"vulcanize" meaning in English

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  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "devulcanize"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "vulcanisation"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "vulcanization"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "vulcanized fiber"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "vulcanizer"
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      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":af",
        "3": "Vulcan",
        "4": "-ize",
        "text": "+",
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      "expansion": "Etymology tree\nEnglish Vulcan\nProto-Indo-European *-id-\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-idyéti\nProto-Hellenic *-íďďō\nAncient Greek -ῐ́ζω (-ĭ́zō)bor.\nLate Latin -izōder.\nMiddle French -iserbor.\nMiddle English -isen\nEnglish -ize\nEnglish vulcanize\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"verbal\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-id-\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yéti\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-idyéti\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*-íďďō\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-ῐ́ζω\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Late Latin\", \"term\" : \"-izō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la-lat\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle French\", \"term\" : \"-iser\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"frm\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-isen\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"-ize\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"vulcanize\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"vulcanize\">\nFrom Vulcan + -ize.",
      "name": "ety"
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  "etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nEnglish Vulcan\nProto-Indo-European *-id-\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-idyéti\nProto-Hellenic *-íďďō\nAncient Greek -ῐ́ζω (-ĭ́zō)bor.\nLate Latin -izōder.\nMiddle French -iserbor.\nMiddle English -isen\nEnglish -ize\nEnglish vulcanize\nFrom Vulcan + -ize.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "vulcanizes",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vulcanizing",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vulcanized",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vulcanized",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vulcanise",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
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  ],
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  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "verb",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "vulcanicity"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "vulcanite"
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      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "vulcanology"
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      "_dis1": "0 0",
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          "ref": "2015 February 25, Kevin McElvaney, “Inside Indonesia's Ijen Volcano”, in The Atlantic, archived from the original on 06 Mar 2016:",
          "text": "Local workers hike up the side of the mountain and down into the crater at the top to harvest its sulfur—a byproduct of the gas that escapes from the volcano’s vents and collects near the shores of an acidic lake at the crater’s center. The chemical is used in industry worldwide, from making matchsticks to vulcanizing rubber, but Ijen’s sulfur goes mostly to local factories, which use it to bleach sugar.",
          "type": "quotation"
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      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To treat rubber with heat and (usually) sulfur to harden it and make it more durable."
      ],
      "id": "en-vulcanize-en-verb-rTRAFv9T",
      "links": [
        [
          "rubber",
          "rubber"
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        [
          "heat",
          "heat"
        ],
        [
          "sulfur",
          "sulfur"
        ],
        [
          "durable",
          "durable"
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      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive) To treat rubber with heat and (usually) sulfur to harden it and make it more durable."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "transitive"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "97 3",
          "code": "ar",
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "lang_code": "ar",
          "roman": "barkana",
          "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
          "word": "بَرْكَنَ"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "97 3",
          "code": "ar",
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "lang_code": "ar",
          "roman": "falkana",
          "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
          "word": "فَلْكَنَ"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "97 3",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "lang_code": "bg",
          "roman": "vulkaniziram",
          "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
          "word": "вулканизирам"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "97 3",
          "code": "ca",
          "lang": "Catalan",
          "lang_code": "ca",
          "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
          "word": "vulcanitzar"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "97 3",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "lang_code": "cmn",
          "roman": "liúhuà",
          "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
          "word": "硫化"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "97 3",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "lang_code": "nl",
          "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
          "word": "vulkaniseren"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "97 3",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "lang_code": "fi",
          "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
          "word": "vulkanoida"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "97 3",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "lang_code": "fr",
          "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
          "word": "vulcaniser"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "97 3",
          "code": "gl",
          "lang": "Galician",
          "lang_code": "gl",
          "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
          "word": "vulcanizar"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "97 3",
          "code": "ka",
          "lang": "Georgian",
          "lang_code": "ka",
          "roman": "vulḳanizireba",
          "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
          "word": "ვულკანიზირება"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "97 3",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "lang_code": "de",
          "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
          "word": "vulkanisieren"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "97 3",
          "code": "io",
          "lang": "Ido",
          "lang_code": "io",
          "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
          "word": "vulkanizar"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "97 3",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "lang_code": "it",
          "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
          "word": "vulcanizzare"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "97 3",
          "alt": "かりゅうする",
          "code": "ja",
          "lang": "Japanese",
          "lang_code": "ja",
          "roman": "karyū suru",
          "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
          "word": "加硫する"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "97 3",
          "code": "mk",
          "lang": "Macedonian",
          "lang_code": "mk",
          "roman": "vulkanizíra",
          "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
          "word": "вулканизи́ра"
        },
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          "_dis1": "97 3",
          "code": "gv",
          "lang": "Manx",
          "lang_code": "gv",
          "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
          "word": "vulcaanee"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "97 3",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "lang_code": "pt",
          "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
          "word": "vulcanizar"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "97 3",
          "code": "ro",
          "lang": "Romanian",
          "lang_code": "ro",
          "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "vulcaniza"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "97 3",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "lang_code": "ru",
          "roman": "vulkanizírovatʹ",
          "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
          "tags": [
            "imperfective",
            "perfective"
          ],
          "word": "вулканизи́ровать"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "97 3",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "lang_code": "ru",
          "roman": "vulkanizovátʹ",
          "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
          "tags": [
            "imperfective",
            "perfective"
          ],
          "word": "вулканизова́ть"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "97 3",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "lang_code": "es",
          "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
          "word": "vulcanizar"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "97 3",
          "code": "vi",
          "lang": "Vietnamese",
          "lang_code": "vi",
          "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
          "word": "lưu hóa"
        }
      ]
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          "ref": "1976 September, Saul Bellow, Humboldt’s Gift, New York, N.Y.: Avon Books, →ISBN, page 404:",
          "text": "These vulcanized hearts, they only become more resistant when you ask for mercy.",
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          "ref": "2012, Theodore Rochow, Resinography:",
          "text": "Natural rubber […] vulcanizes readily at the double bonds to give a strong cross-linked structure.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To undergo such treatment."
      ],
      "id": "en-vulcanize-en-verb-5UQ62cNQ",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) To undergo such treatment."
      ],
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  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈvʌl.kə.naɪz/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-au-vulcanize.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/38/En-au-vulcanize.ogg/En-au-vulcanize.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/En-au-vulcanize.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "Australia"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "vulcanize"
}

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        "tree": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Etymology tree\nEnglish Vulcan\nProto-Indo-European *-id-\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-idyéti\nProto-Hellenic *-íďďō\nAncient Greek -ῐ́ζω (-ĭ́zō)bor.\nLate Latin -izōder.\nMiddle French -iserbor.\nMiddle English -isen\nEnglish -ize\nEnglish vulcanize\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"verbal\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-id-\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yéti\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-idyéti\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*-íďďō\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-ῐ́ζω\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Late Latin\", \"term\" : \"-izō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la-lat\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle French\", \"term\" : \"-iser\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"frm\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-isen\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"-ize\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"vulcanize\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"vulcanize\">\nFrom Vulcan + -ize.",
      "name": "ety"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nEnglish Vulcan\nProto-Indo-European *-id-\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-idyéti\nProto-Hellenic *-íďďō\nAncient Greek -ῐ́ζω (-ĭ́zō)bor.\nLate Latin -izōder.\nMiddle French -iserbor.\nMiddle English -isen\nEnglish -ize\nEnglish vulcanize\nFrom Vulcan + -ize.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "vulcanizes",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vulcanizing",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vulcanized",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vulcanized",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vulcanise",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "vulcanize (third-person singular simple present vulcanizes, present participle vulcanizing, simple past and past participle vulcanized)",
      "name": "en-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "verb",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "vulcanicity"
    },
    {
      "word": "vulcanite"
    },
    {
      "word": "vulcanology"
    },
    {
      "word": "Vulcan"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations",
        "English transitive verbs"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              308,
              319
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "2015 February 25, Kevin McElvaney, “Inside Indonesia's Ijen Volcano”, in The Atlantic, archived from the original on 06 Mar 2016:",
          "text": "Local workers hike up the side of the mountain and down into the crater at the top to harvest its sulfur—a byproduct of the gas that escapes from the volcano’s vents and collects near the shores of an acidic lake at the crater’s center. The chemical is used in industry worldwide, from making matchsticks to vulcanizing rubber, but Ijen’s sulfur goes mostly to local factories, which use it to bleach sugar.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To treat rubber with heat and (usually) sulfur to harden it and make it more durable."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "rubber",
          "rubber"
        ],
        [
          "heat",
          "heat"
        ],
        [
          "sulfur",
          "sulfur"
        ],
        [
          "durable",
          "durable"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive) To treat rubber with heat and (usually) sulfur to harden it and make it more durable."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English intransitive verbs",
        "English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              6,
              16
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "1976 September, Saul Bellow, Humboldt’s Gift, New York, N.Y.: Avon Books, →ISBN, page 404:",
          "text": "These vulcanized hearts, they only become more resistant when you ask for mercy.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              19,
              29
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "2012, Theodore Rochow, Resinography:",
          "text": "Natural rubber […] vulcanizes readily at the double bonds to give a strong cross-linked structure.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To undergo such treatment."
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) To undergo such treatment."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈvʌl.kə.naɪz/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-au-vulcanize.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/38/En-au-vulcanize.ogg/En-au-vulcanize.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/En-au-vulcanize.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "Australia"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "ar",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "lang_code": "ar",
      "roman": "barkana",
      "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
      "word": "بَرْكَنَ"
    },
    {
      "code": "ar",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "lang_code": "ar",
      "roman": "falkana",
      "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
      "word": "فَلْكَنَ"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "lang_code": "bg",
      "roman": "vulkaniziram",
      "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
      "word": "вулканизирам"
    },
    {
      "code": "ca",
      "lang": "Catalan",
      "lang_code": "ca",
      "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
      "word": "vulcanitzar"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "lang_code": "cmn",
      "roman": "liúhuà",
      "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
      "word": "硫化"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "lang_code": "nl",
      "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
      "word": "vulkaniseren"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "lang_code": "fi",
      "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
      "word": "vulkanoida"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "lang_code": "fr",
      "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
      "word": "vulcaniser"
    },
    {
      "code": "gl",
      "lang": "Galician",
      "lang_code": "gl",
      "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
      "word": "vulcanizar"
    },
    {
      "code": "ka",
      "lang": "Georgian",
      "lang_code": "ka",
      "roman": "vulḳanizireba",
      "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
      "word": "ვულკანიზირება"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "lang_code": "de",
      "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
      "word": "vulkanisieren"
    },
    {
      "code": "io",
      "lang": "Ido",
      "lang_code": "io",
      "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
      "word": "vulkanizar"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "lang_code": "it",
      "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
      "word": "vulcanizzare"
    },
    {
      "alt": "かりゅうする",
      "code": "ja",
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "lang_code": "ja",
      "roman": "karyū suru",
      "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
      "word": "加硫する"
    },
    {
      "code": "mk",
      "lang": "Macedonian",
      "lang_code": "mk",
      "roman": "vulkanizíra",
      "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
      "word": "вулканизи́ра"
    },
    {
      "code": "gv",
      "lang": "Manx",
      "lang_code": "gv",
      "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
      "word": "vulcaanee"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "lang_code": "pt",
      "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
      "word": "vulcanizar"
    },
    {
      "code": "ro",
      "lang": "Romanian",
      "lang_code": "ro",
      "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "vulcaniza"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "roman": "vulkanizírovatʹ",
      "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective",
        "perfective"
      ],
      "word": "вулканизи́ровать"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "roman": "vulkanizovátʹ",
      "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective",
        "perfective"
      ],
      "word": "вулканизова́ть"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "lang_code": "es",
      "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
      "word": "vulcanizar"
    },
    {
      "code": "vi",
      "lang": "Vietnamese",
      "lang_code": "vi",
      "sense": "to harden rubber with heat",
      "word": "lưu hóa"
    }
  ],
  "word": "vulcanize"
}