See troak on Wiktionary
{
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"name": "bor"
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],
"etymology_text": "From Scots troak.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "troaks",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "troaking",
"tags": [
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"present"
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},
{
"form": "troaked",
"tags": [
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"past"
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"pos": "verb",
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"categories": [
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{
"_dis": "25 16 15 31 13",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Whaling",
"orig": "en:Whaling",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1812, William Rankin, “A Friendly Hint to a Porter Brewer”, in Poems, on Different Subjects, Archibald Allardice, page 97:",
"text": "What's this for cash your tapster troaks, / That colics and affronts the fowks?",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1823, Walter Scott, Saint Ronan's Well, page 119:",
"text": "She'll not loose the letters that come to her by the King's post, and she must go on troking wi' the old carrier, as if there was no post-house in the neighbourhood.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1873 May 6, Robert Brown, “A Cruise with the Whalers in Baffin's Bay”, in Ocean Highways: The Geographical Record, volume 1, number II, N. Trübner and Co., page 51:",
"text": "The trade of Greenland is a strict monopoly of the Danish Government, and accordingly the Government puts a check upon any trading or fishing within a certain distance of the coast. It does not, however, prohibit the sale of small articles not used in their trade being sold, and accordingly, in addition to obtaining news of the ice and such-like other lore, here commences a curious traffic with the natives, well-known, to the Scottish whalers at least, under the name of \"troaking\" or bartering.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To barter or trade, especially outside a government monopoly."
],
"id": "en-troak-en-verb--2d3X~5X",
"links": [
[
"barter",
"barter"
],
[
"trade",
"trade"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Scotland) To barter or trade, especially outside a government monopoly."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"sense": "barter, trade",
"word": "swap"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"sense": "barter, trade",
"word": "swop"
}
],
"tags": [
"Scotland"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "64 36",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
"word": "قايض"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 36",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "razmenjam",
"sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
"word": "разменям"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 36",
"code": "bg",
"english": "pravja barter",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
"word": "правя бартер"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 36",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
"word": "ruilen"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 36",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
"word": "tehdä vaihtokauppa"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 36",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
"word": "vaihtaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 36",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
"word": "troquer"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 36",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
"word": "tauschen"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 36",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
"word": "barattare"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 36",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
"word": "trocar"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 36",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
"word": "idka byteshandel"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Scottish English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1901, J. H. Balfour Browne, “‘Roaring Games’”, in Essays in Paradox, Longmans, Green & Co., page 152:",
"text": "In those days, when Prince and Adam were my heroes, I had no \"troakings\" with lassies. \"Troakings\" came afterwards, and these deserve a whole essay to themselves.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1904, S. R. Crockett, Raiderland: All About Grey Galloway, Dodd, Mead & Co., page 83:",
"text": "But as soon as we had driven these same kings and queens into exile, we became tremendously loyal, and kept up constant trokings with the exiled at Carisbrook, in Holland, or drinking to \"the king over the water.\"",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To have familiar intercourse."
],
"id": "en-troak-en-verb-dJKF3DP4",
"raw_glosses": [
"(Scotland) To have familiar intercourse."
],
"tags": [
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]
}
],
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"ipa": "/tɹəʊk/",
"tags": [
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},
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},
{
"enpr": "trōk",
"tags": [
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]
},
{
"ipa": "/tɹoʊk/",
"tags": [
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]
},
{
"rhymes": "-əʊk"
},
{
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}
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"_dis": "40 18 17 12 14",
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"glosses": [
"Barter; exchange; truck."
],
"id": "en-troak-en-noun-V5exchxP",
"links": [
[
"truck",
"truck"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Scotland) Barter; exchange; truck."
],
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"uncountable"
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{
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],
"glosses": [
"Small wares."
],
"id": "en-troak-en-noun-hrj4dvzI",
"raw_glosses": [
"(Scotland) Small wares."
],
"tags": [
"Scotland",
"uncountable"
]
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{
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{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Scottish English",
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],
"glosses": [
"Familiar intercourse."
],
"id": "en-troak-en-noun-TUmT3sKI",
"raw_glosses": [
"(Scotland) Familiar intercourse."
],
"tags": [
"Scotland",
"uncountable"
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],
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},
{
"enpr": "trōk",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tɹoʊk/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-əʊk"
},
{
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}
],
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],
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}
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"args": {
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"3": "trukken"
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"expansion": "Middle English trukken",
"name": "der"
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"args": {
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"name": "cog"
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{
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"name": "der"
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"4": "deceit, trickery, deception"
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"name": "cog"
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],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English trukken, trukien (> English truck), from Old French troquier, of Germanic origin. Compare German Trug (“deceit, trickery, deception”). More at truck.",
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{
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"tags": [
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"third-person"
]
},
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{
"ref": "1755 May 9, Allan Ramsay, Blyth may he be wha o'er the haugh, The Edinburgh Magazine; or, Literary Miscellany, published 1787 January 31, page 40:",
"text": "That chiels, fated to skelp vile dubs thro', / For living are obliged to rub thro' / To fend by troaking, buying, selling, / The profit's aft no worth the telling.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1773, Robert Ferguson, “The Election”, in Poems on Various Subjects, T. Ruddiman & Co., page 171:",
"text": "Ye lowns that troke in doctor's stuff, / You'll now hae unco slaisters.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1822, Hew Ainslie, “Pig Tibby, and the Pilgrims”, in A Pilgrimage to the Land of Burns, page 232:",
"text": "Cadging about the track-pats, pouries an' succar bowls; getting baubees for them whiles, an' whiles troaking them for auld rags, eggs, and ait meal.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
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"To barter or trade, especially outside a government monopoly."
],
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"examples": [
{
"ref": "1786 April 3, Robert Burns, “To Mr. John Kennedy”, in Allan Cunningham, editor, The Works of Robert Burns, Hilliard, Gray, & Co., published 1835, page 227:",
"text": "Now if ye're ane o' warl's folk, / Wha rate the wearer by the cloak / An' sklent on poverty their joke / Wi' bitter sneer, / Wi' you no friendship I will troke / Nor cheap nor dear.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1922, S. R. Crockett, The Raiders: Being Some Passages in the Life of John Faa, Eveleigh Nash & Grayson Ltd., page 54:",
"text": "I wad hae ye ken, Laird Heron ... that there are many decent men ... who have no trokings or comradeship with Yawkins, the Marshalls, and their like.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To have familiar intercourse."
],
"id": "en-troak-sco-verb-dJKF3DP4",
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"(Scotland) To have familiar intercourse."
],
"tags": [
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}
],
"word": "troak"
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{
"ref": "1894, Alan Reid, “In Memory of Happy Days”, in Sangs o' the Heatherland, J. & R. Parlane, page 17:",
"text": "His wreatin'-desk, 'mang ither troaks, was mine.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
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"Small wares."
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"Familiar intercourse."
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"ref": "1812, William Rankin, “A Friendly Hint to a Porter Brewer”, in Poems, on Different Subjects, Archibald Allardice, page 97:",
"text": "What's this for cash your tapster troaks, / That colics and affronts the fowks?",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1823, Walter Scott, Saint Ronan's Well, page 119:",
"text": "She'll not loose the letters that come to her by the King's post, and she must go on troking wi' the old carrier, as if there was no post-house in the neighbourhood.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1873 May 6, Robert Brown, “A Cruise with the Whalers in Baffin's Bay”, in Ocean Highways: The Geographical Record, volume 1, number II, N. Trübner and Co., page 51:",
"text": "The trade of Greenland is a strict monopoly of the Danish Government, and accordingly the Government puts a check upon any trading or fishing within a certain distance of the coast. It does not, however, prohibit the sale of small articles not used in their trade being sold, and accordingly, in addition to obtaining news of the ice and such-like other lore, here commences a curious traffic with the natives, well-known, to the Scottish whalers at least, under the name of \"troaking\" or bartering.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To barter or trade, especially outside a government monopoly."
],
"links": [
[
"barter",
"barter"
],
[
"trade",
"trade"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Scotland) To barter or trade, especially outside a government monopoly."
],
"tags": [
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"Scottish English"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1901, J. H. Balfour Browne, “‘Roaring Games’”, in Essays in Paradox, Longmans, Green & Co., page 152:",
"text": "In those days, when Prince and Adam were my heroes, I had no \"troakings\" with lassies. \"Troakings\" came afterwards, and these deserve a whole essay to themselves.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1904, S. R. Crockett, Raiderland: All About Grey Galloway, Dodd, Mead & Co., page 83:",
"text": "But as soon as we had driven these same kings and queens into exile, we became tremendously loyal, and kept up constant trokings with the exiled at Carisbrook, in Holland, or drinking to \"the king over the water.\"",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To have familiar intercourse."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Scotland) To have familiar intercourse."
],
"tags": [
"Scotland"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tɹəʊk/",
"tags": [
"British"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-troak.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cd/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-troak.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-troak.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cd/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-troak.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-troak.wav.ogg"
},
{
"enpr": "trōk",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tɹoʊk/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-əʊk"
},
{
"rhymes": "-oʊk"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "barter, trade",
"word": "swap"
},
{
"sense": "barter, trade",
"word": "swop"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
"word": "قايض"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "razmenjam",
"sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
"word": "разменям"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"english": "pravja barter",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
"word": "правя бартер"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
"word": "ruilen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
"word": "tehdä vaihtokauppa"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
"word": "vaihtaa"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
"word": "troquer"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
"word": "tauschen"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
"word": "barattare"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
"word": "trocar"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "exchange goods or services without involving money",
"word": "idka byteshandel"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"troak"
],
"word": "troak"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Scots",
"English terms derived from Scots",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/oʊk",
"Rhymes:English/oʊk/1 syllable",
"Rhymes:English/əʊk",
"Rhymes:English/əʊk/1 syllable",
"Terms with Arabic translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"en:Greenland",
"en:Scotland",
"en:Whaling"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sco",
"3": "troak"
},
"expansion": "Scots troak",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Scots troak.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "troke",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "troak (uncountable)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Scottish English"
],
"glosses": [
"Barter; exchange; truck."
],
"links": [
[
"truck",
"truck"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Scotland) Barter; exchange; truck."
],
"tags": [
"Scotland",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Scottish English"
],
"glosses": [
"Small wares."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Scotland) Small wares."
],
"tags": [
"Scotland",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Scottish English"
],
"glosses": [
"Familiar intercourse."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Scotland) Familiar intercourse."
],
"tags": [
"Scotland",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tɹəʊk/",
"tags": [
"British"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-troak.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cd/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-troak.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-troak.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cd/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-troak.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-troak.wav.ogg"
},
{
"enpr": "trōk",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tɹoʊk/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-əʊk"
},
{
"rhymes": "-oʊk"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"troak"
],
"word": "troak"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Scots entries with incorrect language header",
"Scots lemmas",
"Scots nouns",
"Scots terms derived from Germanic languages",
"Scots terms derived from Middle English",
"Scots terms derived from Old French",
"Scots uncountable nouns",
"Scots undefined derivations",
"Scots verbs"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "enm",
"3": "trukken"
},
"expansion": "Middle English trukken",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "truck"
},
"expansion": "English truck",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "fro",
"3": "troquier"
},
"expansion": "Old French troquier",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "gem",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Germanic",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Trug",
"3": "",
"4": "deceit, trickery, deception"
},
"expansion": "German Trug (“deceit, trickery, deception”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English trukken, trukien (> English truck), from Old French troquier, of Germanic origin. Compare German Trug (“deceit, trickery, deception”). More at truck.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "troaks",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "troakin",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "troakt",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "troakt",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "troke",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"10": "troakt",
"2": "verbs",
"3": "third-person singular simple present",
"4": "troaks",
"5": "present participle",
"6": "troakin",
"7": "simple past",
"8": "troakt",
"9": "past participle",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "troak (third-person singular simple present troaks, present participle troakin, simple past troakt, past participle troakt)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "troak (third-person singular simple present troaks, present participle troakin, simple past troakt, past participle troakt)",
"name": "sco-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1755 May 9, Allan Ramsay, Blyth may he be wha o'er the haugh, The Edinburgh Magazine; or, Literary Miscellany, published 1787 January 31, page 40:",
"text": "That chiels, fated to skelp vile dubs thro', / For living are obliged to rub thro' / To fend by troaking, buying, selling, / The profit's aft no worth the telling.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1773, Robert Ferguson, “The Election”, in Poems on Various Subjects, T. Ruddiman & Co., page 171:",
"text": "Ye lowns that troke in doctor's stuff, / You'll now hae unco slaisters.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1822, Hew Ainslie, “Pig Tibby, and the Pilgrims”, in A Pilgrimage to the Land of Burns, page 232:",
"text": "Cadging about the track-pats, pouries an' succar bowls; getting baubees for them whiles, an' whiles troaking them for auld rags, eggs, and ait meal.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To barter or trade, especially outside a government monopoly."
],
"links": [
[
"barter",
"barter"
],
[
"trade",
"trade"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1786 April 3, Robert Burns, “To Mr. John Kennedy”, in Allan Cunningham, editor, The Works of Robert Burns, Hilliard, Gray, & Co., published 1835, page 227:",
"text": "Now if ye're ane o' warl's folk, / Wha rate the wearer by the cloak / An' sklent on poverty their joke / Wi' bitter sneer, / Wi' you no friendship I will troke / Nor cheap nor dear.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1922, S. R. Crockett, The Raiders: Being Some Passages in the Life of John Faa, Eveleigh Nash & Grayson Ltd., page 54:",
"text": "I wad hae ye ken, Laird Heron ... that there are many decent men ... who have no trokings or comradeship with Yawkins, the Marshalls, and their like.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To have familiar intercourse."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Scotland) To have familiar intercourse."
],
"tags": [
"Scotland"
]
}
],
"word": "troak"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Scots entries with incorrect language header",
"Scots lemmas",
"Scots nouns",
"Scots terms derived from Germanic languages",
"Scots terms derived from Middle English",
"Scots terms derived from Old French",
"Scots uncountable nouns",
"Scots undefined derivations",
"Scots verbs"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "enm",
"3": "trukken"
},
"expansion": "Middle English trukken",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "truck"
},
"expansion": "English truck",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "fro",
"3": "troquier"
},
"expansion": "Old French troquier",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "gem",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Germanic",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Trug",
"3": "",
"4": "deceit, trickery, deception"
},
"expansion": "German Trug (“deceit, trickery, deception”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English trukken, trukien (> English truck), from Old French troquier, of Germanic origin. Compare German Trug (“deceit, trickery, deception”). More at truck.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "troke",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "noun",
"3": "uncountable",
"cat2": "uncountable nouns",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "troak (uncountable)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "troak (uncountable)",
"name": "sco-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Barter; exchange; truck."
],
"links": [
[
"truck",
"truck"
]
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1894, Alan Reid, “In Memory of Happy Days”, in Sangs o' the Heatherland, J. & R. Parlane, page 17:",
"text": "His wreatin'-desk, 'mang ither troaks, was mine.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Small wares."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Familiar intercourse."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"word": "troak"
}
Download raw JSONL data for troak meaning in All languages combined (13.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-04-08 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-04-03 using wiktextract (51d164f and fb63907). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.