"troak" meaning in English

See troak in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: /tɹəʊk/ [British], /tɹoʊk/ [US] Audio: LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-troak.wav
enPR: trōk [US] Rhymes: -əʊk, -oʊk Etymology: From Scots troak, troke (“to barter, truck”), from Middle English trukken, trukien (> English truck), from Old French troquier, of Germanic origin. Compare German Trug (“deceit, trickery, deception”). More at truck. Etymology templates: {{bor|en|sco|troak}} Scots troak, {{der|en|enm|trukken}} Middle English trukken, {{cog|en|truck}} English truck, {{der|en|fro|troquier}} Old French troquier, {{uder|en|gem|-}} Germanic, {{cog|de|Trug||deceit, trickery, deception}} German Trug (“deceit, trickery, deception”) Head templates: {{en-noun|-}} troak (uncountable)
  1. (Scotland) Barter; exchange; truck. Tags: Scotland, uncountable Categories (place): Greenland, Scotland
    Sense id: en-troak-en-noun-V5exchxP Disambiguation of Greenland: 33 24 22 21 Disambiguation of Scotland: 45 18 20 18 Categories (other): Scottish English, English entries with incorrect language header, English undefined derivations, Entries with translation boxes, Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries, Terms with Arabic translations, Terms with Bulgarian translations, Terms with Dutch translations, Terms with Finnish translations, Terms with French translations, Terms with German translations, Terms with Italian translations, Terms with Spanish translations, Terms with Swedish translations Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 33 22 24 21 Disambiguation of English undefined derivations: 41 17 21 21 Disambiguation of Entries with translation boxes: 38 21 24 17 Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 39 21 22 18 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 42 21 22 16 Disambiguation of Terms with Arabic translations: 43 18 24 15 Disambiguation of Terms with Bulgarian translations: 42 17 25 16 Disambiguation of Terms with Dutch translations: 47 16 22 15 Disambiguation of Terms with Finnish translations: 43 17 25 15 Disambiguation of Terms with French translations: 45 17 22 16 Disambiguation of Terms with German translations: 44 18 22 16 Disambiguation of Terms with Italian translations: 47 17 21 15 Disambiguation of Terms with Spanish translations: 49 17 20 14 Disambiguation of Terms with Swedish translations: 42 18 25 15
  2. (Scotland) Small wares. Tags: Scotland, uncountable
    Sense id: en-troak-en-noun-hrj4dvzI Categories (other): Scottish English
  3. (Scotland) Familiar intercourse. Tags: Scotland, uncountable
    Sense id: en-troak-en-noun-TUmT3sKI Categories (other): Scottish English
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: troke

Verb

IPA: /tɹəʊk/ [British], /tɹoʊk/ [US] Audio: LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-troak.wav Forms: troaks [present, singular, third-person], troaking [participle, present], troaked [participle, past], troaked [past]
enPR: trōk [US] Rhymes: -əʊk, -oʊk Etymology: From Scots troak, troke (“to barter, truck”), from Middle English trukken, trukien (> English truck), from Old French troquier, of Germanic origin. Compare German Trug (“deceit, trickery, deception”). More at truck. Etymology templates: {{bor|en|sco|troak}} Scots troak, {{der|en|enm|trukken}} Middle English trukken, {{cog|en|truck}} English truck, {{der|en|fro|troquier}} Old French troquier, {{uder|en|gem|-}} Germanic, {{cog|de|Trug||deceit, trickery, deception}} German Trug (“deceit, trickery, deception”) Head templates: {{en-verb}} troak (third-person singular simple present troaks, present participle troaking, simple past and past participle troaked)
  1. (Scotland) To barter or trade, especially outside a government monopoly. Tags: Scotland Synonyms (barter, trade): swap, swop Translations (exchange goods or services without involving money): قايض (Arabic), разменям (razmenjam) (Bulgarian), правя бартер (english: pravja barter) (Bulgarian), ruilen (Dutch), tehdä vaihtokauppa (Finnish), vaihtaa (Finnish), troquer (French), tauschen (German), barattare (Italian), trocar (Spanish), idka byteshandel (Swedish)
    Sense id: en-troak-en-verb--2d3X~5X Categories (other): Scottish English, Whaling Disambiguation of Whaling: 33 5 20 41
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: troke

Inflected forms

Alternative forms

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      "args": {
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        "2": "sco",
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      "expansion": "Scots troak",
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      "args": {
        "1": "en",
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      "expansion": "Middle English trukken",
      "name": "der"
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      "name": "cog"
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      "expansion": "Old French troquier",
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        "3": "",
        "4": "deceit, trickery, deception"
      },
      "expansion": "German Trug (“deceit, trickery, deception”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Scots troak, troke (“to barter, truck”), from Middle English trukken, trukien (> English truck), from Old French troquier, of Germanic origin. Compare German Trug (“deceit, trickery, deception”). More at truck.",
  "forms": [
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      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
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    },
    {
      "form": "troaking",
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        "participle",
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      "form": "troaked",
      "tags": [
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  "pos": "verb",
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          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Scottish English",
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          "_dis": "33 5 20 41",
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          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
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      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1885 January 15, anonymous author, “A REMARKABLE WELL”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name), Waikato Times, page 3:",
          "text": "The trade of Greenland is a strict monopoly of the Danish Government, and accordingly the Government puts a cheek upon any trading or fishing within a certain distance of the coast. It does not, however, prohibit the sale of small articles not used in their trade, here commences a curious traffic with the natives, known to the Scottish whalers under the name of \"troaking\".",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1755 May 9, Allan Ramsay, Blyth may he be wha o'er the haugh, The Edinburgh magazine, or Literary miscellany, published 1787 January 31, page 40:",
          "text": "For living are obliged to rub thro' / To fend by troaking, buying, selling, / The profit's aft no worth the telling.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To barter or trade, especially outside a government monopoly."
      ],
      "id": "en-troak-en-verb--2d3X~5X",
      "links": [
        [
          "barter",
          "barter"
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        [
          "trade",
          "trade"
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      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Scotland) To barter or trade, especially outside a government monopoly."
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "sense": "barter, trade",
          "word": "swap"
        },
        {
          "sense": "barter, trade",
          "word": "swop"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Scotland"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "code": "ar",
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
          "word": "قايض"
        },
        {
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "razmenjam",
          "sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
          "word": "разменям"
        },
        {
          "code": "bg",
          "english": "pravja barter",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
          "word": "правя бартер"
        },
        {
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
          "word": "ruilen"
        },
        {
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
          "word": "tehdä vaihtokauppa"
        },
        {
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
          "word": "vaihtaa"
        },
        {
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
          "word": "troquer"
        },
        {
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
          "word": "tauschen"
        },
        {
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
          "word": "barattare"
        },
        {
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
          "word": "trocar"
        },
        {
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
          "word": "idka byteshandel"
        }
      ]
    }
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      "tags": [
        "British"
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      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-troak.wav",
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    },
    {
      "enpr": "trōk",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ]
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      "ipa": "/tɹoʊk/",
      "tags": [
        "US"
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      "rhymes": "-əʊk"
    },
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      "rhymes": "-oʊk"
    }
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    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "troke"
    }
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  "word": "troak"
}

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      "expansion": "German Trug (“deceit, trickery, deception”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Scots troak, troke (“to barter, truck”), from Middle English trukken, trukien (> English truck), from Old French troquier, of Germanic origin. Compare German Trug (“deceit, trickery, deception”). More at truck.",
  "head_templates": [
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  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
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          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Scottish English",
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          "_dis": "33 22 24 21",
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          "_dis": "39 21 22 18",
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          "_dis": "42 21 22 16",
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          "_dis": "43 18 24 15",
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          "_dis": "47 17 21 15",
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          "source": "w+disamb"
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          "_dis": "49 17 20 14",
          "kind": "other",
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          "source": "w+disamb"
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          "_dis": "42 18 25 15",
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          "name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
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        {
          "_dis": "33 24 22 21",
          "kind": "place",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Greenland",
          "orig": "en:Greenland",
          "parents": [
            "Denmark",
            "North America",
            "Europe",
            "America",
            "Earth",
            "Eurasia",
            "Nature",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
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          "source": "w+disamb"
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          "_dis": "45 18 20 18",
          "kind": "place",
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            "British Isles",
            "Europe",
            "Islands",
            "Earth",
            "Eurasia",
            "Places",
            "Nature",
            "Names",
            "All topics",
            "Proper nouns",
            "Terms by semantic function",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nouns",
            "Lemmas"
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          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Barter; exchange; truck."
      ],
      "id": "en-troak-en-noun-V5exchxP",
      "links": [
        [
          "truck",
          "truck"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Scotland) Barter; exchange; truck."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Scotland",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
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      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Scottish English",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Small wares."
      ],
      "id": "en-troak-en-noun-hrj4dvzI",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Scotland) Small wares."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Scotland",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Scottish English",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Familiar intercourse."
      ],
      "id": "en-troak-en-noun-TUmT3sKI",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Scotland) Familiar intercourse."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Scotland",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/tɹəʊk/",
      "tags": [
        "British"
      ]
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      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-troak.wav",
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    },
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      "enpr": "trōk",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ]
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      "ipa": "/tɹoʊk/",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ]
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    {
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    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-oʊk"
    }
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      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "troke"
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  "categories": [
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    "English undefined derivations",
    "English verbs",
    "Entries with translation boxes",
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    "Terms with Dutch translations",
    "Terms with Finnish translations",
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    "Terms with German translations",
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    "Terms with Spanish translations",
    "Terms with Swedish translations",
    "en:Greenland",
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        "3": "troak"
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      "name": "bor"
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      "args": {
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      "name": "der"
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    {
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      "expansion": "English truck",
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        "1": "de",
        "2": "Trug",
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      },
      "expansion": "German Trug (“deceit, trickery, deception”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Scots troak, troke (“to barter, truck”), from Middle English trukken, trukien (> English truck), from Old French troquier, of Germanic origin. Compare German Trug (“deceit, trickery, deception”). More at truck.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "troaks",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
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    },
    {
      "form": "troaking",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
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    },
    {
      "form": "troaked",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
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    },
    {
      "form": "troaked",
      "tags": [
        "past"
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      "expansion": "troak (third-person singular simple present troaks, present participle troaking, simple past and past participle troaked)",
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  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations",
        "Scottish English"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1885 January 15, anonymous author, “A REMARKABLE WELL”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name), Waikato Times, page 3:",
          "text": "The trade of Greenland is a strict monopoly of the Danish Government, and accordingly the Government puts a cheek upon any trading or fishing within a certain distance of the coast. It does not, however, prohibit the sale of small articles not used in their trade, here commences a curious traffic with the natives, known to the Scottish whalers under the name of \"troaking\".",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1755 May 9, Allan Ramsay, Blyth may he be wha o'er the haugh, The Edinburgh magazine, or Literary miscellany, published 1787 January 31, page 40:",
          "text": "For living are obliged to rub thro' / To fend by troaking, buying, selling, / The profit's aft no worth the telling.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To barter or trade, especially outside a government monopoly."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "barter",
          "barter"
        ],
        [
          "trade",
          "trade"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Scotland) To barter or trade, especially outside a government monopoly."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Scotland"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/tɹəʊk/",
      "tags": [
        "British"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-troak.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cd/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-troak.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-troak.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cd/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-troak.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-troak.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "enpr": "trōk",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tɹoʊk/",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-əʊk"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-oʊk"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "sense": "barter, trade",
      "word": "swap"
    },
    {
      "sense": "barter, trade",
      "word": "swop"
    },
    {
      "word": "troke"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "ar",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
      "word": "قايض"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "razmenjam",
      "sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
      "word": "разменям"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "english": "pravja barter",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
      "word": "правя бартер"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
      "word": "ruilen"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
      "word": "tehdä vaihtokauppa"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
      "word": "vaihtaa"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
      "word": "troquer"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
      "word": "tauschen"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
      "word": "barattare"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
      "word": "trocar"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
      "word": "idka byteshandel"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "troak"
  ],
  "word": "troak"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English terms borrowed from Scots",
    "English terms derived from Germanic languages",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old French",
    "English terms derived from Scots",
    "English uncountable nouns",
    "English undefined derivations",
    "English verbs",
    "Entries with translation boxes",
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Rhymes:English/oʊk",
    "Rhymes:English/oʊk/1 syllable",
    "Rhymes:English/əʊk",
    "Rhymes:English/əʊk/1 syllable",
    "Terms with Arabic translations",
    "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
    "Terms with Dutch translations",
    "Terms with Finnish translations",
    "Terms with French translations",
    "Terms with German translations",
    "Terms with Italian translations",
    "Terms with Spanish translations",
    "Terms with Swedish translations",
    "en:Greenland",
    "en:Scotland",
    "en:Whaling"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "sco",
        "3": "troak"
      },
      "expansion": "Scots troak",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "trukken"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English trukken",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "truck"
      },
      "expansion": "English truck",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "troquier"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French troquier",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Germanic",
      "name": "uder"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "Trug",
        "3": "",
        "4": "deceit, trickery, deception"
      },
      "expansion": "German Trug (“deceit, trickery, deception”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Scots troak, troke (“to barter, truck”), from Middle English trukken, trukien (> English truck), from Old French troquier, of Germanic origin. Compare German Trug (“deceit, trickery, deception”). More at truck.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "troak (uncountable)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Scottish English"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Barter; exchange; truck."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "truck",
          "truck"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Scotland) Barter; exchange; truck."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Scotland",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Scottish English"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Small wares."
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Scotland) Small wares."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Scotland",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Scottish English"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Familiar intercourse."
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Scotland) Familiar intercourse."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Scotland",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/tɹəʊk/",
      "tags": [
        "British"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-troak.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cd/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-troak.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-troak.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cd/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-troak.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-troak.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "enpr": "trōk",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tɹoʊk/",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-əʊk"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-oʊk"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "troke"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "troak"
  ],
  "word": "troak"
}

Download raw JSONL data for troak meaning in English (8.5kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-11-21 using wiktextract (95d2be1 and 64224ec). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.