See graven in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "grave",
"qq": "obsolete"
},
"expansion": "English: grave (obsolete)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: grave (obsolete)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "engrave",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ English: engrave",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ English: engrave"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "grave"
},
"expansion": "Scots: grave",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: grave"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "grafan"
},
"expansion": "Old English grafan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*graban"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *graban",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*grabaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *grabaną",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English grafan, from Proto-West Germanic *graban, from Proto-Germanic *grabaną.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "strong weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-st",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "6 or weak in -ed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "graven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to graven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "grave",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "grave",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grof",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "graved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gravest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grove",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grof",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gravedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "graveth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "grof",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "graved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "grave",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "grove",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "graved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "grave",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "graven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "grave",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "groven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grove",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "graveden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gravede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "graveth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "grave",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gravynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "gravende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "graven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "grave",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "graved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ygraven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ygrave",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ygraved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "graven",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grav",
"2": "grof",
"3": "grov",
"4": "grav",
"c": "6",
"w": "ed",
"y": "2"
},
"name": "enm-conj-st"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "grave"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "gravere"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "21 11 6 19 16 13 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 20 4 21 17 16 8",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Agriculture",
"orig": "enm:Agriculture",
"parents": [
"Applied sciences",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 2 2 27 27 27 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Appearance",
"orig": "enm:Appearance",
"parents": [
"Perception",
"Body",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "61 2 2 12 12 12 0",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Burial",
"orig": "enm:Burial",
"parents": [
"Death",
"Society",
"Body",
"Life",
"All topics",
"Nature",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To dig or excavate:",
"To bury, especially to inhume or entomb."
],
"id": "en-graven-enm-verb-NZRHi937",
"links": [
[
"dig",
"dig"
],
[
"excavate",
"excavate"
],
[
"bury",
"bury"
],
[
"inhume",
"inhume"
],
[
"entomb",
"entomb"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "21 11 6 19 16 13 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 20 4 21 17 16 8",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Agriculture",
"orig": "enm:Agriculture",
"parents": [
"Applied sciences",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To dig or excavate:",
"To dig up the ground (for agriculture, excavation, etc.)"
],
"id": "en-graven-enm-verb-fDBxA-dV",
"links": [
[
"dig",
"dig"
],
[
"excavate",
"excavate"
],
[
"agriculture",
"agriculture#English"
],
[
"excavation",
"excavation#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To dig or excavate:",
"To dig into one's hands."
],
"id": "en-graven-enm-verb-6cu5h2kI",
"links": [
[
"dig",
"dig"
],
[
"excavate",
"excavate"
],
[
"hand",
"hand"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To dig or excavate:",
"(rare) To dig into one's hands."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "21 11 6 19 16 13 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 20 4 21 17 16 8",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Agriculture",
"orig": "enm:Agriculture",
"parents": [
"Applied sciences",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 2 2 27 27 27 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Appearance",
"orig": "enm:Appearance",
"parents": [
"Perception",
"Body",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To carve or adorn:",
"To carve or engrave (with inscriptions or carvings)"
],
"id": "en-graven-enm-verb-xKk~6xia",
"links": [
[
"carve",
"carve"
],
[
"adorn",
"adorn"
],
[
"engrave",
"engrave"
],
[
"inscription",
"inscription#English"
],
[
"carving",
"carving#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "21 11 6 19 16 13 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 20 4 21 17 16 8",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Agriculture",
"orig": "enm:Agriculture",
"parents": [
"Applied sciences",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 2 2 27 27 27 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Appearance",
"orig": "enm:Appearance",
"parents": [
"Perception",
"Body",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 13 11 16 21 11 12",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Crafts",
"orig": "enm:Crafts",
"parents": [
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To carve or adorn:",
"To sculpt; to carve with a chisel."
],
"id": "en-graven-enm-verb-pZDLVlZh",
"links": [
[
"carve",
"carve"
],
[
"adorn",
"adorn"
],
[
"sculpt",
"sculpt"
],
[
"chisel",
"chisel"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "21 11 6 19 16 13 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 20 4 21 17 16 8",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Agriculture",
"orig": "enm:Agriculture",
"parents": [
"Applied sciences",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 2 2 27 27 27 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Appearance",
"orig": "enm:Appearance",
"parents": [
"Perception",
"Body",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To carve or adorn:",
"To adorn with precious metal."
],
"id": "en-graven-enm-verb-0X~8DOg4",
"links": [
[
"carve",
"carve"
],
[
"adorn",
"adorn"
],
[
"metal",
"metal"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "21 11 6 19 16 13 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Troilus and Criseyde",
"ref": "c. 1380s, [Geoffrey Chaucer, William Caxton, editor], The Double Sorow of Troylus to Telle Kyng Pryamus Sone of Troye … [Troilus and Criseyde], [Westminster]: Explicit per Caxton, published 1482, →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], book IV, [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:",
"text": "With gold, men may the herte grave.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To impress deeply on the mind."
],
"id": "en-graven-enm-verb-2t1u6SfG",
"links": [
[
"impress",
"impress"
],
[
"mind",
"mind"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figurative) To impress deeply on the mind."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɡraːvən/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "grafe"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "grave"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "gravyn"
}
],
"word": "graven"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English class 6 strong verbs",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English verbs",
"Middle English weak verbs",
"Pages with 9 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Agriculture",
"enm:Appearance",
"enm:Burial",
"enm:Crafts"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "grave",
"qq": "obsolete"
},
"expansion": "English: grave (obsolete)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: grave (obsolete)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "engrave",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ English: engrave",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ English: engrave"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "grave"
},
"expansion": "Scots: grave",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: grave"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "grafan"
},
"expansion": "Old English grafan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*graban"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *graban",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*grabaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *grabaną",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English grafan, from Proto-West Germanic *graban, from Proto-Germanic *grabaną.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "strong weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-st",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "6 or weak in -ed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "graven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to graven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "grave",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "grave",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grof",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "graved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gravest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grove",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grof",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gravedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "graveth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "grof",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "graved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "grave",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "grove",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "graved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "grave",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "graven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "grave",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "groven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grove",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "graveden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gravede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "graveth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "grave",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gravynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "gravende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "graven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "grave",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "graved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ygraven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ygrave",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ygraved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "graven",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grav",
"2": "grof",
"3": "grov",
"4": "grav",
"c": "6",
"w": "ed",
"y": "2"
},
"name": "enm-conj-st"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "grave"
},
{
"word": "gravere"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To dig or excavate:",
"To bury, especially to inhume or entomb."
],
"links": [
[
"dig",
"dig"
],
[
"excavate",
"excavate"
],
[
"bury",
"bury"
],
[
"inhume",
"inhume"
],
[
"entomb",
"entomb"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To dig or excavate:",
"To dig up the ground (for agriculture, excavation, etc.)"
],
"links": [
[
"dig",
"dig"
],
[
"excavate",
"excavate"
],
[
"agriculture",
"agriculture#English"
],
[
"excavation",
"excavation#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To dig or excavate:",
"To dig into one's hands."
],
"links": [
[
"dig",
"dig"
],
[
"excavate",
"excavate"
],
[
"hand",
"hand"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To dig or excavate:",
"(rare) To dig into one's hands."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To carve or adorn:",
"To carve or engrave (with inscriptions or carvings)"
],
"links": [
[
"carve",
"carve"
],
[
"adorn",
"adorn"
],
[
"engrave",
"engrave"
],
[
"inscription",
"inscription#English"
],
[
"carving",
"carving#English"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To carve or adorn:",
"To sculpt; to carve with a chisel."
],
"links": [
[
"carve",
"carve"
],
[
"adorn",
"adorn"
],
[
"sculpt",
"sculpt"
],
[
"chisel",
"chisel"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To carve or adorn:",
"To adorn with precious metal."
],
"links": [
[
"carve",
"carve"
],
[
"adorn",
"adorn"
],
[
"metal",
"metal"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with quotations",
"Requests for translations of Middle English quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Troilus and Criseyde",
"ref": "c. 1380s, [Geoffrey Chaucer, William Caxton, editor], The Double Sorow of Troylus to Telle Kyng Pryamus Sone of Troye … [Troilus and Criseyde], [Westminster]: Explicit per Caxton, published 1482, →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], book IV, [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:",
"text": "With gold, men may the herte grave.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To impress deeply on the mind."
],
"links": [
[
"impress",
"impress"
],
[
"mind",
"mind"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figurative) To impress deeply on the mind."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɡraːvən/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "grafe"
},
{
"word": "grave"
},
{
"word": "gravyn"
}
],
"word": "graven"
}
Download raw JSONL data for graven meaning in Middle English (7.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-10 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (df33d17 and 4ed51a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.