See brennen in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "burn"
},
"expansion": "English: burn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: burn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-msc",
"2": "burn",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle Scots: burn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle Scots: burn"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "burn"
},
"expansion": "Scots: burn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: burn"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-msc",
"2": "bryn",
"3": "byrn"
},
"expansion": "Middle Scots: bryn, byrn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Scots: bryn, byrn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "bren",
"3": "brenn",
"4": "brend"
},
"expansion": "Scots: bren, brenn, brend",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: bren, brenn, brend"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "biernan"
},
"expansion": "Old English biernan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*brinnan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *brinnan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*brinnaną",
"t": "to burn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *brinnaną (“to burn”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "bærnan"
},
"expansion": "Old English bærnan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*brannijan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *brannijan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*brannijaną",
"t": "to cause to burn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *brannijaną (“to cause to burn”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "non",
"3": "brenna"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse brenna",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Originally three distinct verbs:\n* Old English biernan, from Proto-West Germanic *brinnan, from Proto-Germanic *brinnaną (“to burn”).\n* Old English bærnan, from Proto-West Germanic *brannijan, from Proto-Germanic *brannijaną (“to cause to burn”).\n* Old Norse brenna, brinna, cognate with bærnan; forms derived from this source are usual after early Middle English.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "brenneth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "brennynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "brente",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "brent",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "brennen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to brennen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "brenne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "brenne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "brenned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "brente",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "brennest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "brennedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "brentest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "brenneth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "brenned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "brente",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "brenne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "brenned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "brente",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "brenne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "brennen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "brenne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "brenneden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "brennede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "brenten",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "brente",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "brenneth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "brenne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "brennynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "brennende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "brenned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "brent",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ybrenned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ybrent",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "bren",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "brenne",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "brin",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "brine",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "brynne",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "berne",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "bernen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "birne",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "byrne",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "bearne",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "beornen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "bærnen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "bærnenn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "brennenn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "brennen",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "brenneth",
"2": "brennynge",
"3": "brente",
"4": "brent"
},
"expansion": "brennen (third-person singular simple present brenneth, present participle brennynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative brente, past participle brent)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "brenn",
"2a1": "bren",
"c": "ed",
"c2": "te"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "8 8 1 1 1 1 1 2 7 0 0 1 9 8 8 1 1 0 8 8 8 8 8 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 5 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 0 0 0 9 9 8 0 0 0 9 8 8 8 8 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 21 21 21 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 18 18 18 1 1 4 1 0 13 3 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Emotions",
"orig": "enm:Emotions",
"parents": [
"Mind",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 18 18 18 4 3 3 7 2 2 3 8",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Fire",
"orig": "enm:Fire",
"parents": [
"Combustion",
"Light sources",
"Chemical processes",
"Light",
"Nature",
"Energy",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 15 15 15 3 3 11 4 4 7 2 4",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Violence",
"orig": "enm:Violence",
"parents": [
"Human behaviour",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To burn; to undergo combustion."
],
"id": "en-brennen-enm-verb-6YrxltcP",
"links": [
[
"burn",
"burn"
],
[
"combustion",
"combustion"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To burn; to undergo combustion."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "8 8 1 1 1 1 1 2 7 0 0 1 9 8 8 1 1 0 8 8 8 8 8 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 5 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 0 0 0 9 9 8 0 0 0 9 8 8 8 8 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 21 21 21 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 18 18 18 1 1 4 1 0 13 3 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Emotions",
"orig": "enm:Emotions",
"parents": [
"Mind",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 18 18 18 4 3 3 7 2 2 3 8",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Fire",
"orig": "enm:Fire",
"parents": [
"Combustion",
"Light sources",
"Chemical processes",
"Light",
"Nature",
"Energy",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 18 18 18 2 0 8 10 6 1 0 11",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Light",
"orig": "enm:Light",
"parents": [
"Energy",
"Nature",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 86 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Religion",
"orig": "enm:Religion",
"parents": [
"Culture",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 15 15 15 3 3 11 4 4 7 2 4",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Violence",
"orig": "enm:Violence",
"parents": [
"Human behaviour",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To burn; to set on fire:",
"To burn a sacrifice or offering."
],
"id": "en-brennen-enm-verb-8sa7jViW",
"links": [
[
"burn",
"burn"
],
[
"set",
"set"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(ambitransitive) To burn; to set on fire:",
"To burn a sacrifice or offering."
],
"tags": [
"ambitransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "8 8 1 1 1 1 1 2 7 0 0 1 9 8 8 1 1 0 8 8 8 8 8 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 5 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 0 0 0 9 9 8 0 0 0 9 8 8 8 8 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 21 21 21 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 18 18 18 1 1 4 1 0 13 3 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Emotions",
"orig": "enm:Emotions",
"parents": [
"Mind",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 18 18 18 4 3 3 7 2 2 3 8",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Fire",
"orig": "enm:Fire",
"parents": [
"Combustion",
"Light sources",
"Chemical processes",
"Light",
"Nature",
"Energy",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 18 18 18 2 0 8 10 6 1 0 11",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Light",
"orig": "enm:Light",
"parents": [
"Energy",
"Nature",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 15 15 15 3 3 11 4 4 7 2 4",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Violence",
"orig": "enm:Violence",
"parents": [
"Human behaviour",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To burn; to set on fire:",
"To torture or kill with fire."
],
"id": "en-brennen-enm-verb-gF3uzWTq",
"links": [
[
"burn",
"burn"
],
[
"set",
"set"
],
[
"torture",
"torture"
],
[
"kill",
"kill"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(ambitransitive) To burn; to set on fire:",
"To torture or kill with fire."
],
"tags": [
"ambitransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "8 8 1 1 1 1 1 2 7 0 0 1 9 8 8 1 1 0 8 8 8 8 8 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 5 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 0 0 0 9 9 8 0 0 0 9 8 8 8 8 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 21 21 21 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 18 18 18 1 1 4 1 0 13 3 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Emotions",
"orig": "enm:Emotions",
"parents": [
"Mind",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 18 18 18 4 3 3 7 2 2 3 8",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Fire",
"orig": "enm:Fire",
"parents": [
"Combustion",
"Light sources",
"Chemical processes",
"Light",
"Nature",
"Energy",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 18 18 18 2 0 8 10 6 1 0 11",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Light",
"orig": "enm:Light",
"parents": [
"Energy",
"Nature",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 15 15 15 3 3 11 4 4 7 2 4",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Violence",
"orig": "enm:Violence",
"parents": [
"Human behaviour",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "That because the tyrant is of greater might / By force of retinue, to slay downright / And burn house and home, and make all level / Lo therefore is he called a captain / And because the outlaw has but a small retinue / And may not do so great a harm as he [the tyrant] / Nor bring a country to so great mischief / Men call him an outlaw or a thief",
"ref": "1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Manciples Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales (in Middle English), [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xcix, recto, column 2:",
"text": "That for the tyraunt is of greater might / By force of meyne, to ſlee downe right / And brenne houſe & home, & make al playn, / Lo therfore is he called a capitayne / And for the outlawe hath but ſmal meyne / And maie not do ſo great an harm, as he / Ne brynge a countrey to ſo great miſchefe / Men callen him an outlawe or a thefe",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To burn; to set on fire:",
"To raze or destroy by fire."
],
"id": "en-brennen-enm-verb-V8NMw4Ky",
"links": [
[
"burn",
"burn"
],
[
"set",
"set"
],
[
"raze",
"raze"
],
[
"destroy",
"destroy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(ambitransitive) To burn; to set on fire:",
"To raze or destroy by fire."
],
"tags": [
"ambitransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To apply fire to:",
"To injure with fire; to cause a burn."
],
"id": "en-brennen-enm-verb-1w~3IzU~",
"links": [
[
"apply",
"apply"
],
[
"injure",
"injure"
],
[
"burn",
"burn"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(ambitransitive) To apply fire to:",
"To injure with fire; to cause a burn."
],
"tags": [
"ambitransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "8 7 7 7 5 36 5 6 6 5 4 4",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Cooking",
"orig": "enm:Cooking",
"parents": [
"Food and drink",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To apply fire to:",
"To toast or roast; to mark with fire in cooking."
],
"id": "en-brennen-enm-verb-7NlLC2ap",
"links": [
[
"apply",
"apply"
],
[
"toast",
"toast"
],
[
"roast",
"roast"
],
[
"fire",
"fire"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(ambitransitive) To apply fire to:",
"To toast or roast; to mark with fire in cooking."
],
"tags": [
"ambitransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "16 15 15 15 3 3 11 4 4 7 2 4",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Violence",
"orig": "enm:Violence",
"parents": [
"Human behaviour",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To apply fire to:",
"To calcine; to heat to refine or dry."
],
"id": "en-brennen-enm-verb-daJAAvDp",
"links": [
[
"apply",
"apply"
],
[
"calcine",
"calcine"
],
[
"refine",
"refine"
],
[
"dry",
"dry"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(ambitransitive) To apply fire to:",
"To calcine; to heat to refine or dry."
],
"tags": [
"ambitransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 18 18 18 2 0 8 10 6 1 0 11",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Light",
"orig": "enm:Light",
"parents": [
"Energy",
"Nature",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Temperature",
"orig": "enm:Temperature",
"parents": [
"Nature",
"Weather",
"All topics",
"Atmosphere",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To resemble or behave like fire:",
"To be hot or burning."
],
"id": "en-brennen-enm-verb-k4cvmwYC",
"links": [
[
"fire",
"fire"
],
[
"hot",
"hot"
],
[
"burning",
"burning"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To resemble or behave like fire:",
"To be hot or burning."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To resemble or behave like fire:",
"To be bright or shiny."
],
"id": "en-brennen-enm-verb-eJgxpaUI",
"links": [
[
"fire",
"fire"
],
[
"bright",
"bright"
],
[
"shiny",
"shiny"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To resemble or behave like fire:",
"To be bright or shiny."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "19 18 18 18 1 1 4 1 0 13 3 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Emotions",
"orig": "enm:Emotions",
"parents": [
"Mind",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To resemble or behave like fire:",
"To be emotionally fervent."
],
"id": "en-brennen-enm-verb-DqdAd8Nt",
"links": [
[
"fire",
"fire"
],
[
"emotionally",
"emotionally"
],
[
"fervent",
"fervent"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To resemble or behave like fire:",
"To be emotionally fervent."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To act like fire; to metaphorically \"burn\":",
"To emotionally actuate or impel."
],
"id": "en-brennen-enm-verb-HPmzZAVS",
"links": [
[
"act",
"act"
],
[
"fire",
"fire"
],
[
"emotionally",
"emotionally"
],
[
"actuate",
"actuate"
],
[
"impel",
"impel"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To act like fire; to metaphorically \"burn\":",
"To emotionally actuate or impel."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Medicine",
"orig": "enm:Medicine",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Healthcare",
"Sciences",
"Health",
"All topics",
"Body",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Pathology",
"orig": "enm:Pathology",
"parents": [
"Disease",
"Medicine",
"Health",
"Biology",
"Healthcare",
"Body",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "7 18 18 18 2 0 8 10 6 1 0 11",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Light",
"orig": "enm:Light",
"parents": [
"Energy",
"Nature",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To act like fire; to metaphorically \"burn\":",
"To corrode or inflame."
],
"id": "en-brennen-enm-verb-95iTitfE",
"links": [
[
"act",
"act"
],
[
"fire",
"fire"
],
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
],
[
"pathology",
"pathology"
],
[
"corrode",
"corrode"
],
[
"inflame",
"inflame"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To act like fire; to metaphorically \"burn\":",
"(medicine, pathology) To corrode or inflame."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"pathology",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbrɛnən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbrinən/",
"tags": [
"Northern",
"especially"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɛrnən/",
"tags": [
"uncommon"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɛːrnən/",
"tags": [
"uncommon"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbeːrnən/",
"tags": [
"uncommon"
]
}
],
"word": "brennen"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English verbs",
"Middle English weak verbs",
"Pages with 5 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Cooking",
"enm:Emotions",
"enm:Fire",
"enm:Light",
"enm:Religion",
"enm:Temperature",
"enm:Violence"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "burn"
},
"expansion": "English: burn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: burn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-msc",
"2": "burn",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle Scots: burn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle Scots: burn"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "burn"
},
"expansion": "Scots: burn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: burn"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-msc",
"2": "bryn",
"3": "byrn"
},
"expansion": "Middle Scots: bryn, byrn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Scots: bryn, byrn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "bren",
"3": "brenn",
"4": "brend"
},
"expansion": "Scots: bren, brenn, brend",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: bren, brenn, brend"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "biernan"
},
"expansion": "Old English biernan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*brinnan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *brinnan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*brinnaną",
"t": "to burn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *brinnaną (“to burn”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "bærnan"
},
"expansion": "Old English bærnan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*brannijan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *brannijan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*brannijaną",
"t": "to cause to burn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *brannijaną (“to cause to burn”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "non",
"3": "brenna"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse brenna",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Originally three distinct verbs:\n* Old English biernan, from Proto-West Germanic *brinnan, from Proto-Germanic *brinnaną (“to burn”).\n* Old English bærnan, from Proto-West Germanic *brannijan, from Proto-Germanic *brannijaną (“to cause to burn”).\n* Old Norse brenna, brinna, cognate with bærnan; forms derived from this source are usual after early Middle English.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "brenneth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "brennynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "brente",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "brent",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "brennen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to brennen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "brenne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "brenne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "brenned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "brente",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "brennest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "brennedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "brentest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "brenneth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "brenned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "brente",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "brenne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "brenned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "brente",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "brenne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "brennen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "brenne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "brenneden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "brennede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "brenten",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "brente",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "brenneth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "brenne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "brennynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "brennende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "brenned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "brent",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ybrenned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ybrent",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "bren",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "brenne",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "brin",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "brine",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "brynne",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "berne",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "bernen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "birne",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "byrne",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "bearne",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "beornen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "bærnen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "bærnenn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "brennenn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "brennen",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "brenneth",
"2": "brennynge",
"3": "brente",
"4": "brent"
},
"expansion": "brennen (third-person singular simple present brenneth, present participle brennynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative brente, past participle brent)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "brenn",
"2a1": "bren",
"c": "ed",
"c2": "te"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle English intransitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To burn; to undergo combustion."
],
"links": [
[
"burn",
"burn"
],
[
"combustion",
"combustion"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To burn; to undergo combustion."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English intransitive verbs",
"Middle English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To burn; to set on fire:",
"To burn a sacrifice or offering."
],
"links": [
[
"burn",
"burn"
],
[
"set",
"set"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(ambitransitive) To burn; to set on fire:",
"To burn a sacrifice or offering."
],
"tags": [
"ambitransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English intransitive verbs",
"Middle English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To burn; to set on fire:",
"To torture or kill with fire."
],
"links": [
[
"burn",
"burn"
],
[
"set",
"set"
],
[
"torture",
"torture"
],
[
"kill",
"kill"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(ambitransitive) To burn; to set on fire:",
"To torture or kill with fire."
],
"tags": [
"ambitransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English intransitive verbs",
"Middle English terms with quotations",
"Middle English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "That because the tyrant is of greater might / By force of retinue, to slay downright / And burn house and home, and make all level / Lo therefore is he called a captain / And because the outlaw has but a small retinue / And may not do so great a harm as he [the tyrant] / Nor bring a country to so great mischief / Men call him an outlaw or a thief",
"ref": "1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Manciples Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales (in Middle English), [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xcix, recto, column 2:",
"text": "That for the tyraunt is of greater might / By force of meyne, to ſlee downe right / And brenne houſe & home, & make al playn, / Lo therfore is he called a capitayne / And for the outlawe hath but ſmal meyne / And maie not do ſo great an harm, as he / Ne brynge a countrey to ſo great miſchefe / Men callen him an outlawe or a thefe",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To burn; to set on fire:",
"To raze or destroy by fire."
],
"links": [
[
"burn",
"burn"
],
[
"set",
"set"
],
[
"raze",
"raze"
],
[
"destroy",
"destroy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(ambitransitive) To burn; to set on fire:",
"To raze or destroy by fire."
],
"tags": [
"ambitransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English intransitive verbs",
"Middle English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To apply fire to:",
"To injure with fire; to cause a burn."
],
"links": [
[
"apply",
"apply"
],
[
"injure",
"injure"
],
[
"burn",
"burn"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(ambitransitive) To apply fire to:",
"To injure with fire; to cause a burn."
],
"tags": [
"ambitransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English intransitive verbs",
"Middle English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To apply fire to:",
"To toast or roast; to mark with fire in cooking."
],
"links": [
[
"apply",
"apply"
],
[
"toast",
"toast"
],
[
"roast",
"roast"
],
[
"fire",
"fire"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(ambitransitive) To apply fire to:",
"To toast or roast; to mark with fire in cooking."
],
"tags": [
"ambitransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English intransitive verbs",
"Middle English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To apply fire to:",
"To calcine; to heat to refine or dry."
],
"links": [
[
"apply",
"apply"
],
[
"calcine",
"calcine"
],
[
"refine",
"refine"
],
[
"dry",
"dry"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(ambitransitive) To apply fire to:",
"To calcine; to heat to refine or dry."
],
"tags": [
"ambitransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English intransitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To resemble or behave like fire:",
"To be hot or burning."
],
"links": [
[
"fire",
"fire"
],
[
"hot",
"hot"
],
[
"burning",
"burning"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To resemble or behave like fire:",
"To be hot or burning."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English intransitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To resemble or behave like fire:",
"To be bright or shiny."
],
"links": [
[
"fire",
"fire"
],
[
"bright",
"bright"
],
[
"shiny",
"shiny"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To resemble or behave like fire:",
"To be bright or shiny."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English intransitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To resemble or behave like fire:",
"To be emotionally fervent."
],
"links": [
[
"fire",
"fire"
],
[
"emotionally",
"emotionally"
],
[
"fervent",
"fervent"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To resemble or behave like fire:",
"To be emotionally fervent."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To act like fire; to metaphorically \"burn\":",
"To emotionally actuate or impel."
],
"links": [
[
"act",
"act"
],
[
"fire",
"fire"
],
[
"emotionally",
"emotionally"
],
[
"actuate",
"actuate"
],
[
"impel",
"impel"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To act like fire; to metaphorically \"burn\":",
"To emotionally actuate or impel."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English transitive verbs",
"enm:Medicine",
"enm:Pathology"
],
"glosses": [
"To act like fire; to metaphorically \"burn\":",
"To corrode or inflame."
],
"links": [
[
"act",
"act"
],
[
"fire",
"fire"
],
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
],
[
"pathology",
"pathology"
],
[
"corrode",
"corrode"
],
[
"inflame",
"inflame"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To act like fire; to metaphorically \"burn\":",
"(medicine, pathology) To corrode or inflame."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"pathology",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbrɛnən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbrinən/",
"tags": [
"Northern",
"especially"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɛrnən/",
"tags": [
"uncommon"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɛːrnən/",
"tags": [
"uncommon"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbeːrnən/",
"tags": [
"uncommon"
]
}
],
"word": "brennen"
}
Download raw JSONL data for brennen meaning in Middle English (12.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-04-05 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-04-03 using wiktextract (8c1bb29 and fb63907). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.