See ferrum in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "ferrūgō"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"id": "iron"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "qfa-sub",
"3": "-"
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{
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{
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"2": "phn",
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"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "arc",
"2": "פַּרְזְלָא"
},
"expansion": "Aramaic פַּרְזְלָא",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "akk",
"2": "parzillum",
"3": "𒀭𒁇",
"t": "iron",
"tr": "parzillum"
},
"expansion": "Akkadian 𒀭𒁇 (parzillum, “iron”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "uga",
"2": "𐎁𐎗𐎏𐎍",
"t": "iron"
},
"expansion": "Ugaritic 𐎁𐎗𐎏𐎍 (brḏl, “iron”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-ana"
},
"expansion": "Anatolian",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ett",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Etruscan",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From earlier *ferzom, from a substrate loanword from an unknown source. According to De Vaan, possibly from a Phoenician dialect, 𐤁𐤓𐤆𐤋 (brzl /barzel/, “iron”), akin to Aramaic פַּרְזְלָא, ܦܪܙܠܐ (parzəlā, “iron”), Akkadian 𒀭𒁇 (parzillum, “iron”), Ugaritic 𐎁𐎗𐎏𐎍 (brḏl, “iron”), considered of Anatolian origin. The word could have entered Latin through Etruscan.\nCompare typologically ornus (“rowan tree; lance”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ferrī",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ferrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ferra",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ferrī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ferrōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ferrō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ferrīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ferrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ferra",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ferrō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ferrīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ferrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "ferra",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ferrum<2>"
},
"expansion": "ferrum n (genitive ferrī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ferrum<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "ferrāmentārius"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "ferrāmentum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "ferrāria"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "ferrārius"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "ferrātus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "ferreus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "ferrūgināns"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "ferrūgineus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "ferrūmen"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "79 21 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Iron",
"orig": "la:Iron",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"iron"
],
"id": "en-ferrum-la-noun-BOnA24fn",
"links": [
[
"iron",
"iron"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin metonyms",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "43 1 51 1 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 73 2 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 82 6 7",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Chemical elements",
"orig": "la:Chemical elements",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 49 9 33",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Metals",
"orig": "la:Metals",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 47 42 8",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Weapons",
"orig": "la:Weapons",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"any tool made of iron"
],
"id": "en-ferrum-la-noun-N0OVpD39",
"links": [
[
"tool",
"tool"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(metonymic) any tool made of iron"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "chalybs"
}
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"metonymically",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "3 47 42 8",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Weapons",
"orig": "la:Weapons",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
5,
10
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
37,
42
]
],
"english": "He threatened the city with fire and sword.",
"text": "Urbi ferrō flammāque minitatus est.",
"translation": "He threatened the city with fire and sword.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
5
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
15,
20
]
],
"english": "To fall on his sword.",
"text": "Ferro incumbere.",
"translation": "To fall on his sword.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "I, as consul, see these [men], and I ask their opinion about the republic, and those whom it was proper to slaughter with the sword, I don’t yet wound them even with a word!\n(Ablative of means; exemplifies synecdoche: a part, “iron,” refers to a whole, “sword.”)",
"ref": "63 BCE, Cicero, Catiline Orations Oratio in Catilinam Prima in Senatu Habita.9",
"text": "Hōs ego videō cōnsul et dē rē pūblicā sententiam rogō, et quōs ferrō trucīdārī oportēbat, eōs nōndum vōce volnerō!",
"translation": "I, as consul, see these [men], and I ask their opinion about the republic, and those whom it was proper to slaughter with the sword, I don’t yet wound them even with a word!\n(Ablative of means; exemplifies synecdoche: a part, “iron,” refers to a whole, “sword.”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"sword"
],
"id": "en-ferrum-la-noun-pExHse4k",
"links": [
[
"sword",
"sword"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "14 31 14 41",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin neuter nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "He is no flibbertigibbet, he will give the best fight, without flight, a carnage in the middle, so that the whole amphitheater will see it.",
"ref": "c. 27 CE – 66 CE, Petronius, Satyricon 45.6",
"text": "Non est miscix. ferrum optimum daturus est, sine fuga, carnarium in medio, ut amphitheater videat.",
"translation": "He is no flibbertigibbet, he will give the best fight, without flight, a carnage in the middle, so that the whole amphitheater will see it."
},
{
"english": "But those sentenced to fight in the arena or with the beasts or to work in the mines lose freedom and their assets are forfeited: hence one sees that the efficacy of their last will must be denied.",
"text": "c. 161, Dig. XXVIII.I.8.4 Gaius libro septimo decimo ad edictum provinciale\nHi vero, qui ad ferrum aut ad bestias aut in metallum damnantur, libertatem perdunt bonaque eorum publicantur: unde apparet amittere eos testamenti factionem.",
"translation": "But those sentenced to fight in the arena or with the beasts or to work in the mines lose freedom and their assets are forfeited: hence one sees that the efficacy of their last will must be denied.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"fight, clash"
],
"id": "en-ferrum-la-noun-HmVbJZWv",
"links": [
[
"fight",
"fight"
],
[
"clash",
"clash"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "pugna"
},
{
"word": "gladius"
}
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈfɛr.rũː]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈfɛr.rum]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"la:"
],
"word": "ferrum"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin neuter nouns",
"Latin neuter nouns in the second declension",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin second declension nouns",
"Latin terms derived from Anatolian languages",
"Latin terms derived from Etruscan",
"Latin terms derived from Phoenician",
"Latin terms derived from substrate languages",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Latin terms with unknown etymologies",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"la:Chemical elements",
"la:Iron",
"la:Metals",
"la:Weapons"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "ferrūgō"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"id": "iron"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "qfa-sub",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "substrate",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"title": "unknown"
},
"expansion": "unknown",
"name": "unk"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "phn",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Phoenician",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "arc",
"2": "פַּרְזְלָא"
},
"expansion": "Aramaic פַּרְזְלָא",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "akk",
"2": "parzillum",
"3": "𒀭𒁇",
"t": "iron",
"tr": "parzillum"
},
"expansion": "Akkadian 𒀭𒁇 (parzillum, “iron”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "uga",
"2": "𐎁𐎗𐎏𐎍",
"t": "iron"
},
"expansion": "Ugaritic 𐎁𐎗𐎏𐎍 (brḏl, “iron”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-ana"
},
"expansion": "Anatolian",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ett",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Etruscan",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From earlier *ferzom, from a substrate loanword from an unknown source. According to De Vaan, possibly from a Phoenician dialect, 𐤁𐤓𐤆𐤋 (brzl /barzel/, “iron”), akin to Aramaic פַּרְזְלָא, ܦܪܙܠܐ (parzəlā, “iron”), Akkadian 𒀭𒁇 (parzillum, “iron”), Ugaritic 𐎁𐎗𐎏𐎍 (brḏl, “iron”), considered of Anatolian origin. The word could have entered Latin through Etruscan.\nCompare typologically ornus (“rowan tree; lance”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ferrī",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ferrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ferra",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ferrī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ferrōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ferrō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ferrīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ferrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ferra",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ferrō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ferrīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ferrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "ferra",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ferrum<2>"
},
"expansion": "ferrum n (genitive ferrī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ferrum<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "ferrāmentārius"
},
{
"word": "ferrāmentum"
},
{
"word": "ferrāria"
},
{
"word": "ferrārius"
},
{
"word": "ferrātus"
},
{
"word": "ferreus"
},
{
"word": "ferrūgināns"
},
{
"word": "ferrūgineus"
},
{
"word": "ferrūmen"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"iron"
],
"links": [
[
"iron",
"iron"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin metonyms"
],
"glosses": [
"any tool made of iron"
],
"links": [
[
"tool",
"tool"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(metonymic) any tool made of iron"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "chalybs"
}
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"metonymically",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with quotations",
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
5,
10
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
37,
42
]
],
"english": "He threatened the city with fire and sword.",
"text": "Urbi ferrō flammāque minitatus est.",
"translation": "He threatened the city with fire and sword.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
5
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
15,
20
]
],
"english": "To fall on his sword.",
"text": "Ferro incumbere.",
"translation": "To fall on his sword.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "I, as consul, see these [men], and I ask their opinion about the republic, and those whom it was proper to slaughter with the sword, I don’t yet wound them even with a word!\n(Ablative of means; exemplifies synecdoche: a part, “iron,” refers to a whole, “sword.”)",
"ref": "63 BCE, Cicero, Catiline Orations Oratio in Catilinam Prima in Senatu Habita.9",
"text": "Hōs ego videō cōnsul et dē rē pūblicā sententiam rogō, et quōs ferrō trucīdārī oportēbat, eōs nōndum vōce volnerō!",
"translation": "I, as consul, see these [men], and I ask their opinion about the republic, and those whom it was proper to slaughter with the sword, I don’t yet wound them even with a word!\n(Ablative of means; exemplifies synecdoche: a part, “iron,” refers to a whole, “sword.”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"sword"
],
"links": [
[
"sword",
"sword"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "He is no flibbertigibbet, he will give the best fight, without flight, a carnage in the middle, so that the whole amphitheater will see it.",
"ref": "c. 27 CE – 66 CE, Petronius, Satyricon 45.6",
"text": "Non est miscix. ferrum optimum daturus est, sine fuga, carnarium in medio, ut amphitheater videat.",
"translation": "He is no flibbertigibbet, he will give the best fight, without flight, a carnage in the middle, so that the whole amphitheater will see it."
},
{
"english": "But those sentenced to fight in the arena or with the beasts or to work in the mines lose freedom and their assets are forfeited: hence one sees that the efficacy of their last will must be denied.",
"text": "c. 161, Dig. XXVIII.I.8.4 Gaius libro septimo decimo ad edictum provinciale\nHi vero, qui ad ferrum aut ad bestias aut in metallum damnantur, libertatem perdunt bonaque eorum publicantur: unde apparet amittere eos testamenti factionem.",
"translation": "But those sentenced to fight in the arena or with the beasts or to work in the mines lose freedom and their assets are forfeited: hence one sees that the efficacy of their last will must be denied.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"fight, clash"
],
"links": [
[
"fight",
"fight"
],
[
"clash",
"clash"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "pugna"
},
{
"word": "gladius"
}
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈfɛr.rũː]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈfɛr.rum]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"la:"
],
"word": "ferrum"
}
Download raw JSONL data for ferrum meaning in Latin (6.9kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latin dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-12-23 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-12-02 using wiktextract (6fdc867 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.