See 難い in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ojp",
"3": "-",
"sort": "かたい"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "hard"
},
"expansion": "English hard",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Japanese. The meaning developed from 堅い (katai, “hard, stiff, immovable”) to overtones of difficult. Compare the similar development of English hard.\nThe difficult meaning was already apparent in the Man'yōshū, completed in the latter half of the 700s.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "難い",
"ruby": [
[
"難",
"かた"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "katai",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "難く",
"roman": "kataku",
"ruby": [
[
"難",
"かた"
]
],
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-i",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "難かろ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かたかろ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "katakaro",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
]
},
{
"form": "難く",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かたく",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kataku",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative"
]
},
{
"form": "難い",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "かたい",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "katai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "難い",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かたい",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "katai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive"
]
},
{
"form": "難けれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かたけれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "katakere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "難かれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かたかれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "katakare",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "難くない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "かたくない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kataku nai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "難かった",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "かたかった",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "katakatta",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "難くなかった",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "かたくなかった",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kataku nakatta",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "難いです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "かたいです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "katai desu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "難くないです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "かたくないです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kataku nai desu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "難かったです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "かたかったです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "katakatta desu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "難くなかったです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "かたくなかったです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kataku nakatta desu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "難くて",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "かたくて",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "katakute",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "難ければ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "かたければ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "katakereba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "難かったら",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "かたかったら",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "katakattara",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "難かろう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "かたかろう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "katakarō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "難く",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "かたく",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "kataku",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "難さ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "かたさ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "katasa",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "かたい",
"infl": "i"
},
"expansion": "難(かた)い • (katai) -i (adverbial 難(かた)く (kataku))",
"name": "ja-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"adverbial": "く",
"attributive": "い",
"conditional": "ければ",
"conjunctive": "くて",
"continuative": "く",
"degree": "さ",
"formal": "い です",
"formal_negative": "く ない です",
"formal_negative_past": "く なかった です",
"formal_past": "かった です",
"hypothetical": "けれ",
"imperative": "かれ",
"imperfective": "かろ",
"informal_negative": "く ない",
"informal_negative_past": "く なかった",
"informal_past": "かった",
"kana": "かた",
"lemma": "難",
"provisional": "かったら",
"terminal": "い",
"volitional": "かろう"
},
"name": "ja-adj-infl"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "56 5 39",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "71 7 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "68 5 27",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "66 5 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 25 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with 1 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "47 13 40",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "65 5 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "47 13 40",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese words with multiple readings",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "If you go out rowing the boat floating on the Nakamana [river], meeting would be difficult, if we don't do it today.",
"ref": "c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 14, poem 3401:",
"roman": "Nakamana ni, ukiworu fune no, kogidenaba, afu koto katasi, kefu ni siarazu fa.",
"ruby": [
[
"中",
"なか"
],
[
"麻",
"ま"
],
[
"奈",
"な"
],
[
"尓",
"に"
],
[
"宇",
"う"
],
[
"伎",
"き"
],
[
"乎",
"を"
],
[
"流",
"る"
],
[
"布",
"ふ"
],
[
"祢",
"ね"
],
[
"能",
"の"
],
[
"許",
"こ"
],
[
"藝",
"ぎ"
],
[
"弖",
"で"
],
[
"奈",
"な"
],
[
"婆",
"ば"
],
[
"安",
"あ"
],
[
"布",
"ふ"
],
[
"許",
"こ"
],
[
"等",
"と"
],
[
"可",
"か"
],
[
"多",
"た"
],
[
"思",
"し"
],
[
"家",
"け"
],
[
"布",
"ふ"
],
[
"尓",
"に"
],
[
"思",
"し"
],
[
"安",
"あ"
],
[
"良",
"ら"
],
[
"受",
"ず"
],
[
"波",
"は"
]
],
"text": "中麻奈尓、宇伎乎流布祢能、許藝弖奈婆、安布許等可多思、家布尓思安良受波",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"difficult"
],
"id": "en-難い-ja-adj-HkRTqYyd",
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) difficult"
],
"tags": [
"archaic"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "かたい"
},
{
"ipa": "[ka̠ta̠i]"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Daijirin",
"Man'yōshū"
],
"word": "難い"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"roman": "-yasui",
"ruby": [
[
"易",
"やす"
]
],
"word": "易い"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "katai",
"2": "gatai",
"sort": "かたい'"
},
"expansion": "The katai changes to gatai as an instance of rendaku (連濁).",
"name": "rendaku2"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Shift in pronunciation from katai above, as this term became more of a fused suffix than an independent term. The katai changes to gatai as an instance of rendaku (連濁).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "難い",
"ruby": [
[
"難",
"がた"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "-gatai",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "難く",
"roman": "-gataku",
"ruby": [
[
"難",
"がた"
]
],
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-i",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "難かろ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "がたかろ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "-gatakaro",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
]
},
{
"form": "難く",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "がたく",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "-gataku",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative"
]
},
{
"form": "難い",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "がたい",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "-gatai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "難い",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "がたい",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "-gatai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive"
]
},
{
"form": "難けれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "がたけれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "-gatakere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "難かれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "がたかれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "-gatakare",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "難くない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "がたくない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "-gataku nai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "難かった",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "がたかった",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "-gatakatta",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "難くなかった",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "がたくなかった",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "-gataku nakatta",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "難いです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "がたいです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "-gatai desu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "難くないです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "がたくないです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "-gataku nai desu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "難かったです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "がたかったです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "-gatakatta desu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "難くなかったです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "がたくなかったです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "-gataku nakatta desu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "難くて",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "がたくて",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-gatakute",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "難ければ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "がたければ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "-gatakereba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "難かったら",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "がたかったら",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "-gatakattara",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "難かろう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "がたかろう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "-gatakarō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "難く",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "がたく",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "-gataku",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "難さ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "がたさ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "-gatasa",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix",
"2": "がたい",
"infl": "i"
},
"expansion": "難(がた)い • (-gatai) -i (adverbial 難(がた)く (-gataku))",
"name": "ja-pos"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"adverbial": "く",
"attributive": "い",
"conditional": "ければ",
"conjunctive": "くて",
"continuative": "く",
"degree": "さ",
"formal": "い です",
"formal_negative": "く ない です",
"formal_negative_past": "く なかった です",
"formal_past": "かった です",
"hypothetical": "けれ",
"imperative": "かれ",
"imperfective": "かろ",
"informal_negative": "く ない",
"informal_negative_past": "く なかった",
"informal_past": "かった",
"kana": "-がた",
"lemma": "難",
"provisional": "かったら",
"terminal": "い",
"volitional": "かろう"
},
"name": "ja-adj-infl"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "47 13 40",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "47 13 40",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese words with multiple readings",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with rendaku",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "arigatai",
"word": "有り難い: special"
},
{
"word": "worthy of being thankful for"
},
{
"word": "welcome"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "This suffix attaches to the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of a verb to express the difficulty of doing the action."
},
{
"english": "Those who were close for many years found it difficult to part, and while boisterously getting things done all day, the night deepened.",
"ref": "c. 935: Tosa Nikki, page 3",
"roman": "Toshigoro yoku kurabetsuru hitobito namu, wakaregataku omoite, hi shikiri ni, tokaku shitsutsu, nonoshiru uchi ni, yo fukenu.",
"ruby": [
[
"年",
"とし"
],
[
"頃",
"ごろ"
],
[
"比",
"くら"
],
[
"人人",
"ひとびと"
],
[
"別",
"わか"
],
[
"難",
"がた"
],
[
"思",
"おも"
],
[
"日",
"ひ"
],
[
"夜",
"よ"
],
[
"更",
"ふ"
]
],
"text": "年頃よく比べつる人人なむ、別れ難く思ひて、日しきりに、とかくしつつ、ののしるうちに、夜更けぬ。"
}
],
"glosses": [
"difficult or hard to do"
],
"id": "en-難い-ja-suffix-rVPKQPq9",
"links": [
[
"difficult",
"difficult"
],
[
"hard",
"hard"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɡa̠ta̠i]"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "painful to do; emphasis on",
"roman": "-zurai",
"ruby": [
[
"辛",
"づら"
]
],
"word": "辛い"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Daijirin"
],
"word": "難い"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"roman": "-yasui",
"ruby": [
[
"易",
"やす"
]
],
"word": "易い"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ojp",
"3": "-",
"sort": "にくい"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Derived as the suffixization of Old Japanese adjective 憎い (nikui, “disagreeable, dislikeable”, modern “hateful, abominable”). Cognate with 憎む (nikumu, “to hate”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "難い",
"ruby": [
[
"難",
"にく"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikui",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "難く",
"roman": "-nikuku",
"ruby": [
[
"難",
"にく"
]
],
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-i",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "難かろ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "にくかろ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikukaro",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
]
},
{
"form": "難く",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "にくく",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikuku",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative"
]
},
{
"form": "難い",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "にくい",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikui",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "難い",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "にくい",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikui",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive"
]
},
{
"form": "難けれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "にくけれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikukere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "難かれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "にくかれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikukare",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "難くない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "にくくない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikuku nai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "難かった",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "にくかった",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikukatta",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "難くなかった",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "にくくなかった",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikuku nakatta",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "難いです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "にくいです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikui desu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "難くないです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "にくくないです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikuku nai desu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "難かったです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "にくかったです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikukatta desu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "難くなかったです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "にくくなかったです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikuku nakatta desu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "難くて",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "にくくて",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikukute",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "難ければ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "にくければ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikukereba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "難かったら",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "にくかったら",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikukattara",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "難かろう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "にくかろう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikukarō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "難く",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "にくく",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikuku",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "難さ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "にくさ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikusa",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix",
"2": "にくい",
"infl": "i"
},
"expansion": "難(にく)い • (-nikui) -i (adverbial 難(にく)く (-nikuku))",
"name": "ja-pos"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"adverbial": "く",
"attributive": "い",
"conditional": "ければ",
"conjunctive": "くて",
"continuative": "く",
"degree": "さ",
"formal": "い です",
"formal_negative": "く ない です",
"formal_negative_past": "く なかった です",
"formal_past": "かった です",
"hypothetical": "けれ",
"imperative": "かれ",
"imperfective": "かろ",
"informal_negative": "く ない",
"informal_negative_past": "く なかった",
"informal_past": "かった",
"kana": "-にく",
"lemma": "難",
"provisional": "かったら",
"terminal": "い",
"volitional": "かろう"
},
"name": "ja-adj-infl"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "47 13 40",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "47 13 40",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese words with multiple readings",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 9 59",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "30 7 63",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "indistinct, hard to see",
"roman": "minikui",
"ruby": [
[
"見難",
"みにく"
]
],
"word": "見難い"
},
{
"roman": "minikui",
"word": "醜い: ugly"
},
{
"word": "ignominious"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "This suffix attaches to the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of a verb to express the difficulty of doing the action."
}
],
"glosses": [
"difficult or hard to do (emphasis on the disagreeability of performing the action)"
],
"id": "en-難い-ja-suffix-~OsXl7b2",
"links": [
[
"difficult",
"difficult"
],
[
"hard",
"hard"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"rare"
],
"word": "悪い"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɲ̟ikɯ̟i]"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "painful to do; emphasis on",
"roman": "-zurai",
"ruby": [
[
"辛",
"づら"
]
],
"word": "辛い"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Daijirin"
],
"word": "難い"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese adjectives",
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with manual fragments",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese suffixes",
"Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese",
"Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese",
"Japanese terms spelled with sixth grade kanji",
"Japanese terms with 1 kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation missing pitch accent",
"Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese words with multiple readings",
"Japanese い-i adjectives",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ojp",
"3": "-",
"sort": "かたい"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "hard"
},
"expansion": "English hard",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Japanese. The meaning developed from 堅い (katai, “hard, stiff, immovable”) to overtones of difficult. Compare the similar development of English hard.\nThe difficult meaning was already apparent in the Man'yōshū, completed in the latter half of the 700s.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "難い",
"ruby": [
[
"難",
"かた"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "katai",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "難く",
"roman": "kataku",
"ruby": [
[
"難",
"かた"
]
],
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-i",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "難かろ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かたかろ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "katakaro",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
]
},
{
"form": "難く",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かたく",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kataku",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative"
]
},
{
"form": "難い",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "かたい",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "katai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "難い",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かたい",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "katai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive"
]
},
{
"form": "難けれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かたけれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "katakere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "難かれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "かたかれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "katakare",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "難くない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "かたくない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kataku nai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "難かった",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "かたかった",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "katakatta",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "難くなかった",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "かたくなかった",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kataku nakatta",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "難いです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "かたいです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "katai desu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "難くないです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "かたくないです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kataku nai desu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "難かったです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "かたかったです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "katakatta desu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "難くなかったです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "かたくなかったです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kataku nakatta desu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "難くて",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "かたくて",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "katakute",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "難ければ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "かたければ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "katakereba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "難かったら",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "かたかったら",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "katakattara",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "難かろう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "かたかろう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "katakarō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "難く",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "かたく",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "kataku",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "難さ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "かたさ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "katasa",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "かたい",
"infl": "i"
},
"expansion": "難(かた)い • (katai) -i (adverbial 難(かた)く (kataku))",
"name": "ja-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"adverbial": "く",
"attributive": "い",
"conditional": "ければ",
"conjunctive": "くて",
"continuative": "く",
"degree": "さ",
"formal": "い です",
"formal_negative": "く ない です",
"formal_negative_past": "く なかった です",
"formal_past": "かった です",
"hypothetical": "けれ",
"imperative": "かれ",
"imperfective": "かろ",
"informal_negative": "く ない",
"informal_negative_past": "く なかった",
"informal_past": "かった",
"kana": "かた",
"lemma": "難",
"provisional": "かったら",
"terminal": "い",
"volitional": "かろう"
},
"name": "ja-adj-infl"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with archaic senses",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "If you go out rowing the boat floating on the Nakamana [river], meeting would be difficult, if we don't do it today.",
"ref": "c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 14, poem 3401:",
"roman": "Nakamana ni, ukiworu fune no, kogidenaba, afu koto katasi, kefu ni siarazu fa.",
"ruby": [
[
"中",
"なか"
],
[
"麻",
"ま"
],
[
"奈",
"な"
],
[
"尓",
"に"
],
[
"宇",
"う"
],
[
"伎",
"き"
],
[
"乎",
"を"
],
[
"流",
"る"
],
[
"布",
"ふ"
],
[
"祢",
"ね"
],
[
"能",
"の"
],
[
"許",
"こ"
],
[
"藝",
"ぎ"
],
[
"弖",
"で"
],
[
"奈",
"な"
],
[
"婆",
"ば"
],
[
"安",
"あ"
],
[
"布",
"ふ"
],
[
"許",
"こ"
],
[
"等",
"と"
],
[
"可",
"か"
],
[
"多",
"た"
],
[
"思",
"し"
],
[
"家",
"け"
],
[
"布",
"ふ"
],
[
"尓",
"に"
],
[
"思",
"し"
],
[
"安",
"あ"
],
[
"良",
"ら"
],
[
"受",
"ず"
],
[
"波",
"は"
]
],
"text": "中麻奈尓、宇伎乎流布祢能、許藝弖奈婆、安布許等可多思、家布尓思安良受波",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"difficult"
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) difficult"
],
"tags": [
"archaic"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "かたい"
},
{
"ipa": "[ka̠ta̠i]"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Daijirin",
"Man'yōshū"
],
"word": "難い"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"roman": "-yasui",
"ruby": [
[
"易",
"やす"
]
],
"word": "易い"
}
],
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with manual fragments",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese suffixes",
"Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese",
"Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese",
"Japanese terms spelled with sixth grade kanji",
"Japanese terms with 1 kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation missing pitch accent",
"Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with rendaku",
"Japanese words with multiple readings",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "arigatai",
"word": "有り難い: special"
},
{
"word": "worthy of being thankful for"
},
{
"word": "welcome"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "katai",
"2": "gatai",
"sort": "かたい'"
},
"expansion": "The katai changes to gatai as an instance of rendaku (連濁).",
"name": "rendaku2"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Shift in pronunciation from katai above, as this term became more of a fused suffix than an independent term. The katai changes to gatai as an instance of rendaku (連濁).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "難い",
"ruby": [
[
"難",
"がた"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "-gatai",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "難く",
"roman": "-gataku",
"ruby": [
[
"難",
"がた"
]
],
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-i",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "難かろ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "がたかろ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "-gatakaro",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
]
},
{
"form": "難く",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "がたく",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "-gataku",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative"
]
},
{
"form": "難い",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "がたい",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "-gatai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "難い",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "がたい",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "-gatai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive"
]
},
{
"form": "難けれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "がたけれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "-gatakere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "難かれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "がたかれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "-gatakare",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "難くない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "がたくない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "-gataku nai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "難かった",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "がたかった",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "-gatakatta",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "難くなかった",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "がたくなかった",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "-gataku nakatta",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "難いです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "がたいです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "-gatai desu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "難くないです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "がたくないです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "-gataku nai desu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "難かったです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "がたかったです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "-gatakatta desu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "難くなかったです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "がたくなかったです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "-gataku nakatta desu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "難くて",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "がたくて",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-gatakute",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "難ければ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "がたければ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "-gatakereba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "難かったら",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "がたかったら",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "-gatakattara",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "難かろう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "がたかろう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "-gatakarō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "難く",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "がたく",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "-gataku",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "難さ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "がたさ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "-gatasa",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix",
"2": "がたい",
"infl": "i"
},
"expansion": "難(がた)い • (-gatai) -i (adverbial 難(がた)く (-gataku))",
"name": "ja-pos"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"adverbial": "く",
"attributive": "い",
"conditional": "ければ",
"conjunctive": "くて",
"continuative": "く",
"degree": "さ",
"formal": "い です",
"formal_negative": "く ない です",
"formal_negative_past": "く なかった です",
"formal_past": "かった です",
"hypothetical": "けれ",
"imperative": "かれ",
"imperfective": "かろ",
"informal_negative": "く ない",
"informal_negative_past": "く なかった",
"informal_past": "かった",
"kana": "-がた",
"lemma": "難",
"provisional": "かったら",
"terminal": "い",
"volitional": "かろう"
},
"name": "ja-adj-infl"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "This suffix attaches to the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of a verb to express the difficulty of doing the action."
},
{
"english": "Those who were close for many years found it difficult to part, and while boisterously getting things done all day, the night deepened.",
"ref": "c. 935: Tosa Nikki, page 3",
"roman": "Toshigoro yoku kurabetsuru hitobito namu, wakaregataku omoite, hi shikiri ni, tokaku shitsutsu, nonoshiru uchi ni, yo fukenu.",
"ruby": [
[
"年",
"とし"
],
[
"頃",
"ごろ"
],
[
"比",
"くら"
],
[
"人人",
"ひとびと"
],
[
"別",
"わか"
],
[
"難",
"がた"
],
[
"思",
"おも"
],
[
"日",
"ひ"
],
[
"夜",
"よ"
],
[
"更",
"ふ"
]
],
"text": "年頃よく比べつる人人なむ、別れ難く思ひて、日しきりに、とかくしつつ、ののしるうちに、夜更けぬ。"
}
],
"glosses": [
"difficult or hard to do"
],
"links": [
[
"difficult",
"difficult"
],
[
"hard",
"hard"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɡa̠ta̠i]"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "painful to do; emphasis on",
"roman": "-zurai",
"ruby": [
[
"辛",
"づら"
]
],
"word": "辛い"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Daijirin"
],
"word": "難い"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"roman": "-yasui",
"ruby": [
[
"易",
"やす"
]
],
"word": "易い"
}
],
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with manual fragments",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese suffixes",
"Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese",
"Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese",
"Japanese terms spelled with sixth grade kanji",
"Japanese terms with 1 kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation missing pitch accent",
"Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese words with multiple readings",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "indistinct, hard to see",
"roman": "minikui",
"ruby": [
[
"見難",
"みにく"
]
],
"word": "見難い"
},
{
"roman": "minikui",
"word": "醜い: ugly"
},
{
"word": "ignominious"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ojp",
"3": "-",
"sort": "にくい"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Derived as the suffixization of Old Japanese adjective 憎い (nikui, “disagreeable, dislikeable”, modern “hateful, abominable”). Cognate with 憎む (nikumu, “to hate”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "難い",
"ruby": [
[
"難",
"にく"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikui",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "難く",
"roman": "-nikuku",
"ruby": [
[
"難",
"にく"
]
],
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-i",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "難かろ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "にくかろ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikukaro",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
]
},
{
"form": "難く",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "にくく",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikuku",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative"
]
},
{
"form": "難い",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "にくい",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikui",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "難い",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "にくい",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikui",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive"
]
},
{
"form": "難けれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "にくけれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikukere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "難かれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "にくかれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikukare",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "難くない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "にくくない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikuku nai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "難かった",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "にくかった",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikukatta",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "難くなかった",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "にくくなかった",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikuku nakatta",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "難いです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "にくいです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikui desu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "難くないです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "にくくないです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikuku nai desu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "難かったです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "にくかったです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikukatta desu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "難くなかったです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "にくくなかったです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikuku nakatta desu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "難くて",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "にくくて",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikukute",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "難ければ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "にくければ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikukereba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "難かったら",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "にくかったら",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikukattara",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "難かろう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "にくかろう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikukarō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "難く",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "にくく",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikuku",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "難さ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "にくさ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "-nikusa",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix",
"2": "にくい",
"infl": "i"
},
"expansion": "難(にく)い • (-nikui) -i (adverbial 難(にく)く (-nikuku))",
"name": "ja-pos"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"adverbial": "く",
"attributive": "い",
"conditional": "ければ",
"conjunctive": "くて",
"continuative": "く",
"degree": "さ",
"formal": "い です",
"formal_negative": "く ない です",
"formal_negative_past": "く なかった です",
"formal_past": "かった です",
"hypothetical": "けれ",
"imperative": "かれ",
"imperfective": "かろ",
"informal_negative": "く ない",
"informal_negative_past": "く なかった",
"informal_past": "かった",
"kana": "-にく",
"lemma": "難",
"provisional": "かったら",
"terminal": "い",
"volitional": "かろう"
},
"name": "ja-adj-infl"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "This suffix attaches to the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of a verb to express the difficulty of doing the action."
}
],
"glosses": [
"difficult or hard to do (emphasis on the disagreeability of performing the action)"
],
"links": [
[
"difficult",
"difficult"
],
[
"hard",
"hard"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɲ̟ikɯ̟i]"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "painful to do; emphasis on",
"roman": "-zurai",
"ruby": [
[
"辛",
"づら"
]
],
"word": "辛い"
},
{
"tags": [
"rare"
],
"word": "悪い"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Daijirin"
],
"word": "難い"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 難い meaning in Japanese (24.2kB)
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"難い"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "難い",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"難い"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "難い",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"難い"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "難い",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Japanese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.