See verber in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "verberō"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*wer(β/b)os"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *wer(β/b)os",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "(h)"
},
"expansion": "⁽ʰ⁾",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*werb⁽ʰ⁾-os"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *werb⁽ʰ⁾-os",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "(h)"
},
"expansion": "⁽ʰ⁾",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*werb⁽ʰ⁾-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *werb⁽ʰ⁾-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "vir̃bas",
"t": "rod, twig, cane"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian vir̃bas (“rod, twig, cane”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*vьrba",
"t": "willow"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *vьrba (“willow”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "<span class=\"cited-source\">De Vaan, Michiel (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">2008), “verbera”, in <cite>Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages</cite> (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, <small>→ISBN</small>, page 664</span></span>",
"name": "EDL"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "txb",
"2": "wārp-",
"t": "to surround"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian B wārp- (“to surround”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "<span class=\"cited-source\">Adams, Douglas Q. (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">2013), “wārp-”, in <cite>A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged</cite> (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, <small>→ISBN</small>, page 637</span></span>",
"name": "Adams"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "<span class=\"cited-source\">Kloekhorst, Alwin (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">2008), “ṷarpa-”, in <cite>Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon</cite> (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, <small>→ISBN</small>, pages 966-967</span></span>",
"name": "HIL"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *wer(β/b)os, from Proto-Indo-European *werb⁽ʰ⁾-os, from Proto-Indo-European *werb⁽ʰ⁾-. Perhaps related to Lithuanian vir̃bas (“rod, twig, cane”), Proto-Slavic *vьrba (“willow”). According to Adams, the term may derive from the same root *werbʰ- (“to enclose”), whence also Tocharian B wārp- (“to surround”), though Kloekhorst considers the Latin cognates to be semantically distant.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "verberis",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "verber",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "verbera",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "verberis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "verberum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "verberī",
"links": [
[
"verberī",
"verberi#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "verberibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "verber",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "verbera",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "verbere",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "verberibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "verber",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "verbera",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "verber/verber<3.N>"
},
"expansion": "verber n (genitive verberis); third declension",
"name": "la-noun"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "chiefly",
"3": "plurale tantum"
},
"expansion": "(chiefly plural only)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "verber/verber<3.N>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "verbēna"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "35 17 11 11 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "33 17 16 15 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin neuter nouns in the third declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 17 19 18 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin pluralia tantum",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 17 19 20 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 17 19 20 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 200 BCE, Plautus, Mostellaria 1166–1167",
"text": "Post istam veniam quid me fiet nunciam?\n― Verberibus caedere multum pendens.",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 197 BCE, Plautus, Persa 268–269",
"roman": "Verberibus caedi iusserit, compedes impingi?",
"text": "Quid faciet mihi?",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "166 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Andria 196–199",
"roman": "verberibus caesum te in pistrinum, Dave, dedam usque ad necem",
"text": "si sensero hodie quicquam in his te nuptiis\nfallaciae conari quo fiant minus,\naut velle in ea re ostendi quam sis callidus,",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita 8.28.4",
"text": "[…]; postremo, cum ingenuitatis magis quam praesentis condicionis memorem videret, nudari iubet verberaque adferri.",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "30 BCE – 16 BCE, Propertius, Elegiae 4.1.25–26",
"roman": "Unde licens Fabius sacra Lupercus habet.",
"text": "Verbera pellitus saetosa movebat arator,",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 37 BCE – 30 BCE, Vergilius, Georgicon 3.106–107",
"roman": "et prōnī dant lōra, uolat uī feruidus axis;",
"text": "Illī [aurigae] instant uerbere tortō",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "29 BCE – 19 BCE, Vergilius, Aeneis 5.146–147",
"roman": "concussēre iugīs prōnīque in uerbera pendent.",
"text": "nec sīc immissīs aurīgae undantia lōra",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "29 BCE – 19 BCE, Vergilius, Aeneis 7.378–380",
"text": "Ceu quondam tortō uolitāns sub uerbere turbō,\nquem puerī magnō in gȳrō uācua ātria circum\nintentī lūdō exercent,[…]",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "8 CE, Ovidius, Metamorphoses 2.398–400",
"text": "Colligit āmentēs et adhuc terrōre paventēs\nPhoebus equōs stimulōque dolēns et verbere saevit\n(saevit enim) nātumque obiectat et inputat illīs.",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 4 BCE – 65 CE, Seneca Minor, De constantia sapientis 12.3",
"text": "[…]; sic enim et pecora verbere domantur, nec irascimur illis, cum sessorem recusaverunt, sed compescimus, ut dolor contumaciam vincat.",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 35 CE – 100 CE, Quintilianus, Declamationes maiores 19.3",
"text": "[…]; ignes ex proximo raptos, verbera, quae casus obtulerat, non diviso dolore, non per partes nec per intervalla suspenso, sed semel, sed pariter invado, pars secreti fuit, ut ipse torquerem.",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"lash, whip, scourge, rod"
],
"id": "en-verber-la-noun-eTOxeZay",
"links": [
[
"lash",
"lash"
],
[
"whip",
"whip"
],
[
"scourge",
"scourge"
],
[
"rod",
"rod"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) lash, whip, scourge, rod [first attested in Plautus]"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "flagrum"
},
{
"word": "corium"
},
{
"word": "lōrum"
},
{
"word": "habēna"
},
{
"word": "flagellum"
},
{
"word": "scutica"
}
],
"tags": [
"declension-3",
"neuter",
"plural",
"plural-only",
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "21 17 19 20 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 17 19 20 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 56 7 8 8",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Weapons",
"orig": "la:Weapons",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Coordinate term: nervus"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 37 BCE – 30 BCE, Vergilius, Georgicon 1.307–310",
"roman": "cum nix alta iacet, glaciem cum flūmina trūdunt.",
"text": "[…]\ntum gruibus pedicās et rētia pōnere ceruīs\naurītōsque sequī leporēs, tum fīgere dammās\nstuppea torquentem Baleāris uerbera fundae,",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "8 CE, Ovidius, Metamorphoses 7.776–778",
"roman": "nec Gortyniaco calamus levis exit ab arcu.",
"text": "non ocior illo [apro]\nhasta nec excussae contorto verbere glandes",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "61 CE – 65 CE, Lucanus, Pharsalia 3.469–472",
"text": "At saxum quoties ingenti verberis actu\nExcutitur, qualis rupes, quam vertice montis\nAbscidit impulsu ventorum adiuta vetustas,\nFrangit cuncta ruens:[…]",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 83 CE – 96 CE, Silius Italicus, Punica 1.314",
"text": "Hic crebram fundit Baliari verbere glandem\nterque levi ducta circum caput altus habena\npermissum ventis abscondit in aera telum,\n[…]",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a thong of a sling or other similar projectile weapons"
],
"holonyms": [
{
"word": "funda"
}
],
"id": "en-verber-la-noun-4XVFlDv7",
"links": [
[
"thong",
"thong"
],
[
"sling",
"sling"
],
[
"weapon",
"weapon"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(usually singular) a thong of a sling or other similar projectile weapons"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "lōrum"
}
],
"tags": [
"declension-3",
"neuter",
"plural",
"plural-only",
"singular",
"usually"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "21 17 19 20 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 17 19 20 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 206 BCE, Plautus, Miles Gloriosus 341–342",
"text": "Quid nunc? Si ea domist, si facio, ut eam exire hinc videas domo,\ndignun es verberibus multis? ― Dignus",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "163 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Heauton Timorumenos 2.356",
"text": "tibi erunt parata verba, huic homini verbera.",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "70 BCE, Cicero, In Verrem 2.3.59",
"text": "Mitto vincla, mitto carcerem, mitto verbera, mitto securis, crucem denique illam praetermitto quam iste civibus Romanis testem humanitatis in eos ac benivolentiae suae voluit esse,[…]",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 45 BCE, Cicero, Tusculanae disputationes 3.64",
"text": "Pueros vero matres et magistri castigare etiam solent, nec verbis solum, sed etiam verberibus,[…]",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 35 BCE, Horatius, Sermones 1.3.120–124",
"roman": "permittant homines.",
"text": "Nam ut ferula caedas meritum maiora subire\nverbera, non vereor, cum dicas esse paris res\nfurta latrociniis et magnis parva mineris\nfalce recisurum simili te, si tibi regnum",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita 2.23.7",
"text": "Inde ostentare tergum foedum recentibus vestigiis verberum.",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "16 BCE, Ovidius, Amores 1.6.19–20",
"roman": "ad dominam pro te verba tremente tuli.",
"text": "Certe ego, cum posita stares ad verbera veste,",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "8 CE, Ovidius, Metamorphoses 14.299–301",
"roman": "verbaque dicuntur dictis contraria verbis.",
"text": "Spargimur ignotae sucis melioribus herbae\npercutimurque caput conversae verbere virgae,",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 4 BCE – 65 CE, Seneca Minor, Hercules furens 801",
"text": "Huc nunc et illuc verbere assiduo rotat,\n[…]",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 45 CE – 96 CE, Statius, Thebais 2.143–145",
"text": "Illos post verbera fessos\nexceptamque hiemem cornu perfuderat omni\nSomnus;[…]",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 95 CE, Quintilianus, Institutio oratoria 1.3.15",
"text": "Denique cum parvulum verberibus coegeris, quid iuveni facias, cui nec adhiberi potest hic metus et maiora discenda sunt?",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a stroke with a whip, a lashing, scourging, flogging, beating, etc."
],
"id": "en-verber-la-noun-ftB5MlUr",
"links": [
[
"transferred senses",
"transferred sense#English"
],
[
"whip",
"whip"
],
[
"lash",
"lash"
],
[
"scourging",
"scourge"
],
[
"flog",
"flog"
],
[
"beat",
"beat"
]
],
"qualifier": "transferred senses",
"raw_glosses": [
"(transferred senses):",
"a stroke with a whip, a lashing, scourging, flogging, beating, etc."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "plāga"
}
],
"tags": [
"declension-3",
"neuter",
"plural",
"plural-only"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "21 17 19 20 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 17 19 20 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 99 BCE – 55 BCE, Lucretius, De rerum natura 5.953–957",
"roman": "verbera ventorum vitare imbrisque coacti.",
"text": "Necdum res igni scibant tractare neque uti\npellibus et spoliis corpus vestire ferarum,\nsed nemora atque cavos montis silvasque colebant\net frutices inter condebant squalida membra",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 35 BCE, Horatius, Sermones 2.7.47–52",
"roman": "ditior aut formae melioris meiat eodem.",
"text": "Acris ubi me\nnatura intendit, sub clara nuda lucerna\nquaecumque excepit turgentis verbera caudae\nclunibus aut agitavit equum lasciva supinum,\ndimittit neque famosum neque sollicitum, ne",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "23 BCE – 13 BCE, Horatius, Carmina 3.27.22–24",
"roman": "verbere ripas.",
"text": "Hostium uxores puerique caecos\nsentiant motus orientis Austri et\naequoris nigri fremitum et trementis",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "8 CE, Ovidius, Metamorphoses 3.662–663",
"text": "Illi admirantes remorum in verbere perstant\nvelaque deducunt geminaque ope currere temptant:\n[…]",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "61 CE – 65 CE, Lucanus, Pharsalia 3.536",
"text": "Verberibus senis agitur, molemque profundo.",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "77 CE – 79 CE, Plinius Maior, Naturalis Historia 2.6.33",
"text": "Et quamvis adsidua conversione immensae celeritatis attollantur ab eo rapianturque in occasum, adverso tamen ire motu per suos quaeque passus. Ita fieri, ne convolutus aer eandem in partem aeterna mundi vertigine ignavo globo torpeat, sed fundatur adverso siderum verbere discretus et digestus.",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 83 CE – 96 CE, Silius Italicus, Punica 11.489–490",
"roman": "centeno fractus spumabat verbere pontus.",
"text": "adductis percussa ad pectora tonsis",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "400 CE, Claudius Claudianus, De consulatu Stilichonis 1.286–290",
"roman": "callidus, et pelagi caelique obnititur irae.",
"text": "velut arbiter alni,\nnubilus Aegaeo quam turbine vexat Orion,\nexiguo clavi flexu declinat aquarum\nverbera, nunc recta, nunc obliquante carina",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"stripes, strokes, blows etc. (e.g., of wind, water, etc.)"
],
"id": "en-verber-la-noun-YTJ4fuqR",
"links": [
[
"transferred senses",
"transferred sense#English"
],
[
"stripe",
"stripe"
],
[
"stroke",
"stroke"
],
[
"blow",
"blow"
]
],
"qualifier": "transferred senses",
"raw_glosses": [
"(transferred senses):",
"(of inanimate things, chiefly poetic) stripes, strokes, blows etc. (e.g., of wind, water, etc.)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of inanimate things"
],
"tags": [
"declension-3",
"neuter",
"plural",
"plural-only",
"poetic"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "21 17 19 20 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 17 19 20 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "54 BCE – 51 BCE, Cicero, De re publica 1.9",
"text": "Quam ob rem neque sapientis esse accipere habenas cum insanos atque indomitos impetus volgi cohibere non possit, neque liberi cum inpuris atque inmanibus adversariis decertantem vel contumeliarum verbera subire,[…]",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "23 BCE – 13 BCE, Horatius, Carmina 3.12.1–3",
"roman": "patruae verbera linguae.",
"text": "Miserarum est neque amori dare ludum neque dulci\nmala vino lavere, aut exanimari metuentis",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 177 CE, Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae 13.27.4",
"text": "Ita animus atque mens viri prudentis,[…]consilia cogitationesque contra fortunae verbera contraque insidias iniquorum quasi brachia et manus protendens,[…]",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"strokes, blows, lashes (e.g., of fortune, against one's integrity, etc.)"
],
"id": "en-verber-la-noun-QLZhyIUE",
"links": [
[
"transferred senses",
"transferred sense#English"
],
[
"stroke",
"stroke"
],
[
"blow",
"blow"
],
[
"lash",
"lash"
]
],
"qualifier": "transferred senses",
"raw_glosses": [
"(transferred senses):",
"(figurative) strokes, blows, lashes (e.g., of fortune, against one's integrity, etc.)"
],
"tags": [
"declension-3",
"figuratively",
"neuter",
"plural",
"plural-only"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈwɛr.bɛr]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈvɛr.ber]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "verber"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin neuter nouns",
"Latin neuter nouns in the third declension",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin pluralia tantum",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Latin third declension nouns",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"la:Weapons"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "verberō"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*wer(β/b)os"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *wer(β/b)os",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "(h)"
},
"expansion": "⁽ʰ⁾",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*werb⁽ʰ⁾-os"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *werb⁽ʰ⁾-os",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "(h)"
},
"expansion": "⁽ʰ⁾",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*werb⁽ʰ⁾-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *werb⁽ʰ⁾-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "vir̃bas",
"t": "rod, twig, cane"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian vir̃bas (“rod, twig, cane”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*vьrba",
"t": "willow"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *vьrba (“willow”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "<span class=\"cited-source\">De Vaan, Michiel (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">2008), “verbera”, in <cite>Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages</cite> (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, <small>→ISBN</small>, page 664</span></span>",
"name": "EDL"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "txb",
"2": "wārp-",
"t": "to surround"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian B wārp- (“to surround”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "<span class=\"cited-source\">Adams, Douglas Q. (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">2013), “wārp-”, in <cite>A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged</cite> (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, <small>→ISBN</small>, page 637</span></span>",
"name": "Adams"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "<span class=\"cited-source\">Kloekhorst, Alwin (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">2008), “ṷarpa-”, in <cite>Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon</cite> (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, <small>→ISBN</small>, pages 966-967</span></span>",
"name": "HIL"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *wer(β/b)os, from Proto-Indo-European *werb⁽ʰ⁾-os, from Proto-Indo-European *werb⁽ʰ⁾-. Perhaps related to Lithuanian vir̃bas (“rod, twig, cane”), Proto-Slavic *vьrba (“willow”). According to Adams, the term may derive from the same root *werbʰ- (“to enclose”), whence also Tocharian B wārp- (“to surround”), though Kloekhorst considers the Latin cognates to be semantically distant.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "verberis",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "verber",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "verbera",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "verberis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "verberum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "verberī",
"links": [
[
"verberī",
"verberi#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "verberibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "verber",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "verbera",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "verbere",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "verberibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "verber",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "verbera",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "verber/verber<3.N>"
},
"expansion": "verber n (genitive verberis); third declension",
"name": "la-noun"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "chiefly",
"3": "plurale tantum"
},
"expansion": "(chiefly plural only)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "verber/verber<3.N>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "verbēna"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with quotations",
"Latin terms with rare senses",
"Requests for translations of Latin quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 200 BCE, Plautus, Mostellaria 1166–1167",
"text": "Post istam veniam quid me fiet nunciam?\n― Verberibus caedere multum pendens.",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 197 BCE, Plautus, Persa 268–269",
"roman": "Verberibus caedi iusserit, compedes impingi?",
"text": "Quid faciet mihi?",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "166 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Andria 196–199",
"roman": "verberibus caesum te in pistrinum, Dave, dedam usque ad necem",
"text": "si sensero hodie quicquam in his te nuptiis\nfallaciae conari quo fiant minus,\naut velle in ea re ostendi quam sis callidus,",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita 8.28.4",
"text": "[…]; postremo, cum ingenuitatis magis quam praesentis condicionis memorem videret, nudari iubet verberaque adferri.",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "30 BCE – 16 BCE, Propertius, Elegiae 4.1.25–26",
"roman": "Unde licens Fabius sacra Lupercus habet.",
"text": "Verbera pellitus saetosa movebat arator,",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 37 BCE – 30 BCE, Vergilius, Georgicon 3.106–107",
"roman": "et prōnī dant lōra, uolat uī feruidus axis;",
"text": "Illī [aurigae] instant uerbere tortō",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "29 BCE – 19 BCE, Vergilius, Aeneis 5.146–147",
"roman": "concussēre iugīs prōnīque in uerbera pendent.",
"text": "nec sīc immissīs aurīgae undantia lōra",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "29 BCE – 19 BCE, Vergilius, Aeneis 7.378–380",
"text": "Ceu quondam tortō uolitāns sub uerbere turbō,\nquem puerī magnō in gȳrō uācua ātria circum\nintentī lūdō exercent,[…]",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "8 CE, Ovidius, Metamorphoses 2.398–400",
"text": "Colligit āmentēs et adhuc terrōre paventēs\nPhoebus equōs stimulōque dolēns et verbere saevit\n(saevit enim) nātumque obiectat et inputat illīs.",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 4 BCE – 65 CE, Seneca Minor, De constantia sapientis 12.3",
"text": "[…]; sic enim et pecora verbere domantur, nec irascimur illis, cum sessorem recusaverunt, sed compescimus, ut dolor contumaciam vincat.",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 35 CE – 100 CE, Quintilianus, Declamationes maiores 19.3",
"text": "[…]; ignes ex proximo raptos, verbera, quae casus obtulerat, non diviso dolore, non per partes nec per intervalla suspenso, sed semel, sed pariter invado, pars secreti fuit, ut ipse torquerem.",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"lash, whip, scourge, rod"
],
"links": [
[
"lash",
"lash"
],
[
"whip",
"whip"
],
[
"scourge",
"scourge"
],
[
"rod",
"rod"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) lash, whip, scourge, rod [first attested in Plautus]"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "flagrum"
},
{
"word": "corium"
},
{
"word": "lōrum"
},
{
"word": "habēna"
},
{
"word": "flagellum"
},
{
"word": "scutica"
}
],
"tags": [
"declension-3",
"neuter",
"plural",
"plural-only",
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with quotations",
"Requests for translations of Latin quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Coordinate term: nervus"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 37 BCE – 30 BCE, Vergilius, Georgicon 1.307–310",
"roman": "cum nix alta iacet, glaciem cum flūmina trūdunt.",
"text": "[…]\ntum gruibus pedicās et rētia pōnere ceruīs\naurītōsque sequī leporēs, tum fīgere dammās\nstuppea torquentem Baleāris uerbera fundae,",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "8 CE, Ovidius, Metamorphoses 7.776–778",
"roman": "nec Gortyniaco calamus levis exit ab arcu.",
"text": "non ocior illo [apro]\nhasta nec excussae contorto verbere glandes",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "61 CE – 65 CE, Lucanus, Pharsalia 3.469–472",
"text": "At saxum quoties ingenti verberis actu\nExcutitur, qualis rupes, quam vertice montis\nAbscidit impulsu ventorum adiuta vetustas,\nFrangit cuncta ruens:[…]",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 83 CE – 96 CE, Silius Italicus, Punica 1.314",
"text": "Hic crebram fundit Baliari verbere glandem\nterque levi ducta circum caput altus habena\npermissum ventis abscondit in aera telum,\n[…]",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a thong of a sling or other similar projectile weapons"
],
"holonyms": [
{
"word": "funda"
}
],
"links": [
[
"thong",
"thong"
],
[
"sling",
"sling"
],
[
"weapon",
"weapon"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(usually singular) a thong of a sling or other similar projectile weapons"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "lōrum"
}
],
"tags": [
"declension-3",
"neuter",
"plural",
"plural-only",
"singular",
"usually"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with quotations",
"Latin terms with transferred senses",
"Requests for translations of Latin quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 206 BCE, Plautus, Miles Gloriosus 341–342",
"text": "Quid nunc? Si ea domist, si facio, ut eam exire hinc videas domo,\ndignun es verberibus multis? ― Dignus",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "163 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Heauton Timorumenos 2.356",
"text": "tibi erunt parata verba, huic homini verbera.",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "70 BCE, Cicero, In Verrem 2.3.59",
"text": "Mitto vincla, mitto carcerem, mitto verbera, mitto securis, crucem denique illam praetermitto quam iste civibus Romanis testem humanitatis in eos ac benivolentiae suae voluit esse,[…]",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 45 BCE, Cicero, Tusculanae disputationes 3.64",
"text": "Pueros vero matres et magistri castigare etiam solent, nec verbis solum, sed etiam verberibus,[…]",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 35 BCE, Horatius, Sermones 1.3.120–124",
"roman": "permittant homines.",
"text": "Nam ut ferula caedas meritum maiora subire\nverbera, non vereor, cum dicas esse paris res\nfurta latrociniis et magnis parva mineris\nfalce recisurum simili te, si tibi regnum",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita 2.23.7",
"text": "Inde ostentare tergum foedum recentibus vestigiis verberum.",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "16 BCE, Ovidius, Amores 1.6.19–20",
"roman": "ad dominam pro te verba tremente tuli.",
"text": "Certe ego, cum posita stares ad verbera veste,",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "8 CE, Ovidius, Metamorphoses 14.299–301",
"roman": "verbaque dicuntur dictis contraria verbis.",
"text": "Spargimur ignotae sucis melioribus herbae\npercutimurque caput conversae verbere virgae,",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 4 BCE – 65 CE, Seneca Minor, Hercules furens 801",
"text": "Huc nunc et illuc verbere assiduo rotat,\n[…]",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 45 CE – 96 CE, Statius, Thebais 2.143–145",
"text": "Illos post verbera fessos\nexceptamque hiemem cornu perfuderat omni\nSomnus;[…]",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 95 CE, Quintilianus, Institutio oratoria 1.3.15",
"text": "Denique cum parvulum verberibus coegeris, quid iuveni facias, cui nec adhiberi potest hic metus et maiora discenda sunt?",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a stroke with a whip, a lashing, scourging, flogging, beating, etc."
],
"links": [
[
"transferred senses",
"transferred sense#English"
],
[
"whip",
"whip"
],
[
"lash",
"lash"
],
[
"scourging",
"scourge"
],
[
"flog",
"flog"
],
[
"beat",
"beat"
]
],
"qualifier": "transferred senses",
"raw_glosses": [
"(transferred senses):",
"a stroke with a whip, a lashing, scourging, flogging, beating, etc."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "plāga"
}
],
"tags": [
"declension-3",
"neuter",
"plural",
"plural-only"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin poetic terms",
"Latin terms with quotations",
"Latin terms with transferred senses",
"Requests for translations of Latin quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 99 BCE – 55 BCE, Lucretius, De rerum natura 5.953–957",
"roman": "verbera ventorum vitare imbrisque coacti.",
"text": "Necdum res igni scibant tractare neque uti\npellibus et spoliis corpus vestire ferarum,\nsed nemora atque cavos montis silvasque colebant\net frutices inter condebant squalida membra",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 35 BCE, Horatius, Sermones 2.7.47–52",
"roman": "ditior aut formae melioris meiat eodem.",
"text": "Acris ubi me\nnatura intendit, sub clara nuda lucerna\nquaecumque excepit turgentis verbera caudae\nclunibus aut agitavit equum lasciva supinum,\ndimittit neque famosum neque sollicitum, ne",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "23 BCE – 13 BCE, Horatius, Carmina 3.27.22–24",
"roman": "verbere ripas.",
"text": "Hostium uxores puerique caecos\nsentiant motus orientis Austri et\naequoris nigri fremitum et trementis",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "8 CE, Ovidius, Metamorphoses 3.662–663",
"text": "Illi admirantes remorum in verbere perstant\nvelaque deducunt geminaque ope currere temptant:\n[…]",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "61 CE – 65 CE, Lucanus, Pharsalia 3.536",
"text": "Verberibus senis agitur, molemque profundo.",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "77 CE – 79 CE, Plinius Maior, Naturalis Historia 2.6.33",
"text": "Et quamvis adsidua conversione immensae celeritatis attollantur ab eo rapianturque in occasum, adverso tamen ire motu per suos quaeque passus. Ita fieri, ne convolutus aer eandem in partem aeterna mundi vertigine ignavo globo torpeat, sed fundatur adverso siderum verbere discretus et digestus.",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 83 CE – 96 CE, Silius Italicus, Punica 11.489–490",
"roman": "centeno fractus spumabat verbere pontus.",
"text": "adductis percussa ad pectora tonsis",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "400 CE, Claudius Claudianus, De consulatu Stilichonis 1.286–290",
"roman": "callidus, et pelagi caelique obnititur irae.",
"text": "velut arbiter alni,\nnubilus Aegaeo quam turbine vexat Orion,\nexiguo clavi flexu declinat aquarum\nverbera, nunc recta, nunc obliquante carina",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"stripes, strokes, blows etc. (e.g., of wind, water, etc.)"
],
"links": [
[
"transferred senses",
"transferred sense#English"
],
[
"stripe",
"stripe"
],
[
"stroke",
"stroke"
],
[
"blow",
"blow"
]
],
"qualifier": "transferred senses",
"raw_glosses": [
"(transferred senses):",
"(of inanimate things, chiefly poetic) stripes, strokes, blows etc. (e.g., of wind, water, etc.)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of inanimate things"
],
"tags": [
"declension-3",
"neuter",
"plural",
"plural-only",
"poetic"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with quotations",
"Latin terms with transferred senses",
"Requests for translations of Latin quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "54 BCE – 51 BCE, Cicero, De re publica 1.9",
"text": "Quam ob rem neque sapientis esse accipere habenas cum insanos atque indomitos impetus volgi cohibere non possit, neque liberi cum inpuris atque inmanibus adversariis decertantem vel contumeliarum verbera subire,[…]",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "23 BCE – 13 BCE, Horatius, Carmina 3.12.1–3",
"roman": "patruae verbera linguae.",
"text": "Miserarum est neque amori dare ludum neque dulci\nmala vino lavere, aut exanimari metuentis",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 177 CE, Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae 13.27.4",
"text": "Ita animus atque mens viri prudentis,[…]consilia cogitationesque contra fortunae verbera contraque insidias iniquorum quasi brachia et manus protendens,[…]",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"strokes, blows, lashes (e.g., of fortune, against one's integrity, etc.)"
],
"links": [
[
"transferred senses",
"transferred sense#English"
],
[
"stroke",
"stroke"
],
[
"blow",
"blow"
],
[
"lash",
"lash"
]
],
"qualifier": "transferred senses",
"raw_glosses": [
"(transferred senses):",
"(figurative) strokes, blows, lashes (e.g., of fortune, against one's integrity, etc.)"
],
"tags": [
"declension-3",
"figuratively",
"neuter",
"plural",
"plural-only"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈwɛr.bɛr]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈvɛr.ber]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "verber"
}
Download raw JSONL data for verber meaning in Latin (21.0kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latin dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-08-20 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-08-05 using wiktextract (872fc7b and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.