rufen in German

IPA: /ˈʁuːfən/ Audio: De-rufen.ogg

, De-at-rufen.ogg

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Etymology: From Middle High German ruofen, from Old High German ruofan, hruofan, from Proto-West Germanic *hrōpan, from Proto-Germanic *hrōpaną. Cognate with Dutch roepen, English roop, which see. Alongside there existed a weak Middle High German ruofen, from Old High German (h)ruofen. Weak conjugation is attestable until the 19th century. It indirectly lingers in the umlautless present forms, as against obsolete du rüfst, er rüft. (Lack of umlaut on rounded diphthong before labial is regular in Upper German, but it has only established itself here, not in laufen and saufen.) Etymology templates: {{inh|de|gmh|ruofen}} Middle High German ruofen, {{inh|de|goh|ruofan}} Old High German ruofan, {{inh|de|gmw-pro|*hrōpan}} Proto-West Germanic *hrōpan, {{inh|de|gem-pro|*hrōpaną}} Proto-Germanic *hrōpaną, {{cog|nl|roepen}} Dutch roepen, {{cog|en|roop}} English roop, {{m+|gmh|ruofen}} Middle High German ruofen, {{m+|goh|ruofen|(h)ruofen}} Old High German (h)ruofen Head templates: {{de-verb|rufen<rief,gerufen>}} rufen (class 7 strong, third-person singular present ruft, past tense rief, past participle gerufen, auxiliary haben) Inflection templates: {{de-conj|rufen<rief,gerufen>}} Forms: ruft [present, singular, third-person], rief [past], gerufen [participle, past], haben [auxiliary], strong [table-tags], haben [auxiliary], rufen [infinitive], rufend [participle, present], gerufen [participle, past], rufe [first-person, indicative, present, singular], rufen [first-person, indicative, plural, present], rufe [first-person, singular, subjunctive, subjunctive-i], rufen [first-person, plural, subjunctive, subjunctive-i], rufst [indicative, present, second-person, singular], ruft [indicative, plural, present, second-person], rufest [second-person, singular, subjunctive, subjunctive-i], rufet [plural, second-person, subjunctive, subjunctive-i], ruft [indicative, present, singular, third-person], rufen [indicative, plural, present, third-person], rufe [singular, subjunctive, subjunctive-i, third-person], rufen [plural, subjunctive, subjunctive-i, third-person], rief [first-person, indicative, preterite, singular], riefen [first-person, indicative, plural, preterite], riefe [first-person, formal, rare, singular, subjunctive, subjunctive-ii], riefen [first-person, formal, plural, rare, subjunctive, subjunctive-ii], riefst [indicative, preterite, second-person, singular], rieft [indicative, plural, preterite, second-person], riefest [formal, rare, second-person, singular, subjunctive, subjunctive-ii], riefst [formal, rare, second-person, singular, subjunctive, subjunctive-ii], riefet [formal, plural, rare, second-person, subjunctive, subjunctive-ii], rieft [formal, plural, rare, second-person, subjunctive, subjunctive-ii], rief [indicative, preterite, singular, third-person], riefen [indicative, plural, preterite, third-person], riefe [formal, rare, singular, subjunctive, subjunctive-ii, third-person], riefen [formal, plural, rare, subjunctive, subjunctive-ii, third-person], ruf [imperative, second-person, singular], rufe [imperative, second-person, singular], ruft [imperative, plural, second-person], strong [table-tags], haben [auxiliary], habe gerufen [first-person, indicative, multiword-construction, perfect, singular], haben gerufen [first-person, indicative, multiword-construction, perfect, plural], habe gerufen [first-person, multiword-construction, perfect, singular, subjunctive], haben gerufen [first-person, multiword-construction, perfect, plural, subjunctive], hast gerufen [indicative, multiword-construction, perfect, second-person, singular], habt gerufen [indicative, multiword-construction, perfect, plural, second-person], habest gerufen [multiword-construction, perfect, second-person, singular, subjunctive], habet gerufen [multiword-construction, perfect, plural, second-person, subjunctive], hat gerufen [indicative, multiword-construction, perfect, singular, third-person], haben gerufen [indicative, multiword-construction, perfect, plural, third-person], habe gerufen [multiword-construction, perfect, singular, subjunctive, third-person], haben gerufen [multiword-construction, perfect, plural, subjunctive, third-person], hatte gerufen [first-person, indicative, multiword-construction, pluperfect, singular], hatten gerufen [first-person, indicative, multiword-construction, pluperfect, plural], hätte gerufen [first-person, multiword-construction, pluperfect, singular, subjunctive], hätten gerufen [first-person, multiword-construction, pluperfect, plural, subjunctive], hattest gerufen [indicative, multiword-construction, pluperfect, second-person, singular], hattet gerufen [indicative, multiword-construction, pluperfect, plural, second-person], hättest gerufen [multiword-construction, pluperfect, second-person, singular, subjunctive], hättet gerufen [multiword-construction, pluperfect, plural, second-person, subjunctive], hatte gerufen [indicative, multiword-construction, pluperfect, singular, third-person], hatten gerufen [indicative, multiword-construction, pluperfect, plural, third-person], hätte gerufen [multiword-construction, pluperfect, singular, subjunctive, third-person], hätten gerufen [multiword-construction, pluperfect, plural, subjunctive, third-person], rufen werden [future, future-i, infinitive, multiword-construction], werde rufen [first-person, future, future-i, multiword-construction, singular, subjunctive, subjunctive-i], werden rufen [first-person, future, future-i, multiword-construction, plural, subjunctive, subjunctive-i], werdest rufen [future, future-i, multiword-construction, second-person, singular, subjunctive, subjunctive-i], werdet rufen [future, future-i, multiword-construction, plural, second-person, subjunctive, subjunctive-i], werde rufen [future, future-i, multiword-construction, singular, subjunctive, subjunctive-i, third-person], werden rufen [future, future-i, multiword-construction, plural, subjunctive, subjunctive-i, third-person], werde rufen [first-person, future, future-i, indicative, multiword-construction, singular], werden rufen [first-person, future, future-i, indicative, multiword-construction, plural], würde rufen [first-person, future, future-i, multiword-construction, singular, subjunctive, subjunctive-ii], würden rufen [first-person, future, future-i, multiword-construction, plural, subjunctive, subjunctive-ii], wirst rufen [future, future-i, indicative, multiword-construction, second-person, singular], werdet rufen [future, future-i, indicative, multiword-construction, plural, second-person], würdest rufen [future, future-i, multiword-construction, second-person, singular, subjunctive, subjunctive-ii], würdet rufen [future, future-i, multiword-construction, plural, second-person, subjunctive, subjunctive-ii], wird rufen [future, future-i, indicative, multiword-construction, singular, third-person], werden rufen [future, future-i, indicative, multiword-construction, plural, third-person], würde rufen [future, future-i, multiword-construction, singular, subjunctive, subjunctive-ii, third-person], würden rufen [future, future-i, multiword-construction, plural, subjunctive, subjunctive-ii, third-person], gerufen haben werden [future, future-ii, infinitive, multiword-construction], werde gerufen haben [first-person, future, future-ii, multiword-construction, singular, subjunctive, subjunctive-i], werden gerufen haben [first-person, future, future-ii, multiword-construction, plural, subjunctive, subjunctive-i], werdest gerufen haben [future, future-ii, multiword-construction, second-person, singular, subjunctive, subjunctive-i], werdet gerufen haben [future, future-ii, multiword-construction, plural, second-person, subjunctive, subjunctive-i], werde gerufen haben [future, future-ii, multiword-construction, singular, subjunctive, subjunctive-i, third-person], werden gerufen haben [future, future-ii, multiword-construction, plural, subjunctive, subjunctive-i, third-person], werde gerufen haben [first-person, future, future-ii, indicative, multiword-construction, singular], werden gerufen haben [first-person, future, future-ii, indicative, multiword-construction, plural], würde gerufen haben [first-person, future, future-ii, multiword-construction, singular, subjunctive, subjunctive-ii], würden gerufen haben [first-person, future, future-ii, multiword-construction, plural, subjunctive, subjunctive-ii], wirst gerufen haben [future, future-ii, indicative, multiword-construction, second-person, singular], werdet gerufen haben [future, future-ii, indicative, multiword-construction, plural, second-person], würdest gerufen haben [future, future-ii, multiword-construction, second-person, singular, subjunctive, subjunctive-ii], würdet gerufen haben [future, future-ii, multiword-construction, plural, second-person, subjunctive, subjunctive-ii], wird gerufen haben [future, future-ii, indicative, multiword-construction, singular, third-person], werden gerufen haben [future, future-ii, indicative, multiword-construction, plural, third-person], würde gerufen haben [future, future-ii, multiword-construction, singular, subjunctive, subjunctive-ii, third-person], würden gerufen haben [future, future-ii, multiword-construction, plural, subjunctive, subjunctive-ii, third-person]

Inflected forms

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{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "abrufen"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "anrufen"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "aufrufen"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "ausrufen"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "berufen"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "herbeirufen"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "hervorrufen"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "widerrufen"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "zurückrufen"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "gmh",
        "3": "ruofen"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle High German ruofen",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "goh",
        "3": "ruofan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old High German ruofan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*hrōpan"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *hrōpan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*hrōpaną"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hrōpaną",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "roepen"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch roepen",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "roop"
      },
      "expansion": "English roop",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmh",
        "2": "ruofen"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle High German ruofen",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "ruofen",
        "3": "(h)ruofen"
      },
      "expansion": "Old High German (h)ruofen",
      "name": "m+"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle High German ruofen, from Old High German ruofan, hruofan, from Proto-West Germanic *hrōpan, from Proto-Germanic *hrōpaną. Cognate with Dutch roepen, English roop, which see. Alongside there existed a weak Middle High German ruofen, from Old High German (h)ruofen. Weak conjugation is attestable until the 19th century. It indirectly lingers in the umlautless present forms, as against obsolete du rüfst, er rüft. (Lack of umlaut on rounded diphthong before labial is regular in Upper German, but it has only established itself here, not in laufen and saufen.)",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "ruft",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rief",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gerufen",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haben",
      "tags": [
        "auxiliary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "strong",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "de-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "7 strong",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "auxiliary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rufend",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rufe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rufe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-i"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-i"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rufst",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruft",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rufest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-i"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rufet",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-i"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruft",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rufe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-i",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-i",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rief",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "preterite",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "riefen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "preterite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "riefe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "formal",
        "rare",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "riefen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "formal",
        "plural",
        "rare",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "riefst",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "preterite",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rieft",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "preterite",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "riefest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "rare",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "riefst",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "rare",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "riefet",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "plural",
        "rare",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rieft",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "plural",
        "rare",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rief",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "preterite",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "riefen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "preterite",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "riefe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "rare",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "riefen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "plural",
        "rare",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruf",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rufe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruft",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "strong",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "de-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "7 strong",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "auxiliary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "habe gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haben gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "habe gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haben gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hast gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "habt gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "habest gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "habet gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hat gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haben gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "habe gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haben gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hatte gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hatten gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hätte gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hätten gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hattest gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hattet gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hättest gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hättet gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hatte gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hatten gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hätte gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hätten gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rufen werden",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "infinitive",
        "multiword-construction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werde rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "multiword-construction",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-i"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werden rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-i"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werdest rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "multiword-construction",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-i"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werdet rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-i"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werde rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "multiword-construction",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-i",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werden rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-i",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werde rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werden rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "würde rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "multiword-construction",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "würden rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wirst rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werdet rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "würdest rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "multiword-construction",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "würdet rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wird rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werden rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "würde rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "multiword-construction",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "würden rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gerufen haben werden",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "infinitive",
        "multiword-construction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werde gerufen haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "multiword-construction",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-i"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werden gerufen haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-i"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werdest gerufen haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "multiword-construction",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-i"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werdet gerufen haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-i"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werde gerufen haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "multiword-construction",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-i",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werden gerufen haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-i",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werde gerufen haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werden gerufen haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "würde gerufen haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "multiword-construction",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "würden gerufen haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wirst gerufen haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werdet gerufen haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "würdest gerufen haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "multiword-construction",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "würdet gerufen haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wird gerufen haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werden gerufen haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "würde gerufen haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "multiword-construction",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "würden gerufen haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii",
        "third-person"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "rufen<rief,gerufen>"
      },
      "expansion": "rufen (class 7 strong, third-person singular present ruft, past tense rief, past participle gerufen, auxiliary haben)",
      "name": "de-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "rufen<rief,gerufen>"
      },
      "name": "de-conj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "German",
  "lang_code": "de",
  "pos": "verb",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "Ruf"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "antonyms": [
        {
          "word": "flüstern"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "33 23 14 17 14",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "German verbs using haben as auxiliary",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "to cry for help",
          "text": "um Hilfe rufen",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to call out; to shout; to cry; to shriek"
      ],
      "id": "en-rufen-de-verb-smGS7tWf",
      "links": [
        [
          "call",
          "call"
        ],
        [
          "shout",
          "shout"
        ],
        [
          "cry",
          "cry"
        ],
        [
          "shriek",
          "shriek"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) to call out; to shout; to cry; to shriek"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "schreien"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "class-7",
        "intransitive",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "glosses": [
        "to call for, to request the presence of"
      ],
      "id": "en-rufen-de-verb-4IBspzeo",
      "info_templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "de",
            "2": ":nach(dat)<someone/something>"
          },
          "expansion": "[with nach (+ dative) ‘someone/something’]",
          "extra_data": {
            "words": [
              "nach",
              "(+",
              "dative)",
              "‘someone/something’"
            ]
          },
          "name": "+obj"
        }
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "call for",
          "call for"
        ],
        [
          "request",
          "request"
        ],
        [
          "presence",
          "presence"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) to call for, to request the presence of [with nach (+ dative) ‘someone/something’]"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "class-7",
        "intransitive",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "antonyms": [
        {
          "word": "flüstern"
        },
        {
          "word": "schweigen"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [],
      "glosses": [
        "to call (something) out"
      ],
      "id": "en-rufen-de-verb-bzEoanYu",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive) to call (something) out"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "äußern"
        },
        {
          "word": "schreien"
        },
        {
          "word": "verkünden"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "class-7",
        "strong",
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "antonyms": [
        {
          "word": "befehlen"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "23 14 5 54 5",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "German entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "27 17 8 39 8",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "17 9 5 64 5",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "to ask someone to answer",
          "text": "jemandem zu antworten rufen",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to ask, to call for"
      ],
      "id": "en-rufen-de-verb-zrhtU4X5",
      "info_templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "de",
            "2": "dat<someone> + :zu(inf)<to do something>"
          },
          "expansion": "[with dative ‘someone’ and zu (+ infinitive) ‘to do something’]",
          "extra_data": {
            "words": [
              "dative",
              "‘someone’",
              "and",
              "zu",
              "(+",
              "infinitive)",
              "‘to",
              "do",
              "something’"
            ]
          },
          "name": "+obj"
        }
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "ask",
          "ask"
        ],
        [
          "call for",
          "call for"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "to ask, to call for [with dative ‘someone’ and zu (+ infinitive) ‘to do something’]"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "bitten"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "class-7",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "glosses": [
        "to call (someone), e.g. by telephone"
      ],
      "id": "en-rufen-de-verb-5Vmfw7gC",
      "links": [
        [
          "call",
          "call"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive) to call (someone), e.g. by telephone"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "class-7",
        "strong",
        "transitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈʁuːfən/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "De-rufen.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/De-rufen.ogg/De-rufen.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/De-rufen.ogg"
    },
    {
      "audio": "De-at-rufen.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/De-at-rufen.ogg/De-at-rufen.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/De-at-rufen.ogg"
    }
  ],
  "word": "rufen"
}

[Show JSON for raw wiktextract data ▼] [Hide JSON for raw wiktextract data ▲]

{
  "categories": [
    "German class 7 strong verbs",
    "German entries with incorrect language header",
    "German lemmas",
    "German strong verbs",
    "German terms derived from Middle High German",
    "German terms derived from Old High German",
    "German terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "German terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
    "German terms inherited from Middle High German",
    "German terms inherited from Old High German",
    "German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "German terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
    "German verbs",
    "German verbs using haben as auxiliary",
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "abrufen"
    },
    {
      "word": "anrufen"
    },
    {
      "word": "aufrufen"
    },
    {
      "word": "ausrufen"
    },
    {
      "word": "berufen"
    },
    {
      "word": "herbeirufen"
    },
    {
      "word": "hervorrufen"
    },
    {
      "word": "widerrufen"
    },
    {
      "word": "zurückrufen"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "gmh",
        "3": "ruofen"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle High German ruofen",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "goh",
        "3": "ruofan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old High German ruofan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*hrōpan"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *hrōpan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*hrōpaną"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hrōpaną",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "roepen"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch roepen",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "roop"
      },
      "expansion": "English roop",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmh",
        "2": "ruofen"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle High German ruofen",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "ruofen",
        "3": "(h)ruofen"
      },
      "expansion": "Old High German (h)ruofen",
      "name": "m+"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle High German ruofen, from Old High German ruofan, hruofan, from Proto-West Germanic *hrōpan, from Proto-Germanic *hrōpaną. Cognate with Dutch roepen, English roop, which see. Alongside there existed a weak Middle High German ruofen, from Old High German (h)ruofen. Weak conjugation is attestable until the 19th century. It indirectly lingers in the umlautless present forms, as against obsolete du rüfst, er rüft. (Lack of umlaut on rounded diphthong before labial is regular in Upper German, but it has only established itself here, not in laufen and saufen.)",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "ruft",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rief",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gerufen",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haben",
      "tags": [
        "auxiliary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "strong",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "de-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "7 strong",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "auxiliary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rufend",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rufe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rufe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-i"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-i"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rufst",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruft",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rufest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-i"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rufet",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-i"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruft",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rufe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-i",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-i",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rief",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "preterite",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "riefen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "preterite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "riefe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "formal",
        "rare",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "riefen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "formal",
        "plural",
        "rare",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "riefst",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "preterite",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rieft",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "preterite",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "riefest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "rare",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "riefst",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "rare",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "riefet",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "plural",
        "rare",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rieft",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "plural",
        "rare",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rief",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "preterite",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "riefen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "preterite",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "riefe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "rare",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "riefen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "plural",
        "rare",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruf",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rufe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruft",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "strong",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "de-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "7 strong",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "auxiliary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "habe gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haben gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "habe gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haben gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hast gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "habt gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "habest gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "habet gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hat gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haben gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "habe gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haben gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hatte gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hatten gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hätte gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hätten gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hattest gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hattet gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hättest gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hättet gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hatte gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hatten gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hätte gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hätten gerufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rufen werden",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "infinitive",
        "multiword-construction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werde rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "multiword-construction",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-i"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werden rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-i"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werdest rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "multiword-construction",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-i"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werdet rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-i"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werde rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "multiword-construction",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-i",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werden rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-i",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werde rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werden rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "würde rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "multiword-construction",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "würden rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wirst rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werdet rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "würdest rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "multiword-construction",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "würdet rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wird rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werden rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "würde rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "multiword-construction",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "würden rufen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-i",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gerufen haben werden",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "infinitive",
        "multiword-construction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werde gerufen haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "multiword-construction",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-i"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werden gerufen haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-i"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werdest gerufen haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "multiword-construction",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-i"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werdet gerufen haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-i"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werde gerufen haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "multiword-construction",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-i",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werden gerufen haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-i",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werde gerufen haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werden gerufen haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "würde gerufen haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "multiword-construction",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "würden gerufen haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wirst gerufen haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werdet gerufen haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "würdest gerufen haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "multiword-construction",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "würdet gerufen haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wird gerufen haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "werden gerufen haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "würde gerufen haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "multiword-construction",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "würden gerufen haben",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "future-ii",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "subjunctive-ii",
        "third-person"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "rufen<rief,gerufen>"
      },
      "expansion": "rufen (class 7 strong, third-person singular present ruft, past tense rief, past participle gerufen, auxiliary haben)",
      "name": "de-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "rufen<rief,gerufen>"
      },
      "name": "de-conj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "German",
  "lang_code": "de",
  "pos": "verb",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "Ruf"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "antonyms": [
        {
          "word": "flüstern"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        "German intransitive verbs",
        "German terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "to cry for help",
          "text": "um Hilfe rufen",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to call out; to shout; to cry; to shriek"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "call",
          "call"
        ],
        [
          "shout",
          "shout"
        ],
        [
          "cry",
          "cry"
        ],
        [
          "shriek",
          "shriek"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) to call out; to shout; to cry; to shriek"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "schreien"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "class-7",
        "intransitive",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "German intransitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to call for, to request the presence of"
      ],
      "info_templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "de",
            "2": ":nach(dat)<someone/something>"
          },
          "expansion": "[with nach (+ dative) ‘someone/something’]",
          "extra_data": {
            "words": [
              "nach",
              "(+",
              "dative)",
              "‘someone/something’"
            ]
          },
          "name": "+obj"
        }
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "call for",
          "call for"
        ],
        [
          "request",
          "request"
        ],
        [
          "presence",
          "presence"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) to call for, to request the presence of [with nach (+ dative) ‘someone/something’]"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "class-7",
        "intransitive",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "antonyms": [
        {
          "word": "flüstern"
        },
        {
          "word": "schweigen"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        "German transitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to call (something) out"
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive) to call (something) out"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "äußern"
        },
        {
          "word": "schreien"
        },
        {
          "word": "verkünden"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "class-7",
        "strong",
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "antonyms": [
        {
          "word": "befehlen"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        "German terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "to ask someone to answer",
          "text": "jemandem zu antworten rufen",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to ask, to call for"
      ],
      "info_templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "de",
            "2": "dat<someone> + :zu(inf)<to do something>"
          },
          "expansion": "[with dative ‘someone’ and zu (+ infinitive) ‘to do something’]",
          "extra_data": {
            "words": [
              "dative",
              "‘someone’",
              "and",
              "zu",
              "(+",
              "infinitive)",
              "‘to",
              "do",
              "something’"
            ]
          },
          "name": "+obj"
        }
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "ask",
          "ask"
        ],
        [
          "call for",
          "call for"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "to ask, to call for [with dative ‘someone’ and zu (+ infinitive) ‘to do something’]"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "bitten"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "class-7",
        "strong"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "German transitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to call (someone), e.g. by telephone"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "call",
          "call"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive) to call (someone), e.g. by telephone"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "class-7",
        "strong",
        "transitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈʁuːfən/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "De-rufen.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/De-rufen.ogg/De-rufen.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/De-rufen.ogg"
    },
    {
      "audio": "De-at-rufen.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/De-at-rufen.ogg/De-at-rufen.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/De-at-rufen.ogg"
    }
  ],
  "word": "rufen"
}

"rufen" meaning in German

Verb

Inflected forms