See 工夫 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"forms": [
{
"form": "工夫",
"ruby": [
[
"工",
"く"
],
[
"夫",
"ふう"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kufū",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "くふう"
},
"expansion": "工(く)夫(ふう) • (kufū)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "44 10 46",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese verbs without transitivity",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"device; scheme; devising; scheming"
],
"id": "en-工夫-ja-noun-GNopqwJP",
"links": [
[
"device",
"device"
],
[
"scheme",
"scheme"
],
[
"devising",
"devise"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "18 58 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "44 10 46",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese verbs without transitivity",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"dedication to spiritual improvement (especially through Zen meditation)"
],
"id": "en-工夫-ja-noun-A0OwQ6aP",
"links": [
[
"dedication",
"dedication"
],
[
"spiritual",
"spiritual"
],
[
"improvement",
"improvement"
],
[
"Zen",
"Zen"
],
[
"meditation",
"meditation"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "くふう"
},
{
"ipa": "[kɯ̟ɸɯ̟ː]"
}
],
"word": "工夫"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"forms": [
{
"form": "工夫する",
"ruby": [
[
"工",
"く"
],
[
"夫",
"ふう"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kufū suru",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "工夫し",
"roman": "kufū shi",
"ruby": [
[
"工",
"く"
],
[
"夫",
"ふう"
]
],
"tags": [
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "工夫した",
"roman": "kufū shita",
"ruby": [
[
"工",
"く"
],
[
"夫",
"ふう"
]
],
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-suru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "工夫し",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "くふうし",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kufū shi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "工夫する",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "くふうする",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kufū suru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "工夫すれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "くふうすれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kufū sure",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "工夫せよ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"literary"
]
},
{
"form": "工夫しろ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "くふうせよ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"literary"
]
},
{
"form": "くふうしろ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "kufū seyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"literary"
]
},
{
"form": "kufū shiro",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "工夫される",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "くふうされる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "kufū sareru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "工夫させる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "工夫さす",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "くふうさせる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "くふうさす",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "kufū saseru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "kufū sasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "工夫できる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "くふうできる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "kufū dekiru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "工夫しよう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "くふうしよう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "kufū shiyō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "工夫しない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "くふうしない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kufū shinai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "工夫せず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "くふうせず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kufū sezu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "工夫します",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "くふうします",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "kufū shimasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "工夫した",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "くふうした",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "kufū shita",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "工夫して",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "くふうして",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "kufū shite",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "工夫すれば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "くふうすれば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "kufū sureba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "44 10 46",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese verbs without transitivity",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"devise, come up with, contrive"
],
"id": "en-工夫-ja-verb-TEy1vNqR",
"links": [
[
"devise",
"devise"
],
[
"come up with",
"come up with"
],
[
"contrive",
"contrive"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "くふう"
},
{
"ipa": "[kɯ̟ɸɯ̟ː]"
}
],
"word": "工夫"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"forms": [
{
"form": "工夫",
"ruby": [
[
"工",
"こう"
],
[
"夫",
"ふ"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kōfu",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "こうふ"
},
"expansion": "工(こう)夫(ふ) • (kōfu)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "8 1 1 12 33 1 0 4 2 1 1 5 27 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 19 72 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 17 70 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 17 70 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 18 44 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 15 68 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 24 63 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"labourer; blue-collar worker"
],
"id": "en-工夫-ja-noun-YWQbLF0R",
"links": [
[
"labourer",
"labourer"
],
[
"blue-collar",
"blue-collar"
],
[
"worker",
"worker"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "こーふ"
},
{
"ipa": "[ko̞ːɸɯ̟]"
}
],
"word": "工夫"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese suru verbs",
"Japanese terms spelled with fourth grade kanji",
"Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji",
"Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese verbs",
"Japanese verbs without transitivity",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"forms": [
{
"form": "工夫",
"ruby": [
[
"工",
"く"
],
[
"夫",
"ふう"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kufū",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "くふう"
},
"expansion": "工(く)夫(ふう) • (kufū)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"device; scheme; devising; scheming"
],
"links": [
[
"device",
"device"
],
[
"scheme",
"scheme"
],
[
"devising",
"devise"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"dedication to spiritual improvement (especially through Zen meditation)"
],
"links": [
[
"dedication",
"dedication"
],
[
"spiritual",
"spiritual"
],
[
"improvement",
"improvement"
],
[
"Zen",
"Zen"
],
[
"meditation",
"meditation"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "くふう"
},
{
"ipa": "[kɯ̟ɸɯ̟ː]"
}
],
"word": "工夫"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese suru verbs",
"Japanese terms spelled with fourth grade kanji",
"Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji",
"Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese verbs",
"Japanese verbs without transitivity",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"forms": [
{
"form": "工夫する",
"ruby": [
[
"工",
"く"
],
[
"夫",
"ふう"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kufū suru",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "工夫し",
"roman": "kufū shi",
"ruby": [
[
"工",
"く"
],
[
"夫",
"ふう"
]
],
"tags": [
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "工夫した",
"roman": "kufū shita",
"ruby": [
[
"工",
"く"
],
[
"夫",
"ふう"
]
],
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-suru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "工夫し",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "くふうし",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kufū shi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "工夫する",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "くふうする",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kufū suru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "工夫すれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "くふうすれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kufū sure",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "工夫せよ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"literary"
]
},
{
"form": "工夫しろ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "くふうせよ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"literary"
]
},
{
"form": "くふうしろ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "kufū seyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"literary"
]
},
{
"form": "kufū shiro",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "工夫される",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "くふうされる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "kufū sareru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "工夫させる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "工夫さす",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "くふうさせる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "くふうさす",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "kufū saseru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "kufū sasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "工夫できる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "くふうできる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "kufū dekiru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "工夫しよう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "くふうしよう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "kufū shiyō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "工夫しない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "くふうしない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kufū shinai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "工夫せず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "くふうせず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kufū sezu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "工夫します",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "くふうします",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "kufū shimasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "工夫した",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "くふうした",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "kufū shita",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "工夫して",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "くふうして",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "kufū shite",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "工夫すれば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "くふうすれば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "kufū sureba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"devise, come up with, contrive"
],
"links": [
[
"devise",
"devise"
],
[
"come up with",
"come up with"
],
[
"contrive",
"contrive"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "くふう"
},
{
"ipa": "[kɯ̟ɸɯ̟ː]"
}
],
"word": "工夫"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese terms spelled with fourth grade kanji",
"Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji",
"Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"forms": [
{
"form": "工夫",
"ruby": [
[
"工",
"こう"
],
[
"夫",
"ふ"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kōfu",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "こうふ"
},
"expansion": "工(こう)夫(ふ) • (kōfu)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"labourer; blue-collar worker"
],
"links": [
[
"labourer",
"labourer"
],
[
"blue-collar",
"blue-collar"
],
[
"worker",
"worker"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "こーふ"
},
{
"ipa": "[ko̞ːɸɯ̟]"
}
],
"word": "工夫"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 工夫 meaning in Japanese (7.9kB)
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"工夫"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "工夫",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Mizenkei (\"imperfective\")'",
"path": [
"工夫"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "工夫",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Ren’yōkei (\"continuative\")'",
"path": [
"工夫"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "工夫",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Shūshikei (\"terminal\")'",
"path": [
"工夫"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "工夫",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Rentaikei (\"attributive\")'",
"path": [
"工夫"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "工夫",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Kateikei (\"hypothetical\")'",
"path": [
"工夫"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "工夫",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Meireikei (\"imperative\")'",
"path": [
"工夫"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "工夫",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"工夫"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "工夫",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Japanese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-20 using wiktextract (c15a5ce and 5c11237). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.