"quixotic" meaning in English

See quixotic in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Adjective

IPA: /kwɪkˈsɒtɪk/ [Received-Pronunciation], /kwɪkˈsɑtɪk/ [US], /kwɪɡˈzɑtɪk/ [US], /kiːˈzɑtɪk/ [US], /kiˈɑtɪk/ [rare] Audio: en-us-quixotic.ogg Forms: more quixotic [comparative], most quixotic [superlative]
Rhymes: -ɒtɪk Etymology: Derived from Spanish Quixote, the surname of Don Quixote, the title character in the novel by Miguel de Cervantes, + -ic. Etymology templates: {{der|en|es|Quixote}} Spanish Quixote, {{suffix|en||-ic}} + -ic Head templates: {{en-adj}} quixotic (comparative more quixotic, superlative most quixotic)
  1. Resembling or characteristic of the Spanish chivalric hero Don Quixote; possessed with or resulting from the desire to do noble and romantic deeds, without thought of realism and practicality; exceedingly idealistic. Categories (topical): Personality Derived forms: quixotically Related terms: quixotism, quixotry Translations (Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote): դոնկիխոտյան (donkixotyan) (Armenian), донкихо́товски (donkihótovski) (Bulgarian), quixotesc (Catalan), donkichotský (Czech), donkichotovský (Czech), wereldvreemd (Dutch), donquichotterig (Dutch), impulsief (Dutch), donkiĥota (Esperanto), donquijotemainen (Finnish), quijoottinen (Finnish), quichottesque (French), quichottisch (German), lebensfremd (German), realitätsfern (German), Don Quijote-i (Hungarian), Don Quijote-s (Hungarian), donchisciottesco (Italian), donkiszocki (Polish), donkiszotowski (Polish), quixotesco (Portuguese), донкихо́тский (donkixótskij) (Russian), quijotesco (Spanish), aquijotado [masculine] (Spanish), donquijotisk (Swedish), romanesk (Swedish), äventyrlig (Swedish), Kişotvari (Turkish)
    Sense id: en-quixotic-en-adj-GuOddPpZ Disambiguation of Personality: 98 2 Categories (other): English entries with incorrect language header, English terms suffixed with -ic, Entries with translation boxes, Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries, Terms with Armenian translations, Terms with Bulgarian translations, Terms with Catalan translations, Terms with Czech translations, Terms with Dutch translations, Terms with Esperanto translations, Terms with Finnish translations, Terms with French translations, Terms with German translations, Terms with Hebrew translations, Terms with Hungarian translations, Terms with Italian translations, Terms with Polish translations, Terms with Portuguese translations, Terms with Russian translations, Terms with Spanish translations, Terms with Swedish translations, Terms with Turkish translations Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 84 16 Disambiguation of English terms suffixed with -ic: 88 12 Disambiguation of Entries with translation boxes: 93 7 Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 95 5 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 95 5 Disambiguation of Terms with Armenian translations: 83 17 Disambiguation of Terms with Bulgarian translations: 96 4 Disambiguation of Terms with Catalan translations: 96 4 Disambiguation of Terms with Czech translations: 82 18 Disambiguation of Terms with Dutch translations: 91 9 Disambiguation of Terms with Esperanto translations: 96 4 Disambiguation of Terms with Finnish translations: 96 4 Disambiguation of Terms with French translations: 93 7 Disambiguation of Terms with German translations: 92 8 Disambiguation of Terms with Hebrew translations: 97 3 Disambiguation of Terms with Hungarian translations: 80 20 Disambiguation of Terms with Italian translations: 92 8 Disambiguation of Terms with Polish translations: 96 4 Disambiguation of Terms with Portuguese translations: 80 20 Disambiguation of Terms with Russian translations: 92 8 Disambiguation of Terms with Spanish translations: 97 3 Disambiguation of Terms with Swedish translations: 97 3 Disambiguation of Terms with Turkish translations: 97 3
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: Don Quixotic, Don-Quixotic, Quixotic

Noun

IPA: /kwɪkˈsɒtɪk/ [Received-Pronunciation], /kwɪkˈsɑtɪk/ [US], /kwɪɡˈzɑtɪk/ [US], /kiːˈzɑtɪk/ [US], /kiˈɑtɪk/ [rare] Audio: en-us-quixotic.ogg Forms: quixotics [plural]
Rhymes: -ɒtɪk Etymology: Derived from Spanish Quixote, the surname of Don Quixote, the title character in the novel by Miguel de Cervantes, + -ic. Etymology templates: {{der|en|es|Quixote}} Spanish Quixote, {{suffix|en||-ic}} + -ic Head templates: {{en-noun}} quixotic (plural quixotics)
  1. (rare) A quixotic person or sentiment. Tags: rare
    Sense id: en-quixotic-en-noun-hIa6UvIo
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: Don Quixotic, Don-Quixotic, Quixotic

Inflected forms

Alternative forms

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          "word": "quixotically"
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          "ref": "1911 January 7, G[ilbert] K[eith] Chesterton, “The Sign of the Broken Sword”, in The Innocence of Father Brown, London, New York, N.Y.: Cassell and Company, published 1911, →OCLC:",
          "text": "Olivier, as you know, was quixotic, and would not permit a secret service and spies.",
          "type": "quote"
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          "ref": "2012 June 21, Alessandra Stanley, “So Sayeth the Anchorman”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:",
          "text": "The message is not subliminal. […] Characters aren’t just quixotic, they cite Cervantes to one another.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2017 May 29, Mariana Alessandri, “In Praise of Lost Causes”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:",
          "text": "The war triggered in [Miguel de] Unamuno the realization that, in hopeless times, quixotic lunacy could save people from the paralysis that often accompanies defeatism.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
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          "ref": "2022 April 17, Stephen Burgen, “Barcelona honours Gabriel García Márquez with new library”, in The Observer, →ISSN:",
          "text": "In the digital age, building a new library filled with old-fashioned printed books seems idealistic, almost quixotic.",
          "type": "quote"
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        "Resembling or characteristic of the Spanish chivalric hero Don Quixote; possessed with or resulting from the desire to do noble and romantic deeds, without thought of realism and practicality; exceedingly idealistic."
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          "practicality"
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          "idealistic"
        ]
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          "word": "quixotism"
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        {
          "code": "hy",
          "lang": "Armenian",
          "roman": "donkixotyan",
          "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
          "word": "դոնկիխոտյան"
        },
        {
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "donkihótovski",
          "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
          "word": "донкихо́товски"
        },
        {
          "code": "ca",
          "lang": "Catalan",
          "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
          "word": "quixotesc"
        },
        {
          "code": "cs",
          "lang": "Czech",
          "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
          "word": "donkichotský"
        },
        {
          "code": "cs",
          "lang": "Czech",
          "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
          "word": "donkichotovský"
        },
        {
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
          "word": "wereldvreemd"
        },
        {
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
          "word": "donquichotterig"
        },
        {
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
          "word": "impulsief"
        },
        {
          "code": "eo",
          "lang": "Esperanto",
          "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
          "word": "donkiĥota"
        },
        {
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
          "word": "donquijotemainen"
        },
        {
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
          "word": "quijoottinen"
        },
        {
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
          "word": "quichottesque"
        },
        {
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
          "word": "quichottisch"
        },
        {
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
          "word": "lebensfremd"
        },
        {
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
          "word": "realitätsfern"
        },
        {
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
          "word": "Don Quijote-i"
        },
        {
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
          "word": "Don Quijote-s"
        },
        {
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
          "word": "donchisciottesco"
        },
        {
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
          "word": "donkiszocki"
        },
        {
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
          "word": "donkiszotowski"
        },
        {
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
          "word": "quixotesco"
        },
        {
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "donkixótskij",
          "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
          "word": "донкихо́тский"
        },
        {
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
          "word": "quijotesco"
        },
        {
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "aquijotado"
        },
        {
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
          "word": "donquijotisk"
        },
        {
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
          "word": "romanesk"
        },
        {
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
          "word": "äventyrlig"
        },
        {
          "code": "tr",
          "lang": "Turkish",
          "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
          "word": "Kişotvari"
        }
      ]
    }
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      "ipa": "/kwɪkˈsɑtɪk/",
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      "ipa": "/kwɪɡˈzɑtɪk/",
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        "US"
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      "ipa": "/kiːˈzɑtɪk/",
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        "US"
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      "rhymes": "-ɒtɪk"
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      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "Don Quixotic"
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      "word": "Quixotic"
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    "Don Quixote",
    "Miguel de Cervantes"
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}

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    "Terms with Russian translations",
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    "Terms with Turkish translations",
    "en:Personality"
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  "derived": [
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  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "quixotic (comparative more quixotic, superlative most quixotic)",
      "name": "en-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "adj",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "quixotism"
    },
    {
      "word": "quixotry"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1911 January 7, G[ilbert] K[eith] Chesterton, “The Sign of the Broken Sword”, in The Innocence of Father Brown, London, New York, N.Y.: Cassell and Company, published 1911, →OCLC:",
          "text": "Olivier, as you know, was quixotic, and would not permit a secret service and spies.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2012 June 21, Alessandra Stanley, “So Sayeth the Anchorman”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:",
          "text": "The message is not subliminal. […] Characters aren’t just quixotic, they cite Cervantes to one another.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2017 May 29, Mariana Alessandri, “In Praise of Lost Causes”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:",
          "text": "The war triggered in [Miguel de] Unamuno the realization that, in hopeless times, quixotic lunacy could save people from the paralysis that often accompanies defeatism.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2022 April 17, Stephen Burgen, “Barcelona honours Gabriel García Márquez with new library”, in The Observer, →ISSN:",
          "text": "In the digital age, building a new library filled with old-fashioned printed books seems idealistic, almost quixotic.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Resembling or characteristic of the Spanish chivalric hero Don Quixote; possessed with or resulting from the desire to do noble and romantic deeds, without thought of realism and practicality; exceedingly idealistic."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Resembling",
          "resemble"
        ],
        [
          "characteristic",
          "characteristic"
        ],
        [
          "Spanish",
          "Spanish"
        ],
        [
          "chivalric",
          "chivalric"
        ],
        [
          "desire",
          "desire"
        ],
        [
          "noble",
          "noble"
        ],
        [
          "romantic",
          "romantic"
        ],
        [
          "deed",
          "deed"
        ],
        [
          "realism",
          "realism"
        ],
        [
          "practicality",
          "practicality"
        ],
        [
          "idealistic",
          "idealistic"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kwɪkˈsɒtɪk/",
      "tags": [
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kwɪkˈsɑtɪk/",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kwɪɡˈzɑtɪk/",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kiːˈzɑtɪk/",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kiˈɑtɪk/",
      "tags": [
        "rare"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-us-quixotic.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/En-us-quixotic.ogg/En-us-quixotic.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/En-us-quixotic.ogg"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɒtɪk"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "Don Quixotic"
    },
    {
      "word": "Don-Quixotic"
    },
    {
      "word": "Quixotic"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "hy",
      "lang": "Armenian",
      "roman": "donkixotyan",
      "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
      "word": "դոնկիխոտյան"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "donkihótovski",
      "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
      "word": "донкихо́товски"
    },
    {
      "code": "ca",
      "lang": "Catalan",
      "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
      "word": "quixotesc"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
      "word": "donkichotský"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
      "word": "donkichotovský"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
      "word": "wereldvreemd"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
      "word": "donquichotterig"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
      "word": "impulsief"
    },
    {
      "code": "eo",
      "lang": "Esperanto",
      "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
      "word": "donkiĥota"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
      "word": "donquijotemainen"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
      "word": "quijoottinen"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
      "word": "quichottesque"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
      "word": "quichottisch"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
      "word": "lebensfremd"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
      "word": "realitätsfern"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
      "word": "Don Quijote-i"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
      "word": "Don Quijote-s"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
      "word": "donchisciottesco"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
      "word": "donkiszocki"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
      "word": "donkiszotowski"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
      "word": "quixotesco"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "donkixótskij",
      "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
      "word": "донкихо́тский"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
      "word": "quijotesco"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "aquijotado"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
      "word": "donquijotisk"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
      "word": "romanesk"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
      "word": "äventyrlig"
    },
    {
      "code": "tr",
      "lang": "Turkish",
      "sense": "Resembling or characteristic of Don Quixote",
      "word": "Kişotvari"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Don Quixote",
    "Miguel de Cervantes"
  ],
  "word": "quixotic"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "English adjectives",
    "English countable nouns",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English eponyms",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English terms derived from Spanish",
    "English terms suffixed with -ic",
    "Entries with translation boxes",
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Rhymes:English/ɒtɪk",
    "Rhymes:English/ɒtɪk/3 syllables",
    "Terms with Armenian translations",
    "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
    "Terms with Catalan translations",
    "Terms with Czech translations",
    "Terms with Dutch translations",
    "Terms with Esperanto translations",
    "Terms with Finnish translations",
    "Terms with French translations",
    "Terms with German translations",
    "Terms with Hebrew translations",
    "Terms with Hungarian translations",
    "Terms with Italian translations",
    "Terms with Polish translations",
    "Terms with Portuguese translations",
    "Terms with Russian translations",
    "Terms with Spanish translations",
    "Terms with Swedish translations",
    "Terms with Turkish translations",
    "en:Personality"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "es",
        "3": "Quixote"
      },
      "expansion": "Spanish Quixote",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "",
        "3": "-ic"
      },
      "expansion": "+ -ic",
      "name": "suffix"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Derived from Spanish Quixote, the surname of Don Quixote, the title character in the novel by Miguel de Cervantes, + -ic.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "quixotics",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "quixotic (plural quixotics)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations",
        "English terms with rare senses"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1975, Michael B. Schiffer, John H. House, The Cache River Archeological Project, page 179:",
          "text": "The cultural quixotics attribute the change to inscrutable \"cultural factors,\" which is tantamount to abandoning altogether the search for explanation.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A quixotic person or sentiment."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "person",
          "person"
        ],
        [
          "sentiment",
          "sentiment"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(rare) A quixotic person or sentiment."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "rare"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kwɪkˈsɒtɪk/",
      "tags": [
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kwɪkˈsɑtɪk/",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kwɪɡˈzɑtɪk/",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kiːˈzɑtɪk/",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kiˈɑtɪk/",
      "tags": [
        "rare"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-us-quixotic.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/En-us-quixotic.ogg/En-us-quixotic.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/En-us-quixotic.ogg"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɒtɪk"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "Don Quixotic"
    },
    {
      "word": "Don-Quixotic"
    },
    {
      "word": "Quixotic"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Don Quixote",
    "Miguel de Cervantes"
  ],
  "word": "quixotic"
}

Download raw JSONL data for quixotic meaning in English (10.2kB)

{
  "called_from": "core/1021",
  "msg": "too many args (3) in argument reference: ('pageref', '', '\\U0010209f')",
  "path": [
    "quixotic",
    "RQ:Chesterton Innocence of Father Brown",
    "ARG-NAME"
  ],
  "section": "English",
  "subsection": "adjective",
  "title": "quixotic",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.