See toilen in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "toil"
},
"expansion": "English: toil",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: toil"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "toil",
"3": "tulyie",
"4": "tulȝe"
},
"expansion": "Scots: toil, tulyie, tulȝe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: toil, tulyie, tulȝe"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "xno",
"3": "toilier"
},
"expansion": "Anglo-Norman toilier",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "dum",
"3": "tuylen"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch tuylen",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Most likely from Anglo-Norman toilier, but possibly from Middle Dutch tuylen. Compare tilyen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "toilen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to toilen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "toile",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "toile",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toiled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toilest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toiledest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toileth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "toiled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "toile",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "toiled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "toile",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toilen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "toile",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "toileden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toilede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toileth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "toile",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toilynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "toilende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "toiled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ytoiled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "toylen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "toile",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "tull",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "toille",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "tolyon",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "tolyn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "tolyyn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "tulyn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "toilen",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "toil"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "toyle"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "toiling"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "toilous"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "55 42 2 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "War",
"orig": "enm:War",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To fight, war, attack; to participate in a conflict."
],
"id": "en-toilen-enm-verb-enm:to_fight",
"links": [
[
"fight",
"fight"
],
[
"war",
"war"
],
[
"attack",
"attack"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:to fight"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 23 14 7 21 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 73 21 0 5 1",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Law",
"orig": "enm:Law",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 21 17 14 16 17",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Violence",
"orig": "enm:Violence",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To enter into a legal case; to debate or promote a view."
],
"id": "en-toilen-enm-verb-V2DtoVwp",
"links": [
[
"debate",
"debate"
],
[
"promote",
"promote"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 23 14 7 21 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 0 100 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Agriculture",
"orig": "enm:Agriculture",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To toil, exert oneself; to perform agricultural work."
],
"id": "en-toilen-enm-verb-lxn6m-jI",
"links": [
[
"toil",
"toil"
],
[
"exert",
"exert"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To drag, draw; to forcibly move towards oneself."
],
"id": "en-toilen-enm-verb-ug~tx6JG",
"links": [
[
"drag",
"drag"
],
[
"draw",
"draw"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Cooking",
"orig": "enm:Cooking",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "9 23 14 7 21 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To combine the components of a meal."
],
"id": "en-toilen-enm-verb-KFS-4BhX",
"links": [
[
"cooking",
"cooking#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(cooking) To combine the components of a meal."
],
"topics": [
"cooking",
"food",
"lifestyle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 23 14 7 21 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 18 8 7 15 44",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 12 6 5 27 44",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To promote anguish or distraughtness; to taunt or bully."
],
"id": "en-toilen-enm-verb-YIq0~fyv",
"links": [
[
"anguish",
"anguish"
],
[
"distraughtness",
"distraughtness"
],
[
"taunt",
"taunt"
],
[
"bully",
"bully"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To promote anguish or distraughtness; to taunt or bully."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtui̯lən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈtɔi̯lən/"
}
],
"word": "toilen"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English terms derived from Anglo-Norman",
"Middle English terms derived from Middle Dutch",
"Middle English verbs",
"Middle English weak verbs",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Agriculture",
"enm:Law",
"enm:Violence",
"enm:War"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "toil"
},
"expansion": "English: toil",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: toil"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "toil",
"3": "tulyie",
"4": "tulȝe"
},
"expansion": "Scots: toil, tulyie, tulȝe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: toil, tulyie, tulȝe"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "xno",
"3": "toilier"
},
"expansion": "Anglo-Norman toilier",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "dum",
"3": "tuylen"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch tuylen",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Most likely from Anglo-Norman toilier, but possibly from Middle Dutch tuylen. Compare tilyen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "toilen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to toilen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "toile",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "toile",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toiled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toilest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toiledest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toileth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "toiled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "toile",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "toiled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "toile",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toilen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "toile",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "toileden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toilede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toileth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "toile",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toilynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "toilende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "toiled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ytoiled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "toylen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "toile",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "tull",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "toille",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "tolyon",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "tolyn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "tolyyn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "tulyn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "toilen",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "toil"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "toyle"
},
{
"word": "toiling"
},
{
"word": "toilous"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To fight, war, attack; to participate in a conflict."
],
"links": [
[
"fight",
"fight"
],
[
"war",
"war"
],
[
"attack",
"attack"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:to fight"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To enter into a legal case; to debate or promote a view."
],
"links": [
[
"debate",
"debate"
],
[
"promote",
"promote"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To toil, exert oneself; to perform agricultural work."
],
"links": [
[
"toil",
"toil"
],
[
"exert",
"exert"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To drag, draw; to forcibly move towards oneself."
],
"links": [
[
"drag",
"drag"
],
[
"draw",
"draw"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"enm:Cooking"
],
"glosses": [
"To combine the components of a meal."
],
"links": [
[
"cooking",
"cooking#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(cooking) To combine the components of a meal."
],
"topics": [
"cooking",
"food",
"lifestyle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To promote anguish or distraughtness; to taunt or bully."
],
"links": [
[
"anguish",
"anguish"
],
[
"distraughtness",
"distraughtness"
],
[
"taunt",
"taunt"
],
[
"bully",
"bully"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To promote anguish or distraughtness; to taunt or bully."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtui̯lən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈtɔi̯lən/"
}
],
"word": "toilen"
}
Download raw JSONL data for toilen meaning in Middle English (5.0kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-08-04 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-02 using wiktextract (a681f8a and 3c020d2). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.