See patronage in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "patronage system"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "patronage"
},
"expansion": "Middle English patronage",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "patronage"
},
"expansion": "Old French patronage",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "patronage"
},
"expansion": "French patronage",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "patron",
"3": "age"
},
"expansion": "patron + -age",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English patronage, from Old French patronage (modern French patronage). Equivalent to patron + -age.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "patronages",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "patronage (countable and uncountable, plural patronages)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "His vigorous patronage of the conservatives got him in trouble with progressives.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The act of providing approval and support; backing; championship."
],
"id": "en-patronage-en-noun-myUATTRz",
"links": [
[
"approval",
"approval"
],
[
"support",
"support"
],
[
"backing",
"backing"
],
[
"championship",
"championship"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "88 0 6 1 3 1 0 1 1",
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"word": "himayə"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 0 6 1 3 1 0 1 1",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "patrocini"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 0 6 1 3 1 0 1 1",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "patronatge"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 0 6 1 3 1 0 1 1",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "patronat"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 0 6 1 3 1 0 1 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "patronaat"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 0 6 1 3 1 0 1 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "patronage"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 0 6 1 3 1 0 1 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"word": "tukeminen"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 0 6 1 3 1 0 1 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"word": "kannattaminen"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 0 6 1 3 1 0 1 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "soutien"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 0 6 1 3 1 0 1 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"word": "mécénat"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 0 6 1 3 1 0 1 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "parrainage"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 0 6 1 3 1 0 1 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Schirmherrschaft"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 0 6 1 3 1 0 1 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Protektion"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 0 6 1 3 1 0 1 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Patronat"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 0 6 1 3 1 0 1 1",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "patronía",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "πατρονία"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 0 6 1 3 1 0 1 1",
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "prostasía",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "προστασία"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 0 6 1 3 1 0 1 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"word": "pártfogás"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 0 6 1 3 1 0 1 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"word": "patronázs"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 0 6 1 3 1 0 1 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "mecenato"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 0 6 1 3 1 0 1 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "patronato"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 0 6 1 3 1 0 1 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "šéfstvo",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ше́фство"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 0 6 1 3 1 0 1 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "popečítelʹstvo",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "попечи́тельство"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 0 6 1 3 1 0 1 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "patrocinio"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The restaurant had an upper-class patronage.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1961 October, “The winter timetables of British Railways: Western Region”, in Trains Illustrated, pages 590–591:",
"text": "The improved service to and from Taunton is fully justified by the passenger patronage to and from this town, which is a railhead for a large surrounding area.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2021 July 28, Peter Plisner, “The race to the Games has begun”, in RAIL, number 936, page 54:",
"text": "In addition to employment in the area, once you factor in the patronage of people visiting the various sites, it's not difficult to see why it's being redeveloped. The current station building is tiny in comparison to other stations with a similar patronage.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Customers collectively; clientele; business."
],
"id": "en-patronage-en-noun-uhWHNMVu",
"links": [
[
"Customer",
"customer"
],
[
"collectively",
"collectively"
],
[
"clientele",
"clientele"
],
[
"business",
"business"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "0 85 8 1 2 0 0 1 2",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "klientela",
"sense": "customers collectively; clientele; business",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "клиентела"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 85 8 1 2 0 0 1 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "customers collectively; clientele; business",
"word": "asiakaskunta"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 85 8 1 2 0 0 1 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "customers collectively; clientele; business",
"tags": [
"plural"
],
"word": "asiakkaat"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 85 8 1 2 0 0 1 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "customers collectively; clientele; business",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "clientèle"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 85 8 1 2 0 0 1 2",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "pelateía",
"sense": "customers collectively; clientele; business",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "πελατεία"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 85 8 1 2 0 0 1 2",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "customers collectively; clientele; business",
"word": "vevőkör"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 85 8 1 2 0 0 1 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "klijentúra",
"sense": "customers collectively; clientele; business",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "клиенту́ра"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 85 8 1 2 0 0 1 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "customers collectively; clientele; business",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "clientela"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "2 13 24 10 18 1 0 12 15 2 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 8 23 8 15 4 1 12 13 6 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms suffixed with -age",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 6 35 6 25 2 1 6 10 3 3",
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"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
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{
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{
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{
"_dis": "4 6 20 16 13 4 2 16 10 3 5",
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"name": "Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 6 26 14 13 7 1 11 9 5 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Azerbaijani translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 6 26 12 16 6 1 11 9 5 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 6 27 12 17 5 1 11 9 4 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 7 31 7 17 4 1 8 11 5 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 6 27 12 17 5 1 10 9 4 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 6 30 7 20 4 1 8 11 5 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 6 28 13 14 5 1 11 10 4 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 7 31 7 21 3 1 8 11 3 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 6 29 10 15 3 1 8 10 4 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 5 24 15 15 7 1 10 8 4 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 6 26 14 13 7 1 11 9 5 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Indonesian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 8 35 7 18 3 1 8 11 3 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 6 26 14 13 7 1 11 9 5 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Malay translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 6 27 13 13 7 1 10 9 4 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 7 39 7 17 3 1 7 11 3 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 8 33 8 17 3 1 8 12 4 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 10 38 9 15 2 2 8 13 1 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Collectives",
"orig": "en:Collectives",
"parents": [
"Miscellaneous",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The restaurant had \"Thank you for your patronage!\" printed on its take-out bags.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The act or state of being a customer of some business."
],
"id": "en-patronage-en-noun--Jwh3lUI",
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "4 6 20 16 13 4 2 16 10 3 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A communication that indicates lack of respect by patronizing the recipient; condescension; disdain."
],
"id": "en-patronage-en-noun-27zrE600",
"links": [
[
"communication",
"communication"
],
[
"respect",
"respect"
],
[
"patronizing",
"patronize"
],
[
"recipient",
"recipient"
],
[
"condescension",
"condescension"
],
[
"disdain",
"disdain"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 1 4 84 2 1 0 3 4",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "a communication that indicates lack of respect by patronizing the recipient",
"word": "holhoaminen"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 4 84 2 1 0 3 4",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "a communication that indicates lack of respect by patronizing the recipient",
"word": "alentuvuus"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 4 84 2 1 0 3 4",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "patronárisma",
"sense": "a communication that indicates lack of respect by patronizing the recipient",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "πατρονάρισμα"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 4 84 2 1 0 3 4",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "snisxodítelʹnostʹ",
"sense": "a communication that indicates lack of respect by patronizing the recipient",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "снисходи́тельность"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Politics",
"orig": "en:Politics",
"parents": [
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "4 6 20 16 13 4 2 16 10 3 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2015, Thomas J. Gradel, Dick Simpson, Corrupt Illinois: Patronage, Cronyism, and Criminality, University of Illinois Press, →ISBN, page 117:",
"text": "Patronage, nepotism, cronyism, abuse of power, and criminal activity flourish, sometimes for decades, in numerous town halls, police stations, and special-purpose government agencies in the suburbs.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Granting favours or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support."
],
"id": "en-patronage-en-noun-ITjzRhpy",
"links": [
[
"politics",
"politics"
],
[
"favour",
"favour"
],
[
"contract",
"contract"
],
[
"appointment",
"appointment"
],
[
"office",
"office"
],
[
"political",
"political"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(politics) Granting favours or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"government",
"politics"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 2 6 2 81 0 2 2 3",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "klientelizǎm",
"sense": "granting favours or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "клиентелизъм"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 6 2 81 0 2 2 3",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "granting favours or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "clientélisme"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 6 2 81 0 2 2 3",
"code": "fr",
"english": "anglicism",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "granting favours or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"dated",
"masculine"
],
"word": "patronage"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 6 2 81 0 2 2 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "granting favours or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Klüngel"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 6 2 81 0 2 2 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "granting favours or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Klüngelwirtschaft"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 6 2 81 0 2 2 3",
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "granting favours or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support",
"word": "patronasi"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 6 2 81 0 2 2 3",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "granting favours or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support",
"word": "penaungan"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 6 2 81 0 2 2 3",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "granting favours or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "clientelismo"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 6 2 81 0 2 2 3",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "patronáž",
"sense": "granting favours or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "патрона́ж"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 6 2 81 0 2 2 3",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "protɛ́kcija",
"sense": "granting favours or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "проте́кция"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1864, Eliza Farnham, Woman and Her Era:",
"text": "Each of the Arts whose office is to refine, purify, adorn, embellish and grace life is under the patronage of a Muse, no god being found worthy to preside over them.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Guardianship, as of a saint; tutelary care."
],
"id": "en-patronage-en-noun-WX2qtsFK",
"links": [
[
"Guardianship",
"guardianship"
],
[
"saint",
"saint"
],
[
"tutelary",
"tutelary"
],
[
"care",
"care"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 0 1 3 1 90 0 2 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "guardianship, as of a saint",
"word": "suojelus"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 0 1 3 1 90 0 2 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "guardianship, as of a saint",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "patronage"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 0 1 3 1 90 0 2 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "guardianship, as of a saint",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "padroádego"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 0 1 3 1 90 0 2 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "guardianship, as of a saint",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Patrozinium"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 0 1 3 1 90 0 2 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "pokrovítelʹstvo",
"sense": "guardianship, as of a saint",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "покрови́тельство"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"The right of nomination to political office."
],
"id": "en-patronage-en-noun-SiOdU~nm",
"links": [
[
"right",
"right"
],
[
"nomination",
"nomination"
],
[
"political",
"political"
],
[
"office",
"office"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 1 2 1 1 1 77 16 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "right of nomination",
"word": "nimitysvalta"
}
]
},
{
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{
"kind": "other",
"name": "British English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Law",
"orig": "en:Law",
"parents": [
"Justice",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "4 6 20 16 13 4 2 16 10 3 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
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{
"ref": "1765–1769, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, (please specify |book=I to IV), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:",
"text": "Advowson is the right of presentation to a church, or ecclesiastical benefice. Advowson, advocatio, signifies the taking into protection; and therefore is synonymous with patronage",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The right of presentation to church or ecclesiastical benefice; advowson."
],
"id": "en-patronage-en-noun-NbXhpA5-",
"links": [
[
"law",
"law#English"
],
[
"right",
"right"
],
[
"presentation",
"presentation"
],
[
"church",
"church"
],
[
"ecclesiastical",
"ecclesiastical"
],
[
"benefice",
"benefice"
],
[
"advowson",
"advowson"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(UK, law) The right of presentation to church or ecclesiastical benefice; advowson."
],
"tags": [
"UK",
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"law"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 0 2 4 3 3 9 76 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "legal: right of presentation to church or ecclesiastical benefice",
"word": "nimitysvalta"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 0 2 4 3 3 9 76 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "legal: right of presentation to church or ecclesiastical benefice",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "patronage"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 0 2 4 3 3 9 76 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "legal: right of presentation to church or ecclesiastical benefice",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "padroádego"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1946, William Hatfield, Buffalo Jim, Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege, page 70:",
"text": "The housekeeper, a very decorative brunette of thirty-five with a pseudo-English accent, greeted him with a mixture of grateful effusion and condescending patronage.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Patronising speech or behaviour."
],
"id": "en-patronage-en-noun-knJaYe4h",
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpeɪtɹənɪd͡ʒ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpætɹənɪd͡ʒ/",
"note": "in Commonwealth",
"tags": [
"Ireland",
"UK",
"also"
]
},
{
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}
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{
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"1": "en",
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],
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"forms": [
{
"form": "patronages",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "patronaging",
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"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "patronaged",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
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},
{
"form": "patronaged",
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}
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"pos": "verb",
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{
"categories": [],
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{
"ref": "2003, Hubert Michael Seiwert, Popular Religious Movements and Heterodox Sects in Chinese History, BRILL, →ISBN, page 62:",
"text": "Mingdi continued the policy of his father who had patronaged Confucian learning.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2004, C.K. Gandhirajan, Organized Crime, APH Publishing Corporation, →ISBN, page 147:",
"text": "Table 5.4 reveals the role of criminal gangs’ patron under each crime category. From this, we can understand that 74 percent of the mercenaries are patronaged and supported by the politicians either of the ruling or opposition party.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2007, Stefaan Fiers, Ineke Secker, “6, A Career through the Party”, in Maurizio Cotta, Heinrich Best, editors, Democratic Representation in Europe, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 138:",
"text": "To summarize: a person with a party political background is thus defined as ‘a person that has served in (a) […] and/or (b) a non-elective position inside the party administration of patronaged position in another organisation, i.e. the political functionary’.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To support by being a patron of."
],
"id": "en-patronage-en-verb-Et-Ge6qg",
"links": [
[
"patron",
"patron"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To support by being a patron of."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "c. 1880, The Primary Teacher, volume 3, New-England Publishing Company, page 63:",
"text": "This house is largely patronaged by the professors and students of many of the Educational Institutions of New England and the Middle States; and all perons visiting New York, either for business or pleasure, will find this an excellent place at which to stop.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1902 May 9, Oregon Poultry Journal, page 27:",
"text": "Mr. F. A. Welch, of the Oak View Poultry Farm, Salem, starts an add with us this issue. […] Our readers will be treated well, if they patronage Mr. Welch.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2002, Kevin Fox Gotham, Race, Real Estate, and Uneven Development, SUNY Press, →ISBN, page 28:",
"text": "Most public establishments catered to Blacks, and Whites actively patronaged some black-owned businesses (Martin 1982, 6, 9–11; Slingsby 1980, 31–32).",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To be a regular customer or client of; to patronize"
],
"id": "en-patronage-en-verb-yHJ6U1au",
"links": [
[
"patronize",
"patronize"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To be a regular customer or client of; to patronize"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "support"
},
{
"word": "keep going"
}
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpeɪtɹənɪd͡ʒ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpætɹənɪd͡ʒ/",
"note": "in Commonwealth",
"tags": [
"Ireland",
"UK",
"also"
]
},
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{
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"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms suffixed with -age",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Requests for review of Italian translations",
"Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"Terms with Azerbaijani translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Indonesian translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Malay translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"en:Collectives"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "patronage system"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
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"3": "patronage"
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"expansion": "Middle English patronage",
"name": "inh"
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{
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}
],
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"tags": [
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]
}
],
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"expansion": "patronage (countable and uncountable, plural patronages)",
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"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "His vigorous patronage of the conservatives got him in trouble with progressives.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The act of providing approval and support; backing; championship."
],
"links": [
[
"approval",
"approval"
],
[
"support",
"support"
],
[
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"backing"
],
[
"championship",
"championship"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
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"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The restaurant had an upper-class patronage.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1961 October, “The winter timetables of British Railways: Western Region”, in Trains Illustrated, pages 590–591:",
"text": "The improved service to and from Taunton is fully justified by the passenger patronage to and from this town, which is a railhead for a large surrounding area.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2021 July 28, Peter Plisner, “The race to the Games has begun”, in RAIL, number 936, page 54:",
"text": "In addition to employment in the area, once you factor in the patronage of people visiting the various sites, it's not difficult to see why it's being redeveloped. The current station building is tiny in comparison to other stations with a similar patronage.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Customers collectively; clientele; business."
],
"links": [
[
"Customer",
"customer"
],
[
"collectively",
"collectively"
],
[
"clientele",
"clientele"
],
[
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"business"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The restaurant had \"Thank you for your patronage!\" printed on its take-out bags.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The act or state of being a customer of some business."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A communication that indicates lack of respect by patronizing the recipient; condescension; disdain."
],
"links": [
[
"communication",
"communication"
],
[
"respect",
"respect"
],
[
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"patronize"
],
[
"recipient",
"recipient"
],
[
"condescension",
"condescension"
],
[
"disdain",
"disdain"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Politics"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2015, Thomas J. Gradel, Dick Simpson, Corrupt Illinois: Patronage, Cronyism, and Criminality, University of Illinois Press, →ISBN, page 117:",
"text": "Patronage, nepotism, cronyism, abuse of power, and criminal activity flourish, sometimes for decades, in numerous town halls, police stations, and special-purpose government agencies in the suburbs.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Granting favours or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support."
],
"links": [
[
"politics",
"politics"
],
[
"favour",
"favour"
],
[
"contract",
"contract"
],
[
"appointment",
"appointment"
],
[
"office",
"office"
],
[
"political",
"political"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(politics) Granting favours or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"government",
"politics"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1864, Eliza Farnham, Woman and Her Era:",
"text": "Each of the Arts whose office is to refine, purify, adorn, embellish and grace life is under the patronage of a Muse, no god being found worthy to preside over them.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Guardianship, as of a saint; tutelary care."
],
"links": [
[
"Guardianship",
"guardianship"
],
[
"saint",
"saint"
],
[
"tutelary",
"tutelary"
],
[
"care",
"care"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"The right of nomination to political office."
],
"links": [
[
"right",
"right"
],
[
"nomination",
"nomination"
],
[
"political",
"political"
],
[
"office",
"office"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"British English",
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Law"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1765–1769, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, (please specify |book=I to IV), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:",
"text": "Advowson is the right of presentation to a church, or ecclesiastical benefice. Advowson, advocatio, signifies the taking into protection; and therefore is synonymous with patronage",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The right of presentation to church or ecclesiastical benefice; advowson."
],
"links": [
[
"law",
"law#English"
],
[
"right",
"right"
],
[
"presentation",
"presentation"
],
[
"church",
"church"
],
[
"ecclesiastical",
"ecclesiastical"
],
[
"benefice",
"benefice"
],
[
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"advowson"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(UK, law) The right of presentation to church or ecclesiastical benefice; advowson."
],
"tags": [
"UK",
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"law"
]
},
{
"categories": [
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],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1946, William Hatfield, Buffalo Jim, Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege, page 70:",
"text": "The housekeeper, a very decorative brunette of thirty-five with a pseudo-English accent, greeted him with a mixture of grateful effusion and condescending patronage.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Patronising speech or behaviour."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpeɪtɹənɪd͡ʒ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpætɹənɪd͡ʒ/",
"note": "in Commonwealth",
"tags": [
"Ireland",
"UK",
"also"
]
},
{
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],
"translations": [
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"word": "himayə"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "patrocini"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "patronatge"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "patronat"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "patronaat"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "patronage"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"word": "tukeminen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"word": "kannattaminen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "soutien"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"word": "mécénat"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "parrainage"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Schirmherrschaft"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Protektion"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Patronat"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "patronía",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "πατρονία"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "prostasía",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "προστασία"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"word": "pártfogás"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"word": "patronázs"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "mecenato"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "patronato"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "šéfstvo",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ше́фство"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "popečítelʹstvo",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "попечи́тельство"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "the act of providing approval and support",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "patrocinio"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "klientela",
"sense": "customers collectively; clientele; business",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "клиентела"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "customers collectively; clientele; business",
"word": "asiakaskunta"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "customers collectively; clientele; business",
"tags": [
"plural"
],
"word": "asiakkaat"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "customers collectively; clientele; business",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "clientèle"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "pelateía",
"sense": "customers collectively; clientele; business",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "πελατεία"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "customers collectively; clientele; business",
"word": "vevőkör"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "klijentúra",
"sense": "customers collectively; clientele; business",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "клиенту́ра"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "customers collectively; clientele; business",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "clientela"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "a communication that indicates lack of respect by patronizing the recipient",
"word": "holhoaminen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "a communication that indicates lack of respect by patronizing the recipient",
"word": "alentuvuus"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "patronárisma",
"sense": "a communication that indicates lack of respect by patronizing the recipient",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "πατρονάρισμα"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "snisxodítelʹnostʹ",
"sense": "a communication that indicates lack of respect by patronizing the recipient",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "снисходи́тельность"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "klientelizǎm",
"sense": "granting favours or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "клиентелизъм"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "granting favours or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "clientélisme"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"english": "anglicism",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "granting favours or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"dated",
"masculine"
],
"word": "patronage"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "granting favours or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Klüngel"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "granting favours or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Klüngelwirtschaft"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "granting favours or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support",
"word": "patronasi"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "granting favours or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support",
"word": "penaungan"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "granting favours or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "clientelismo"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "patronáž",
"sense": "granting favours or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "патрона́ж"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "protɛ́kcija",
"sense": "granting favours or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "проте́кция"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "guardianship, as of a saint",
"word": "suojelus"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "guardianship, as of a saint",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "patronage"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "guardianship, as of a saint",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "padroádego"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "guardianship, as of a saint",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Patrozinium"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "pokrovítelʹstvo",
"sense": "guardianship, as of a saint",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "покрови́тельство"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "right of nomination",
"word": "nimitysvalta"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "legal: right of presentation to church or ecclesiastical benefice",
"word": "nimitysvalta"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "legal: right of presentation to church or ecclesiastical benefice",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "patronage"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "legal: right of presentation to church or ecclesiastical benefice",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "padroádego"
}
],
"word": "patronage"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms suffixed with -age",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Requests for review of Italian translations",
"Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"Terms with Azerbaijani translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Indonesian translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Malay translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"en:Collectives"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "patronage"
},
"expansion": "Middle English patronage",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "patronage"
},
"expansion": "Old French patronage",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "patronage"
},
"expansion": "French patronage",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "patron",
"3": "age"
},
"expansion": "patron + -age",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English patronage, from Old French patronage (modern French patronage). Equivalent to patron + -age.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "patronages",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "patronaging",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "patronaged",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "patronaged",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "patronage (third-person singular simple present patronages, present participle patronaging, simple past and past participle patronaged)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2003, Hubert Michael Seiwert, Popular Religious Movements and Heterodox Sects in Chinese History, BRILL, →ISBN, page 62:",
"text": "Mingdi continued the policy of his father who had patronaged Confucian learning.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2004, C.K. Gandhirajan, Organized Crime, APH Publishing Corporation, →ISBN, page 147:",
"text": "Table 5.4 reveals the role of criminal gangs’ patron under each crime category. From this, we can understand that 74 percent of the mercenaries are patronaged and supported by the politicians either of the ruling or opposition party.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2007, Stefaan Fiers, Ineke Secker, “6, A Career through the Party”, in Maurizio Cotta, Heinrich Best, editors, Democratic Representation in Europe, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 138:",
"text": "To summarize: a person with a party political background is thus defined as ‘a person that has served in (a) […] and/or (b) a non-elective position inside the party administration of patronaged position in another organisation, i.e. the political functionary’.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To support by being a patron of."
],
"links": [
[
"patron",
"patron"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To support by being a patron of."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "c. 1880, The Primary Teacher, volume 3, New-England Publishing Company, page 63:",
"text": "This house is largely patronaged by the professors and students of many of the Educational Institutions of New England and the Middle States; and all perons visiting New York, either for business or pleasure, will find this an excellent place at which to stop.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1902 May 9, Oregon Poultry Journal, page 27:",
"text": "Mr. F. A. Welch, of the Oak View Poultry Farm, Salem, starts an add with us this issue. […] Our readers will be treated well, if they patronage Mr. Welch.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2002, Kevin Fox Gotham, Race, Real Estate, and Uneven Development, SUNY Press, →ISBN, page 28:",
"text": "Most public establishments catered to Blacks, and Whites actively patronaged some black-owned businesses (Martin 1982, 6, 9–11; Slingsby 1980, 31–32).",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To be a regular customer or client of; to patronize"
],
"links": [
[
"patronize",
"patronize"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To be a regular customer or client of; to patronize"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "support"
},
{
"word": "keep going"
}
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpeɪtɹənɪd͡ʒ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpætɹənɪd͡ʒ/",
"note": "in Commonwealth",
"tags": [
"Ireland",
"UK",
"also"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-patronage.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/17/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-patronage.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-patronage.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/17/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-patronage.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-patronage.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "patronage"
}
Download raw JSONL data for patronage meaning in English (20.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-10 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (df33d17 and 4ed51a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.