See per in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-per"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "per annum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "per se"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "per-"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Istriot",
"lang_code": "ist",
"word": "par"
},
{
"lang": "Franco-Provençal",
"lang_code": "frp",
"word": "per"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Aragonese",
"lang_code": "an",
"word": "per"
}
],
"lang": "Old Navarro-Aragonese",
"lang_code": "roa-ona",
"word": "per"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "par"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "par"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"word": "par"
},
{
"lang": "Lorrain",
"lang_code": "roa-lor",
"word": "poir"
},
{
"lang": "Picard",
"lang_code": "pcd",
"word": "per"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"word": "par"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "por"
}
],
"lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
"lang_code": "roa-opt",
"word": "per"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "per"
}
],
"lang": "Old Spanish",
"lang_code": "osp",
"word": "per"
},
{
"lang": "Venetan",
"lang_code": "vec",
"word": "per"
},
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "per"
},
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "per"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "per"
},
{
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "per"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "per"
},
{
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "per"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "per"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "per"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Ido",
"lang_code": "io",
"word": "per"
}
],
"lang": "Esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "per"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "itc-pro:*per",
"id": "through"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*per"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *per",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*per-",
"id": "before"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *per-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "περί"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek περί (perí)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "परि",
"tr": "pári"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit परि (pári)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "per"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian per",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "për"
},
"expansion": "Albanian për",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "for"
},
"expansion": "English for",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *per, from Proto-Indo-European *per-. Cognates include Ancient Greek περί (perí), Sanskrit परि (pári), Lithuanian per, Albanian për and English for.\nThe accusative is from the pre-PIE directional.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ꝑ",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "per",
"2": "accusative"
},
"expansion": "per (+ accusative)",
"name": "la-prep"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "prep",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "48 52",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin accusative prepositions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "48 52",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin prepositions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "That event being announced by the scouts",
"ref": "c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.11",
"text": "Qua re per exploratores nuntiata",
"translation": "That event being announced by the scouts",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "By the pretext of honouring",
"ref": "27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I.3",
"text": "per speciem honoris",
"translation": "By the pretext of honouring",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"through, by means of"
],
"id": "en-per-la-prep-vW4mdCx7",
"links": [
[
"through",
"through"
],
[
"by means of",
"by means of"
]
],
"tags": [
"with-accusative"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "48 52",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin accusative prepositions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "31 69",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "48 52",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin prepositions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"throughout, during"
],
"id": "en-per-la-prep-bJJ9kbMb",
"links": [
[
"throughout",
"throughout"
],
[
"during",
"during"
]
],
"tags": [
"with-accusative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈpɛr]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpɛr]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "per"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 1-syllable words",
"Latin accusative prepositions",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin prepositions",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *per- (before)",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 37 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "-per"
},
{
"word": "per annum"
},
{
"word": "per se"
},
{
"word": "per-"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Istriot",
"lang_code": "ist",
"word": "par"
},
{
"lang": "Franco-Provençal",
"lang_code": "frp",
"word": "per"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Aragonese",
"lang_code": "an",
"word": "per"
}
],
"lang": "Old Navarro-Aragonese",
"lang_code": "roa-ona",
"word": "per"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "par"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "par"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"word": "par"
},
{
"lang": "Lorrain",
"lang_code": "roa-lor",
"word": "poir"
},
{
"lang": "Picard",
"lang_code": "pcd",
"word": "per"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"word": "par"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "por"
}
],
"lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
"lang_code": "roa-opt",
"word": "per"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "per"
}
],
"lang": "Old Spanish",
"lang_code": "osp",
"word": "per"
},
{
"lang": "Venetan",
"lang_code": "vec",
"word": "per"
},
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "per"
},
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "per"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "per"
},
{
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "per"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "per"
},
{
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "per"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "per"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "per"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Ido",
"lang_code": "io",
"word": "per"
}
],
"lang": "Esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "per"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "itc-pro:*per",
"id": "through"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*per"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *per",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*per-",
"id": "before"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *per-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "περί"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek περί (perí)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "परि",
"tr": "pári"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit परि (pári)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "per"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian per",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "për"
},
"expansion": "Albanian për",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "for"
},
"expansion": "English for",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *per, from Proto-Indo-European *per-. Cognates include Ancient Greek περί (perí), Sanskrit परि (pári), Lithuanian per, Albanian për and English for.\nThe accusative is from the pre-PIE directional.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ꝑ",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "per",
"2": "accusative"
},
"expansion": "per (+ accusative)",
"name": "la-prep"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "prep",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "That event being announced by the scouts",
"ref": "c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.11",
"text": "Qua re per exploratores nuntiata",
"translation": "That event being announced by the scouts",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "By the pretext of honouring",
"ref": "27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I.3",
"text": "per speciem honoris",
"translation": "By the pretext of honouring",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"through, by means of"
],
"links": [
[
"through",
"through"
],
[
"by means of",
"by means of"
]
],
"tags": [
"with-accusative"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"throughout, during"
],
"links": [
[
"throughout",
"throughout"
],
[
"during",
"during"
]
],
"tags": [
"with-accusative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈpɛr]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpɛr]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "per"
}
Download raw JSONL data for per meaning in Latin (4.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latin dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-01-16 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-01-01 using wiktextract (d1270d2 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.