See 馬 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for 馬 meaning in Japanese (17.0kB)
{
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "character",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Grade 2 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 20 1 12 20 16 16 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 20 9 11 16 12 12 11",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "ja",
"name": "Equids",
"orig": "ja:Equids",
"parents": [
"Odd-toed ungulates",
"Mammals",
"Vertebrates",
"Chordates",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "a small breed of horse, extinct since 1947",
"roman": "ushiuma",
"ruby": [
[
"牛",
"うし"
],
[
"馬",
"うま"
]
],
"word": "牛馬"
},
{
"english": "seahorse",
"roman": "umiuma",
"ruby": [
[
"海",
"うみ"
],
[
"馬",
"うま"
]
],
"word": "海馬"
},
{
"english": "ox and horse, beast of burden",
"roman": "gyūba",
"ruby": [
[
"牛",
"ぎゅう"
],
[
"馬",
"ば"
]
],
"word": "牛馬"
},
{
"roman": "kaiba",
"word": "海馬: seahorse"
},
{
"word": "walrus"
},
{
"word": "hippocampus"
},
{
"roman": "kaba",
"word": "河馬: hippopotamus"
},
{
"word": "a hippo"
},
{
"english": "zebra",
"roman": "shimauma",
"ruby": [
[
"縞",
"しま"
],
[
"馬",
"うま"
],
[
"斑",
"しま"
],
[
"馬",
"うま"
]
],
"word": "縞馬, 斑馬"
},
{
"english": "gelding",
"roman": "senba",
"ruby": [
[
"騸",
"せん"
],
[
"馬",
"ば"
]
],
"word": "騸馬"
},
{
"english": "Japanese andromeda",
"roman": "asebi",
"ruby": [
[
"馬酔木",
"あせび"
],
[
"馬",
"ば"
],
[
"酔",
"すい"
],
[
"木",
"ぼく"
]
],
"word": "馬酔木, 馬酔木"
},
{
"roman": "umazura",
"word": "馬面: a horseface"
},
{
"word": "a very long face"
},
{
"word": "horse-faced"
},
{
"word": "very long-faced"
},
{
"roman": "baka",
"word": "馬鹿: a fool"
},
{
"word": "an idiot"
},
{
"word": "foolish"
},
{
"word": "idiotic"
},
{
"word": "stupid"
},
{
"roman": "bakajikara",
"word": "馬鹿力: incredible strength"
},
{
"word": "incredibly strong"
},
{
"roman": "bakyaku",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"ば"
],
[
"脚",
"きゃく"
]
],
"word": "馬脚"
},
{
"english": "horse harness, horse tack",
"roman": "bagu",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"ば"
],
[
"具",
"ぐ"
]
],
"word": "馬具"
},
{
"roman": "baken",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"ば"
],
[
"券",
"けん"
]
],
"word": "馬券"
},
{
"roman": "baji tōfū",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"ば"
],
[
"耳",
"じ"
],
[
"東",
"とう"
],
[
"風",
"ふう"
]
],
"word": "馬耳東風"
},
{
"english": "horse-drawn carriage, wagon or cart",
"roman": "basha",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"ば"
],
[
"車",
"しゃ"
]
],
"word": "馬車"
},
{
"english": "horse feed",
"roman": "baryō",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"ば"
],
[
"糧",
"りょう"
]
],
"word": "馬糧"
},
{
"roman": "bashauma",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"ば"
],
[
"車",
"しゃう"
],
[
"馬",
"ま"
]
],
"word": "馬車馬"
},
{
"roman": "bajutsu",
"word": "馬術: equestrianism"
},
{
"word": "equestrian skill"
},
{
"word": "horsemanship"
},
{
"english": "on horseback",
"roman": "bajō",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"ば"
],
[
"上",
"じょう"
]
],
"word": "馬上"
},
{
"roman": "babi",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"ば"
],
[
"尾",
"び"
]
],
"word": "馬尾: cauda equina"
},
{
"english": "horsepower",
"roman": "bariki",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"ば"
],
[
"力",
"りき"
]
],
"word": "馬力"
},
{
"roman": "bareisho",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"ば"
],
[
"鈴薯",
"れいしょ"
]
],
"taxonomic": "Solanum tuberosum",
"word": "馬鈴薯: a potato"
},
{
"roman": "baren",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"ば"
],
[
"簾",
"れん"
]
],
"word": "馬簾"
},
{
"english": "a baby horse, a foal",
"roman": "kōma",
"ruby": [
[
"子",
"こ"
],
[
"馬",
"うま"
]
],
"word": "子馬"
},
{
"english": "packhorse driver",
"roman": "mago",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"ま"
],
[
"子",
"ご"
]
],
"word": "馬子"
},
{
"roman": "bashu",
"word": "馬手"
},
{
"roman": "mete",
"word": "馬手"
},
{
"english": "a wooden horse",
"roman": "mokuba",
"ruby": [
[
"木",
"もく"
],
[
"馬",
"ば"
]
],
"word": "木馬"
},
{
"roman": "yasude",
"ruby": [
[
"馬陸",
"やすで"
]
],
"word": "馬陸: millipede"
},
{
"english": "mule",
"roman": "raba",
"ruby": [
[
"騾",
"ら"
],
[
"馬",
"ば"
]
],
"word": "騾馬"
},
{
"english": "donkey",
"roman": "roba",
"ruby": [
[
"驢",
"ろ"
],
[
"馬",
"ば"
]
],
"word": "驢馬"
},
{
"english": "a horse race",
"roman": "keiba",
"ruby": [
[
"競",
"けい"
],
[
"馬",
"ば"
]
],
"word": "競馬"
},
{
"english": "archery and horsemanship",
"roman": "kyūba",
"ruby": [
[
"弓",
"きゅう"
],
[
"馬",
"ば"
]
],
"word": "弓馬"
},
{
"roman": "Gunma",
"ruby": [
[
"群",
"ぐん"
],
[
"馬",
"ま"
]
],
"word": "群馬"
}
],
"glosses": [
"horse"
],
"id": "en-馬-ja-character-~WKGK23C",
"links": [
[
"horse",
"horse"
]
],
"tags": [
"grade-2-kanji",
"kanji"
]
}
],
"word": "馬"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "馬"
},
"expansion": "馬",
"name": "lang"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ojp",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"nodots": "1"
},
"expansion": "CE",
"name": "C.E."
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "CE",
"name": "CE"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "梅",
"t": "plum",
"tr": "ume, mume"
},
"expansion": "梅 (ume, mume, “plum”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "jpx-pro",
"3": "*uma"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Japonic *uma",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mnc",
"2": "ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ",
"t": "horse"
},
"expansion": "Manchu ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ (morin, “horse”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mn",
"2": "морь",
"t": "horse"
},
"expansion": "Mongolian морь (morʹ, “horse”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "말",
"t": "horse"
},
"expansion": "Korean 말 (mal, “horse”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cmn",
"2": "馬",
"t": "horse",
"tr": "mǎ"
},
"expansion": "Mandarin 馬／马 (mǎ, “horse”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*márkos",
"t": "horse"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *márkos (“horse”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "marc",
"pos": "archaic",
"t": "horse"
},
"expansion": "Irish marc (“horse”, archaic)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "mare",
"t": "female horse"
},
"expansion": "English mare (“female horse”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*márkos"
},
"expansion": "*márkos",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.\nThe initial m sound was apparently emphasized, possibly similar to *mma, becoming then uma or muma, via processes also seen in the word 梅 (ume, mume, “plum”). However, Pellard simply reconstructs Proto-Japonic *uma and treats the mentioned processes as secondary.\nThe ma sound denoting \"horse\" is common to a number of languages of central Asia, where horses were first domesticated, which has led some to speculate about a possible cognate root (but no consensus on any kind of relation exists). Compare Manchu ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ (morin, “horse”), Mongolian морь (morʹ, “horse”), Korean 말 (mal, “horse”), Mandarin 馬／马 (mǎ, “horse”), and Proto-Indo-European *márkos (“horse”) and descendants such as Irish marc (“horse”, archaic) or English mare (“female horse”). More at *márkos.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "馬",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"うま"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "馬",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"ウマ"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "uma",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "匹",
"tags": [
"counter"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "うま",
"2": "ウマ",
"count": "匹"
},
"expansion": "馬(うま) or 馬(ウマ) • (uma) (counter 匹)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"a horse"
],
"id": "en-馬-ja-noun-mmQGwlBM",
"links": [
[
"horse",
"horse"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "ja",
"name": "Shogi",
"orig": "ja:Shogi",
"parents": [
"Board games",
"Tabletop games",
"Games",
"Recreation",
"Human activity",
"Human behaviour",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "0 20 1 12 20 16 16 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 47 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 47 51",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 20 9 11 16 12 12 11",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "ja",
"name": "Equids",
"orig": "ja:Equids",
"parents": [
"Odd-toed ungulates",
"Mammals",
"Vertebrates",
"Chordates",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a promoted bishop"
],
"id": "en-馬-ja-noun-GNku1m2f",
"links": [
[
"shogi",
"shogi"
],
[
"bishop",
"bishop"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(shogi) a promoted bishop"
],
"topics": [
"board-games",
"games",
"shogi"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 25 7 22 33 7 7 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese affixes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 11 1 20 32 12 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 9 1 15 24 17 17 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 17 3 23 38 8 8 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 20 1 12 20 16 16 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 47 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 47 51",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 20 9 11 16 12 12 11",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "ja",
"name": "Equids",
"orig": "ja:Equids",
"parents": [
"Odd-toed ungulates",
"Mammals",
"Vertebrates",
"Chordates",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a sawhorse: a four-leg stand made of wood or iron for supporting other materials"
],
"id": "en-馬-ja-noun-yDOWp6pf",
"links": [
[
"sawhorse",
"sawhorse"
],
[
"stand",
"stand"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "うま"
},
{
"ipa": "[ɯ̟ᵝma̠]"
},
{
"note": "Yamanashi",
"other": "[ùmáꜜ]"
},
{
"ipa": "[ɯ̟ᵝma̠]"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Horse",
"Nihon Shoki",
"Tōkai–Tōsan dialect",
"ja:馬"
],
"word": "馬"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_text": "Shift from uma form, becoming more common starting from the Heian Period. This change later reverted, and muma is now considered obsolete.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "馬",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"むま"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "muma",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "むま"
},
"expansion": "馬(むま) • (muma)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "0 20 1 12 20 16 16 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 20 9 11 16 12 12 11",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "ja",
"name": "Equids",
"orig": "ja:Equids",
"parents": [
"Odd-toed ungulates",
"Mammals",
"Vertebrates",
"Chordates",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The truth of the time in Fujiwara, even if [I'm] at the boat road, [I] exchange my horse nose (su element is unknown).",
"text": "c. 935 Tosa Nikki\nふぢはらのときざね、ふなぢなれど、むまのはなむけす。",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "Today even thinking about the blue horse [New Year's festival] is in vain.",
"text": "c. 935 Tosa Nikki\nけふはあをむまをおもへど、かひなし。",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a horse"
],
"id": "en-馬-ja-noun-mmQGwlBM1",
"links": [
[
"horse",
"horse"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) a horse"
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[mɯ̟ᵝma̠]"
}
],
"word": "馬"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "jpx-pro",
"3": "*Cma"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Japonic *Cma",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Possibly from preform *Nma, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *Cma.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "馬",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"んま"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "nma",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "んま"
},
"expansion": "馬(んま) • (nma)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Fukui Japanese",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "0 20 1 12 20 16 16 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 20 9 11 16 12 12 11",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "ja",
"name": "Equids",
"orig": "ja:Equids",
"parents": [
"Odd-toed ungulates",
"Mammals",
"Vertebrates",
"Chordates",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a horse"
],
"id": "en-馬-ja-noun-mmQGwlBM1",
"links": [
[
"horse",
"horse"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Fukui) a horse"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[mːa̠]"
}
],
"word": "馬"
}
{
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "jpx-pro",
"3": "*Cma"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Japonic *Cma",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Possibly from preform *MCma, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *Cma.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "馬",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"んーま"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "nnma",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "んーま"
},
"expansion": "馬(んーま) • (nnma)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Kagoshima Japanese",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "0 20 1 12 20 16 16 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 20 9 11 16 12 12 11",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "ja",
"name": "Equids",
"orig": "ja:Equids",
"parents": [
"Odd-toed ungulates",
"Mammals",
"Vertebrates",
"Chordates",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a horse"
],
"id": "en-馬-ja-noun-mmQGwlBM1",
"links": [
[
"horse",
"horse"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Kagoshima) a horse"
],
"tags": [
"Kagoshima"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ñmːa̠]"
}
],
"word": "馬"
}
{
"etymology_number": 5,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ltc",
"3": "-",
"sort": "ば"
},
"expansion": "Middle Chinese",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "馬"
},
"expansion": "馬 (MC maeX)",
"name": "ltc-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "漢音",
"tr": "kan'on"
},
"expansion": "漢音 (kan'on)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nan",
"2": "馬",
"tr": "bé, bée, má"
},
"expansion": "Min Nan 馬／马 (bé, bée, má)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Chinese 馬 (MC maeX). The 漢音 (kan'on), so a later borrowing. Compare Min Nan 馬／马 (bé, bée, má) where some of the readings show a shift from initial nasal /m-/ to voiced plosive /b-/.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "馬",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"ば"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "ba",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "affix",
"2": "ば"
},
"expansion": "馬(ば) • (ba)",
"name": "ja-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "affix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ruby": [
[
"競",
"けい"
],
[
"馬",
"ば"
]
],
"text": "競馬\nkeiba\nhorse racing"
}
],
"glosses": [
"horse"
],
"id": "en-馬-ja-affix-~WKGK23C",
"links": [
[
"horse",
"horse"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ba̠]"
}
],
"word": "馬"
}
{
"categories": [
"CJKV radicals",
"Grade 2 kanji",
"Japanese Han characters",
"Japanese affixes",
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese kanji with goon reading め",
"Japanese kanji with kan'on reading ば",
"Japanese kanji with kan'yōon reading ま",
"Japanese kanji with kun reading うま",
"Japanese kanji with kun reading ま",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese single-kanji terms",
"Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese",
"Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji",
"Japanese terms spelled with 馬",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with redundant transliterations",
"Japanese terms written with one Han script character",
"Pages with raw sortkeys",
"ja:Equids"
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "a small breed of horse, extinct since 1947",
"roman": "ushiuma",
"ruby": [
[
"牛",
"うし"
],
[
"馬",
"うま"
]
],
"word": "牛馬"
},
{
"english": "seahorse",
"roman": "umiuma",
"ruby": [
[
"海",
"うみ"
],
[
"馬",
"うま"
]
],
"word": "海馬"
},
{
"english": "ox and horse, beast of burden",
"roman": "gyūba",
"ruby": [
[
"牛",
"ぎゅう"
],
[
"馬",
"ば"
]
],
"word": "牛馬"
},
{
"roman": "kaiba",
"word": "海馬: seahorse"
},
{
"word": "walrus"
},
{
"word": "hippocampus"
},
{
"roman": "kaba",
"word": "河馬: hippopotamus"
},
{
"word": "a hippo"
},
{
"english": "zebra",
"roman": "shimauma",
"ruby": [
[
"縞",
"しま"
],
[
"馬",
"うま"
],
[
"斑",
"しま"
],
[
"馬",
"うま"
]
],
"word": "縞馬, 斑馬"
},
{
"english": "gelding",
"roman": "senba",
"ruby": [
[
"騸",
"せん"
],
[
"馬",
"ば"
]
],
"word": "騸馬"
},
{
"english": "Japanese andromeda",
"roman": "asebi",
"ruby": [
[
"馬酔木",
"あせび"
],
[
"馬",
"ば"
],
[
"酔",
"すい"
],
[
"木",
"ぼく"
]
],
"word": "馬酔木, 馬酔木"
},
{
"roman": "umazura",
"word": "馬面: a horseface"
},
{
"word": "a very long face"
},
{
"word": "horse-faced"
},
{
"word": "very long-faced"
},
{
"roman": "baka",
"word": "馬鹿: a fool"
},
{
"word": "an idiot"
},
{
"word": "foolish"
},
{
"word": "idiotic"
},
{
"word": "stupid"
},
{
"roman": "bakajikara",
"word": "馬鹿力: incredible strength"
},
{
"word": "incredibly strong"
},
{
"roman": "bakyaku",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"ば"
],
[
"脚",
"きゃく"
]
],
"word": "馬脚"
},
{
"english": "horse harness, horse tack",
"roman": "bagu",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"ば"
],
[
"具",
"ぐ"
]
],
"word": "馬具"
},
{
"roman": "baken",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"ば"
],
[
"券",
"けん"
]
],
"word": "馬券"
},
{
"roman": "baji tōfū",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"ば"
],
[
"耳",
"じ"
],
[
"東",
"とう"
],
[
"風",
"ふう"
]
],
"word": "馬耳東風"
},
{
"english": "horse-drawn carriage, wagon or cart",
"roman": "basha",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"ば"
],
[
"車",
"しゃ"
]
],
"word": "馬車"
},
{
"english": "horse feed",
"roman": "baryō",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"ば"
],
[
"糧",
"りょう"
]
],
"word": "馬糧"
},
{
"roman": "bashauma",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"ば"
],
[
"車",
"しゃう"
],
[
"馬",
"ま"
]
],
"word": "馬車馬"
},
{
"roman": "bajutsu",
"word": "馬術: equestrianism"
},
{
"word": "equestrian skill"
},
{
"word": "horsemanship"
},
{
"english": "on horseback",
"roman": "bajō",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"ば"
],
[
"上",
"じょう"
]
],
"word": "馬上"
},
{
"roman": "babi",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"ば"
],
[
"尾",
"び"
]
],
"word": "馬尾: cauda equina"
},
{
"english": "horsepower",
"roman": "bariki",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"ば"
],
[
"力",
"りき"
]
],
"word": "馬力"
},
{
"roman": "bareisho",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"ば"
],
[
"鈴薯",
"れいしょ"
]
],
"taxonomic": "Solanum tuberosum",
"word": "馬鈴薯: a potato"
},
{
"roman": "baren",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"ば"
],
[
"簾",
"れん"
]
],
"word": "馬簾"
},
{
"english": "a baby horse, a foal",
"roman": "kōma",
"ruby": [
[
"子",
"こ"
],
[
"馬",
"うま"
]
],
"word": "子馬"
},
{
"english": "packhorse driver",
"roman": "mago",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"ま"
],
[
"子",
"ご"
]
],
"word": "馬子"
},
{
"roman": "bashu",
"word": "馬手"
},
{
"roman": "mete",
"word": "馬手"
},
{
"english": "a wooden horse",
"roman": "mokuba",
"ruby": [
[
"木",
"もく"
],
[
"馬",
"ば"
]
],
"word": "木馬"
},
{
"roman": "yasude",
"ruby": [
[
"馬陸",
"やすで"
]
],
"word": "馬陸: millipede"
},
{
"english": "mule",
"roman": "raba",
"ruby": [
[
"騾",
"ら"
],
[
"馬",
"ば"
]
],
"word": "騾馬"
},
{
"english": "donkey",
"roman": "roba",
"ruby": [
[
"驢",
"ろ"
],
[
"馬",
"ば"
]
],
"word": "驢馬"
},
{
"english": "a horse race",
"roman": "keiba",
"ruby": [
[
"競",
"けい"
],
[
"馬",
"ば"
]
],
"word": "競馬"
},
{
"english": "archery and horsemanship",
"roman": "kyūba",
"ruby": [
[
"弓",
"きゅう"
],
[
"馬",
"ば"
]
],
"word": "弓馬"
},
{
"roman": "Gunma",
"ruby": [
[
"群",
"ぐん"
],
[
"馬",
"ま"
]
],
"word": "群馬"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "character",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"horse"
],
"links": [
[
"horse",
"horse"
]
],
"tags": [
"grade-2-kanji",
"kanji"
]
}
],
"word": "馬"
}
{
"categories": [
"CJKV radicals",
"Japanese affixes",
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese single-kanji terms",
"Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese",
"Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese",
"Japanese terms derived from Proto-Japonic",
"Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese",
"Japanese terms inherited from Proto-Japonic",
"Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji",
"Japanese terms spelled with 馬",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese terms written with one Han script character",
"Pages with raw sortkeys",
"ja:Equids"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "馬"
},
"expansion": "馬",
"name": "lang"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ojp",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"nodots": "1"
},
"expansion": "CE",
"name": "C.E."
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "CE",
"name": "CE"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "梅",
"t": "plum",
"tr": "ume, mume"
},
"expansion": "梅 (ume, mume, “plum”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "jpx-pro",
"3": "*uma"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Japonic *uma",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mnc",
"2": "ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ",
"t": "horse"
},
"expansion": "Manchu ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ (morin, “horse”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mn",
"2": "морь",
"t": "horse"
},
"expansion": "Mongolian морь (morʹ, “horse”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "말",
"t": "horse"
},
"expansion": "Korean 말 (mal, “horse”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cmn",
"2": "馬",
"t": "horse",
"tr": "mǎ"
},
"expansion": "Mandarin 馬／马 (mǎ, “horse”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*márkos",
"t": "horse"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *márkos (“horse”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "marc",
"pos": "archaic",
"t": "horse"
},
"expansion": "Irish marc (“horse”, archaic)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "mare",
"t": "female horse"
},
"expansion": "English mare (“female horse”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*márkos"
},
"expansion": "*márkos",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.\nThe initial m sound was apparently emphasized, possibly similar to *mma, becoming then uma or muma, via processes also seen in the word 梅 (ume, mume, “plum”). However, Pellard simply reconstructs Proto-Japonic *uma and treats the mentioned processes as secondary.\nThe ma sound denoting \"horse\" is common to a number of languages of central Asia, where horses were first domesticated, which has led some to speculate about a possible cognate root (but no consensus on any kind of relation exists). Compare Manchu ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ (morin, “horse”), Mongolian морь (morʹ, “horse”), Korean 말 (mal, “horse”), Mandarin 馬／马 (mǎ, “horse”), and Proto-Indo-European *márkos (“horse”) and descendants such as Irish marc (“horse”, archaic) or English mare (“female horse”). More at *márkos.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "馬",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"うま"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "馬",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"ウマ"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "uma",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "匹",
"tags": [
"counter"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "うま",
"2": "ウマ",
"count": "匹"
},
"expansion": "馬(うま) or 馬(ウマ) • (uma) (counter 匹)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"a horse"
],
"links": [
[
"horse",
"horse"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"ja:Shogi"
],
"glosses": [
"a promoted bishop"
],
"links": [
[
"shogi",
"shogi"
],
[
"bishop",
"bishop"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(shogi) a promoted bishop"
],
"topics": [
"board-games",
"games",
"shogi"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"a sawhorse: a four-leg stand made of wood or iron for supporting other materials"
],
"links": [
[
"sawhorse",
"sawhorse"
],
[
"stand",
"stand"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "うま"
},
{
"ipa": "[ɯ̟ᵝma̠]"
},
{
"note": "Yamanashi",
"other": "[ùmáꜜ]"
},
{
"ipa": "[ɯ̟ᵝma̠]"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Horse",
"Nihon Shoki",
"Tōkai–Tōsan dialect",
"ja:馬"
],
"word": "馬"
}
{
"categories": [
"CJKV radicals",
"Japanese affixes",
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese single-kanji terms",
"Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese",
"Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji",
"Japanese terms spelled with 馬",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms written with one Han script character",
"Pages with raw sortkeys",
"ja:Equids"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_text": "Shift from uma form, becoming more common starting from the Heian Period. This change later reverted, and muma is now considered obsolete.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "馬",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"むま"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "muma",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "むま"
},
"expansion": "馬(むま) • (muma)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with obsolete senses",
"Japanese terms with quotations",
"Requests for transliteration of Japanese quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The truth of the time in Fujiwara, even if [I'm] at the boat road, [I] exchange my horse nose (su element is unknown).",
"text": "c. 935 Tosa Nikki\nふぢはらのときざね、ふなぢなれど、むまのはなむけす。",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "Today even thinking about the blue horse [New Year's festival] is in vain.",
"text": "c. 935 Tosa Nikki\nけふはあをむまをおもへど、かひなし。",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a horse"
],
"links": [
[
"horse",
"horse"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) a horse"
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[mɯ̟ᵝma̠]"
}
],
"word": "馬"
}
{
"categories": [
"CJKV radicals",
"Japanese affixes",
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese single-kanji terms",
"Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese",
"Japanese terms derived from Proto-Japonic",
"Japanese terms inherited from Proto-Japonic",
"Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji",
"Japanese terms spelled with 馬",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms written with one Han script character",
"Pages with raw sortkeys",
"ja:Equids"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "jpx-pro",
"3": "*Cma"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Japonic *Cma",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Possibly from preform *Nma, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *Cma.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "馬",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"んま"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "nma",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "んま"
},
"expansion": "馬(んま) • (nma)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Fukui Japanese",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys"
],
"glosses": [
"a horse"
],
"links": [
[
"horse",
"horse"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Fukui) a horse"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[mːa̠]"
}
],
"word": "馬"
}
{
"categories": [
"CJKV radicals",
"Japanese affixes",
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese single-kanji terms",
"Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese",
"Japanese terms derived from Proto-Japonic",
"Japanese terms inherited from Proto-Japonic",
"Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji",
"Japanese terms spelled with 馬",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms written with one Han script character",
"Pages with raw sortkeys",
"ja:Equids"
],
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "jpx-pro",
"3": "*Cma"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Japonic *Cma",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Possibly from preform *MCma, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *Cma.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "馬",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"んーま"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "nnma",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "んーま"
},
"expansion": "馬(んーま) • (nnma)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Kagoshima Japanese"
],
"glosses": [
"a horse"
],
"links": [
[
"horse",
"horse"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Kagoshima) a horse"
],
"tags": [
"Kagoshima"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ñmːa̠]"
}
],
"word": "馬"
}
{
"categories": [
"CJKV radicals",
"Japanese affixes",
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese single-kanji terms",
"Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese",
"Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji",
"Japanese terms spelled with 馬",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms written with one Han script character",
"Pages with raw sortkeys",
"ja:Equids"
],
"etymology_number": 5,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ltc",
"3": "-",
"sort": "ば"
},
"expansion": "Middle Chinese",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "馬"
},
"expansion": "馬 (MC maeX)",
"name": "ltc-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "漢音",
"tr": "kan'on"
},
"expansion": "漢音 (kan'on)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nan",
"2": "馬",
"tr": "bé, bée, má"
},
"expansion": "Min Nan 馬／马 (bé, bée, má)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Chinese 馬 (MC maeX). The 漢音 (kan'on), so a later borrowing. Compare Min Nan 馬／马 (bé, bée, má) where some of the readings show a shift from initial nasal /m-/ to voiced plosive /b-/.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "馬",
"ruby": [
[
"馬",
"ば"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "ba",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "affix",
"2": "ば"
},
"expansion": "馬(ば) • (ba)",
"name": "ja-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "affix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"ruby": [
[
"競",
"けい"
],
[
"馬",
"ば"
]
],
"text": "競馬\nkeiba\nhorse racing"
}
],
"glosses": [
"horse"
],
"links": [
[
"horse",
"horse"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ba̠]"
}
],
"word": "馬"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"馬"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "馬",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"馬"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "馬",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"馬"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "馬",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: Fukui",
"path": [
"馬"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "馬",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: Fukui",
"path": [
"馬"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "馬",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"馬"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "馬",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"馬"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "affix",
"title": "馬",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Japanese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.