f|-}}, {{ang-decl-noun|-u|-u,-e|-u,-e|-u,-e|-u,-e|-a|-u,-e|-um|num=|title=|type=strong īn-stem}} Forms: no-table-tags [table-tags], -u [nominative, singular], -u [nominative, plural], -e [nominative, plural], -u [accusative, singular], -e [accusative, singular], -u [accusative, plural], -e [accusative, plural], -u [genitive, singular], -e [genitive, singular], -a [genitive, plural], -u [dative, singular], -e [dative, singular], -um [dative, plural]
  1. ending used to form abstract nouns from adjectives (compare Modern English -ness), normally causing i-mutation, and remaining even when preceded by a long syllable Tags: feminine, morpheme Synonyms: -o
    Sense id: en--u-ang-suffix-vpXVpui5 Categories (other): Pages with 24 entries, Pages with entries, Old English entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Pages with 24 entries: 6 4 4 4 9 1 16 9 8 4 4 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 5 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 5 4 3 4 10 1 17 9 8 3 3 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 5 5 5 5 Disambiguation of Old English entries with incorrect language header: 44 25 15 7 8
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 1

Suffix

IPA: /u/
Etymology: From Proto-West Germanic *-u, from Proto-Germanic *-ō. Apocope should have caused the loss of this ending after heavy stems, but the Anglian dialects generally retained it by analogy with short stems, or for its morphological significance. In West Saxon, this apocope led to replacement with the subjunctive singular -e, which was then extended to short stem verbs as well. Etymology templates: {{inh|ang|gmw-pro|*-u}} Proto-West Germanic *-u, {{inh|ang|gem-pro|*-ō}} Proto-Germanic *-ō, {{lg|subjunctive}} subjunctive, {{lg|singular}} singular Head templates: {{head|ang|suffix|cat2=|head=|head2=|sort=}} -u, {{ang-suffix}} -u, {{tlb|ang|Anglian}} (Anglian)
  1. Used to form the first person singular present indicative of strong verbs and class I weak verbs Tags: Anglian, morpheme
    Sense id: en--u-ang-suffix-ADZHHv9a Categories (other): Anglian Old English
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 2

Suffix

IPA: /u/
Etymology: From Proto-West Germanic *-u, from Proto-Germanic *-ō Etymology templates: {{inh|ang|gmw-pro|*-u}} Proto-West Germanic *-u, {{inh|ang|gem-pro|*-ō}} Proto-Germanic *-ō Head templates: {{head|ang|suffix|g=f|head=-u}} -u f
  1. Used to form the nominative singular of short ō-stem nouns Tags: Anglian, feminine, morpheme
    Sense id: en--u-ang-suffix-opLnDY~4
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 3

Suffix

IPA: /u/
Etymology: From Proto-West Germanic *-u, from Proto-Germanic *-uz Etymology templates: {{inh|ang|gmw-pro|*-u}} Proto-West Germanic *-u, {{inh|ang|gem-pro|*-uz}} Proto-Germanic *-uz Head templates: {{head|ang|suffix|head=-u}} -u
  1. Used to form the nominative and accusative singular of short u-stem nouns Tags: Anglian, morpheme
    Sense id: en--u-ang-suffix-Coly~TSX
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 4

Suffix

IPA: /u/
Etymology: From Proto-West Germanic *-u, from Proto-Germanic *-ō Etymology templates: {{inh|ang|gmw-pro|*-u}} Proto-West Germanic *-u, {{inh|ang|gem-pro|*-ō}} Proto-Germanic *-ō Head templates: {{head|ang|suffix|g=n|head=-u}} -u n
  1. Used to form the nominative and accusative plural of short a-stem and all ija-stem neuter nouns Tags: Anglian, morpheme, neuter
    Sense id: en--u-ang-suffix-hA4SQi-f
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 5

Alternative forms

{
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "singular"
      },
      "expansion": "singular",
      "name": "lg"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nominative"
      },
      "expansion": "nominative",
      "name": "lg"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*-į̄",
        "4": "",
        "5": "feminine abstract ending"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-į̄ (“feminine abstract ending”)",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From suppletive fusion of ō-stem feminine singular nominative ending -u and Proto-Germanic *-į̄ (“feminine abstract ending”). Akin to Gothic feminine abstracts in -𐌴𐌹 (-ei) (compare 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹 (mikilei, “greatness”); 𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍀𐌴𐌹 (diupei, “depth”)).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ang-decl-noun-in-f",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-u",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-u",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-e",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-u",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-e",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-u",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-e",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-u",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-e",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-a",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-u",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-e",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-um",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "suffix",
        "g": "f",
        "head": "-u"
      },
      "expansion": "-u f",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-"
      },
      "name": "ang-decl-noun-in-f"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-u",
        "2": "-u,-e",
        "3": "-u,-e",
        "4": "-u,-e",
        "5": "-u,-e",
        "6": "-a",
        "7": "-u,-e",
        "8": "-um",
        "num": "",
        "title": "",
        "type": "strong īn-stem"
      },
      "name": "ang-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old English",
  "lang_code": "ang",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "6 4 4 4 9 1 16 9 8 4 4 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 5",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 24 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "5 4 3 4 10 1 17 9 8 3 3 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 5 5 5 5",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "44 25 15 7 8",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "eald (“old”) + -u → ieldu (“age”)",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "hāliġ (“holy, sacred; pious”) + -u → hāliġu (“holiness”)",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "hāl (“sound, healthy, intact”) + -u → hǣlu (“wholeness, health”)",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "hāt (“hot”) + -u → hǣtu (“heat, warmth”)",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "mennisċ (“human, natural, humane”) + -u → mennisċu (“humanity”)",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "miċel (“big, large; great”) + -u → miċelu (“greatness, size”)",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "ending used to form abstract nouns from adjectives (compare Modern English -ness), normally causing i-mutation, and remaining even when preceded by a long syllable"
      ],
      "id": "en--u-ang-suffix-vpXVpui5",
      "links": [
        [
          "-ness",
          "-ness#English"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "_dis1": "38 20 24 12 6",
          "word": "-o"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/u/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-u"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*-u"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-u",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*-ō"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ō",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "subjunctive"
      },
      "expansion": "subjunctive",
      "name": "lg"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "singular"
      },
      "expansion": "singular",
      "name": "lg"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *-u, from Proto-Germanic *-ō. Apocope should have caused the loss of this ending after heavy stems, but the Anglian dialects generally retained it by analogy with short stems, or for its morphological significance. In West Saxon, this apocope led to replacement with the subjunctive singular -e, which was then extended to short stem verbs as well.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "",
        "head": "",
        "head2": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "-u",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "-u",
      "name": "ang-suffix"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "Anglian"
      },
      "expansion": "(Anglian)",
      "name": "tlb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old English",
  "lang_code": "ang",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Anglian Old English",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "beran (“bear”) + -u → beru (“I bear”)",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "drīfan (“drive out”) + -u → drīfu (“I drive out”)",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "sellan (“give”) + -u → sellu (“I give”)",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used to form the first person singular present indicative of strong verbs and class I weak verbs"
      ],
      "id": "en--u-ang-suffix-ADZHHv9a",
      "links": [
        [
          "first person",
          "Appendix:Glossary#first_person"
        ],
        [
          "present",
          "Appendix:Glossary#present"
        ],
        [
          "indicative",
          "Appendix:Glossary#indicative"
        ],
        [
          "strong verb",
          "Appendix:Glossary#strong_verb"
        ],
        [
          "weak verb",
          "Appendix:Glossary#weak_verb"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Anglian",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/u/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-u"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 3,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*-u"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-u",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*-ō"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ō",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *-u, from Proto-Germanic *-ō",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "suffix",
        "g": "f",
        "head": "-u"
      },
      "expansion": "-u f",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old English",
  "lang_code": "ang",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "ġiefu (“gift”)"
        },
        {
          "text": "lufu (“love”)"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used to form the nominative singular of short ō-stem nouns"
      ],
      "id": "en--u-ang-suffix-opLnDY~4",
      "tags": [
        "Anglian",
        "feminine",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/u/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-u"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 4,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*-u"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-u",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*-uz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-uz",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *-u, from Proto-Germanic *-uz",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "suffix",
        "head": "-u"
      },
      "expansion": "-u",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old English",
  "lang_code": "ang",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "sunu (“son”)"
        },
        {
          "text": "wudu (“forest”)"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used to form the nominative and accusative singular of short u-stem nouns"
      ],
      "id": "en--u-ang-suffix-Coly~TSX",
      "links": [
        [
          "accusative",
          "Appendix:Glossary#accusative"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Anglian",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/u/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-u"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 5,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*-u"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-u",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*-ō"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ō",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *-u, from Proto-Germanic *-ō",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "suffix",
        "g": "n",
        "head": "-u"
      },
      "expansion": "-u n",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old English",
  "lang_code": "ang",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "clif (“cliff”) + -u → clifu (“cliffs”)",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "sċip (“ship”) + -u → sċipu (“ships”)",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "rīċe (“kingdom”) + -u → rīċu (“kingdoms”)",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used to form the nominative and accusative plural of short a-stem and all ija-stem neuter nouns"
      ],
      "id": "en--u-ang-suffix-hA4SQi-f",
      "links": [
        [
          "plural",
          "Appendix:Glossary#plural"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Anglian",
        "morpheme",
        "neuter"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/u/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-u"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Old English feminine suffixes",
    "Old English lemmas",
    "Old English neuter suffixes",
    "Old English suffixes",
    "Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Old English terms with redundant head parameter",
    "Old English īn-stem nouns",
    "Pages with 24 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "singular"
      },
      "expansion": "singular",
      "name": "lg"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nominative"
      },
      "expansion": "nominative",
      "name": "lg"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*-į̄",
        "4": "",
        "5": "feminine abstract ending"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-į̄ (“feminine abstract ending”)",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From suppletive fusion of ō-stem feminine singular nominative ending -u and Proto-Germanic *-į̄ (“feminine abstract ending”). Akin to Gothic feminine abstracts in -𐌴𐌹 (-ei) (compare 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹 (mikilei, “greatness”); 𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍀𐌴𐌹 (diupei, “depth”)).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ang-decl-noun-in-f",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-u",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-u",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-e",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-u",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-e",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-u",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-e",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-u",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-e",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-a",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-u",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-e",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-um",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "suffix",
        "g": "f",
        "head": "-u"
      },
      "expansion": "-u f",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-"
      },
      "name": "ang-decl-noun-in-f"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-u",
        "2": "-u,-e",
        "3": "-u,-e",
        "4": "-u,-e",
        "5": "-u,-e",
        "6": "-a",
        "7": "-u,-e",
        "8": "-um",
        "num": "",
        "title": "",
        "type": "strong īn-stem"
      },
      "name": "ang-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old English",
  "lang_code": "ang",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "eald (“old”) + -u → ieldu (“age”)",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "hāliġ (“holy, sacred; pious”) + -u → hāliġu (“holiness”)",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "hāl (“sound, healthy, intact”) + -u → hǣlu (“wholeness, health”)",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "hāt (“hot”) + -u → hǣtu (“heat, warmth”)",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "mennisċ (“human, natural, humane”) + -u → mennisċu (“humanity”)",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "miċel (“big, large; great”) + -u → miċelu (“greatness, size”)",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "ending used to form abstract nouns from adjectives (compare Modern English -ness), normally causing i-mutation, and remaining even when preceded by a long syllable"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "-ness",
          "-ness#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/u/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "-o"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-u"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Anglian Old English",
    "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Old English lemmas",
    "Old English neuter suffixes",
    "Old English suffixes",
    "Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Old English terms with redundant head parameter",
    "Pages with 24 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*-u"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-u",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*-ō"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ō",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "subjunctive"
      },
      "expansion": "subjunctive",
      "name": "lg"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "singular"
      },
      "expansion": "singular",
      "name": "lg"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *-u, from Proto-Germanic *-ō. Apocope should have caused the loss of this ending after heavy stems, but the Anglian dialects generally retained it by analogy with short stems, or for its morphological significance. In West Saxon, this apocope led to replacement with the subjunctive singular -e, which was then extended to short stem verbs as well.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "",
        "head": "",
        "head2": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "-u",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "-u",
      "name": "ang-suffix"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "Anglian"
      },
      "expansion": "(Anglian)",
      "name": "tlb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old English",
  "lang_code": "ang",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "beran (“bear”) + -u → beru (“I bear”)",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "drīfan (“drive out”) + -u → drīfu (“I drive out”)",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "sellan (“give”) + -u → sellu (“I give”)",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used to form the first person singular present indicative of strong verbs and class I weak verbs"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "first person",
          "Appendix:Glossary#first_person"
        ],
        [
          "present",
          "Appendix:Glossary#present"
        ],
        [
          "indicative",
          "Appendix:Glossary#indicative"
        ],
        [
          "strong verb",
          "Appendix:Glossary#strong_verb"
        ],
        [
          "weak verb",
          "Appendix:Glossary#weak_verb"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Anglian",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/u/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "-o"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-u"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Old English feminine suffixes",
    "Old English lemmas",
    "Old English neuter suffixes",
    "Old English suffixes",
    "Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Old English terms with redundant head parameter",
    "Pages with 24 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 3,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*-u"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-u",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*-ō"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ō",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *-u, from Proto-Germanic *-ō",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "suffix",
        "g": "f",
        "head": "-u"
      },
      "expansion": "-u f",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old English",
  "lang_code": "ang",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "ġiefu (“gift”)"
        },
        {
          "text": "lufu (“love”)"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used to form the nominative singular of short ō-stem nouns"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Anglian",
        "feminine",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/u/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "-o"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-u"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Old English lemmas",
    "Old English neuter suffixes",
    "Old English suffixes",
    "Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Old English terms with redundant head parameter",
    "Pages with 24 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 4,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*-u"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-u",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*-uz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-uz",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *-u, from Proto-Germanic *-uz",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "suffix",
        "head": "-u"
      },
      "expansion": "-u",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old English",
  "lang_code": "ang",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "sunu (“son”)"
        },
        {
          "text": "wudu (“forest”)"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used to form the nominative and accusative singular of short u-stem nouns"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "accusative",
          "Appendix:Glossary#accusative"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Anglian",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/u/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "-o"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-u"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Old English lemmas",
    "Old English neuter suffixes",
    "Old English suffixes",
    "Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Old English terms with redundant head parameter",
    "Pages with 24 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 5,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*-u"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-u",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*-ō"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ō",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *-u, from Proto-Germanic *-ō",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "suffix",
        "g": "n",
        "head": "-u"
      },
      "expansion": "-u n",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old English",
  "lang_code": "ang",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "clif (“cliff”) + -u → clifu (“cliffs”)",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "sċip (“ship”) + -u → sċipu (“ships”)",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "rīċe (“kingdom”) + -u → rīċu (“kingdoms”)",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used to form the nominative and accusative plural of short a-stem and all ija-stem neuter nouns"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "plural",
          "Appendix:Glossary#plural"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Anglian",
        "morpheme",
        "neuter"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/u/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "-o"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-u"
}

Download raw JSONL data for -u meaning in Old English (10.2kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Old English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.