See freshen in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for freshen meaning in English (20.4kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "freshener"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "freshen up"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "refreshen"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fresh",
"3": "en",
"id2": "inchoative"
},
"expansion": "fresh + -en",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From fresh + -en.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "freshens",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "freshening",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "freshened",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "freshened",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "freshen (third-person singular simple present freshens, present participle freshening, simple past and past participle freshened)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "17 3 4 2 3 4 3 3 11 4 3 2 12 9 6 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 3 4 2 3 4 3 3 15 3 3 2 12 7 5 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1799, Samuel Jackson Pratt, Gleanings in England, London: T.N. Longman and O. Rees, Volume 4, Letter 3, p. 39",
"text": "Ah, how my spirit freshens, as I taste\nThat life-restoring breeze!",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To become fresh.",
"To be refreshed."
],
"id": "en-freshen-en-verb-jufHvSfc",
"links": [
[
"fresh",
"fresh"
],
[
"refreshed",
"refresh#Verb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To become fresh.",
"To be refreshed."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "1793, uncredited translator, The Natural History of Birds by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, London: A. Strahan and T. Cadell, Volume 4, “The Titiri, or Pipiri,” p. 468,\nThey breed, says M. Deshayes, in the heats of autumn, and during the freshening air of winter, at St. Domingo …"
},
{
"ref": "1927, Frederick Philip Grove, A Search for America, Book 4, Chapter 2",
"text": "We set out at once, swinging along at a good gait in the freshening afternoon, walking now the track, now the road which skirted it [...]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To become fresh.",
"To become cool."
],
"id": "en-freshen-en-verb-vyk64YFr",
"links": [
[
"fresh",
"fresh"
],
[
"cool",
"cool"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To become fresh.",
"To become cool."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1785, John Rickman, Journal of Captain Cook’s Last Voyage, to the Pacific Ocean, London: E. Newbery, Introduction, pp. xxx-xxxi",
"text": "He coasted along the American Continent from the 60th degree of northern latitude, till he fell in with the Gulph of St. Lawrence, which he continued to navigate till he perceived the water to freshen;",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1949, Jim Kjelgaard, chapter 1, in Kalak of the Ice, New York: Holiday House",
"text": "They [...] drank from fresh-water lakes formed where old salt ice had freshened and melted [...]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To become fresh.",
"To become not salty, to lose its salinity. (of water)"
],
"id": "en-freshen-en-verb-O5C6cxPZ",
"links": [
[
"fresh",
"fresh"
],
[
"salty",
"salty"
],
[
"salinity",
"salinity"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To become fresh.",
"To become not salty, to lose its salinity. (of water)"
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1674, James Janeway, “Remarkable Sea Deliverances”, in Mr. James Janeway’s Legacy to His Friends, London: Dorman Newman, page 53",
"text": "[...] the wind freshen’d, and carryed our Maintop-mast by the board; in which disaster, the man that was lower-most, and least in danger, fell over-board, and was drowned;",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1727, Daniel Defoe, chapter 11, in An Essay on the History and Reality of Apparitions, London, page 214",
"text": "[...] he call’d his chief Mate as he was going off from the Watch, and ask’d him how all things far’d; who answer’d, that all was well, and the Gale freshen’d, and they run at a great Rate;",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1974, Richard Adams, chapter 7, in Shardik, London: Oneworld, published 2014",
"text": "As he gazed up, the night wind freshened and the rustling of leaves became louder and higher, with a semblance of urgent repetition [...]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To become stronger."
],
"id": "en-freshen-en-verb-gg1O~wUZ",
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, of wind) To become stronger."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of wind"
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1919 January, in The Chenango County Farm Bureau News, volume 5, number 1, page 7",
"text": "For Sale—Three registered holstein cows. Due to freshen the first of Jan. February and March. Prices that will sell. Age three and five years. Eugune Gibson, Smyrna."
},
{
"ref": "1938, Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, chapter 26, in The Yearling, New York: Grosset and Dunlap, page 329",
"text": "The cow freshened the week before Christmas. The calf was a heifer and there was rejoicing on Baxter’s Island.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1955, Cyril M. Kornbluth, Not This August, Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Book 1, Chapter 4",
"text": "It was a miserably small two-week net for eight good Holsteins, but they were near the end of their lactation period; soon he’d have to arrange for freshening them again.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To begin or resume giving milk, especially after calving; to cause to resume giving milk."
],
"id": "en-freshen-en-verb-X7PqjWcK",
"links": [
[
"begin",
"begin"
],
[
"resume",
"resume"
],
[
"milk",
"milk"
],
[
"calving",
"calving"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, transitive, of a cow) To begin or resume giving milk, especially after calving; to cause to resume giving milk."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of a cow"
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "1657, John Davies (translator), Astrea by Honoré d'Urfé, London: H. Moseley et al., Volume 2, Part 3, Book 1, pp. 122-123,\n… the good Druid went to seeke out some hearbs by the bank sides, which he knew were good to be applyed unto my wounds, and which would a little freshen and invigorate my spirits;"
},
{
"ref": "1952, Nevil Shute, chapter 6, in The Far Country, London: Heinemann",
"text": "They went into the little room again at about a quarter to nine, freshened by a meal in the canteen and a cigarette.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1956, Saul Bellow, chapter 5, in Seize the Day, New York: Crest, published 1965, page 89",
"text": "New hope freshened his heart.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make fresh.",
"To refresh; to revive; to renew."
],
"id": "en-freshen-en-verb-JmPou5cz",
"links": [
[
"refresh",
"refresh"
],
[
"revive",
"revive"
],
[
"renew",
"renew"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To make fresh.",
"To refresh; to revive; to renew."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1973, Jan Morris, chapter 3, in Heaven’s Command: An Imperial Progress, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, page 60",
"text": "[...] Natal, the glorious green country on the coast, lush, forested, watered, warm in the bitterest winter, in the summer freshened by breezes off the sea or the high mountains that bounded it inland.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make fresh.",
"To make cool."
],
"id": "en-freshen-en-verb-J38R2bdK",
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To make fresh.",
"To make cool."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "1915, Edward Sorenson, On the Wallaby, Sydney: The Catholic Press, Chapter 11,\n[The animals] were not valuable enough to be worth the trouble of saving until rain came to fill the holes and freshen the pastures."
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make fresh.",
"To make green (vegetation that has become dry)."
],
"id": "en-freshen-en-verb-vUXE29QI",
"links": [
[
"green",
"green"
],
[
"vegetation",
"vegetation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To make fresh.",
"To make green (vegetation that has become dry)."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "17 3 4 2 3 4 3 3 11 4 3 2 12 9 6 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
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{
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"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
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"Entry maintenance"
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"source": "w+disamb"
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],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1958, T. H. White, chapter 20, in The Once and Future King, New York: Berkley, page 179",
"text": "[...] from the earliest time that he could remember, there had lain pleasantly in the end of his nose the various scents of mint—used to freshen the water in the ewers—or of basil, camomile, fennel, hysop and lavender—which he had been taught to strew on the rushy floors [...]",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1989, John Irving, chapter 7, in A Prayer for Owen Meany, New York: William Morrow, page 333",
"text": "Nowadays, she’d be the kind of woman who’d carry one of those breath-freshening atomizers in her purse—gassing herself with the atomizer, all day long, just in case someone might be moved to spontaneously kiss her.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2007, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o, chapter 17, in Wizard of the Crow, New York: Knopf Doubleday, published 2008, page 392",
"text": "Tajirika found him trying to freshen the air in the chamber with perfume, but no amount of perfume could quite remove the stink in the offices of the Ruler.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make fresh.",
"To remove or cover unpleasant qualities such as staleness, bad odour or taste (in air, breath, water, etc.)."
],
"id": "en-freshen-en-verb-rU4zz54a",
"links": [
[
"stale",
"stale"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To make fresh.",
"To remove or cover unpleasant qualities such as staleness, bad odour or taste (in air, breath, water, etc.)."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1958, Truman Capote, chapter 8, in Breakfast at Tiffany’s, Penguin, published 1961, page 56",
"text": "It was after seven, she was freshening her lipstick and perking up her appearance [...]",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1969, Maya Angelou, chapter 35, in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, New York: Random House, page 266",
"text": "[...] I knew that their laughter was real and that their lives were cheerful comedies, interrupted only by costume changes and freshening of make-up.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1971, Alice Munro, “Heirs of the Living Body”, in Lives of Girls and Women, page 57",
"text": "Grace is upstairs, freshening her eyes. [...]",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1976, Don DeLillo, “Reflections: Logicon Project Minus-One”, in Ratner’s Star, New York: Knopf, page 367",
"text": "[He] stepped with terrible suddenness into what proved to be no more than a trickle of freezing water, enough at any rate to freshen his armpits, crotch and feet.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make fresh.",
"To touch up (makeup); to give (a body part, especially the face) a quick wash."
],
"id": "en-freshen-en-verb-0vWRCAdB",
"links": [
[
"touch up",
"touch up"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To make fresh.",
"To touch up (makeup); to give (a body part, especially the face) a quick wash."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1997, Toni Morrison, Paradise, New York: Knopf, published 1998, page 185",
"text": "In staging the school’s Christmas play the whole town helped or meddled: older men repaired the platform, assembled the crib; young ones fashioned new innkeepers and freshened the masks with paint.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make fresh.",
"To touch up the paint on (something)."
],
"id": "en-freshen-en-verb-OqYmRa1l",
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To make fresh.",
"To touch up the paint on (something)."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1986, William Trevor, “The News from Ireland”, in The News from Ireland and Other Stories, New York: Viking, page 15",
"text": "‘Might copper beech trees mark the route?’ suggested Adelaide, her dumpling countenance freshened by the excitement this thought induced.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To give redness to (the face or cheeks of a person with light skin)."
],
"id": "en-freshen-en-verb-zC8MmGnM",
"links": [
[
"redness",
"redness"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To give redness to (the face or cheeks of a person with light skin)."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "17 3 4 2 3 4 3 3 11 4 3 2 12 9 6 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 3 4 2 3 4 3 3 15 3 3 2 12 7 5 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "to freshen water, fish, or flesh",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1784, Thomas Pennant, Arctic Zoology, London, Volume 1, Introduction, p. clxxxviii",
"text": "Let me remark, that the great exercise used by these volunteer adventurers; their quantity of vegetable food; their freshening their salt provision, by boiling it in water, and mixing it with flour; their beverage of whey; and their total abstinence from spirituous liquors—are the happy preservatives from the scurvy, which brought all the preceding adventurers, who perished, to their miserable end.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1968, Ursula K. Le Guin, chapter 10, in A Wizard of Earthsea, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, published 2012, page 196",
"text": "[...] ordinarily a wizard looks after such small conveniences by way of spells, the very least and commonest kind of spells, and indeed it takes little more magic to freshen seawater and so save the bother of carrying fresh water.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make less salty; to separate, as water, from saline ingredients."
],
"id": "en-freshen-en-verb-92WFoZnl",
"links": [
[
"salty",
"salty"
],
[
"saline",
"saline"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To make less salty; to separate, as water, from saline ingredients."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 1 12 1 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 44 1 1 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "obezsoljavam",
"sense": "To make less salty",
"word": "обезсолявам"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Nautical",
"orig": "en:Nautical",
"parents": [
"Transport",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "to freshen a hawse"
},
{
"ref": "1777, William Hutchinson, “On Mooring Ships”, in A Treatise on Practical Seamanship, Liverpool, page 73",
"text": "[...] when a ship is to lie with all winds that may blow, the best anchor and open hawse should be towards the worst wind that may blow, to raise the waves, and give the ship a pitching motion [...] and must leave no more of the smallest moorings within board, than just enough to freshen the hawse on occasion;",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To relieve, as a rope, by change of place where friction wears it; or to renew, as the material used to prevent chafing."
],
"id": "en-freshen-en-verb-8SW0BMwQ",
"links": [
[
"nautical",
"nautical"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, nautical) To relieve, as a rope, by change of place where friction wears it; or to renew, as the material used to prevent chafing."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"nautical",
"transport"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1962, James Baldwin, Another Country, New York: Dial, published 1963, Book 1, Chapter 2, p. 89",
"text": "She dried her eyes and blew her nose and picked up her drink. ¶ Cass stared at her helplessly. “Let me freshen it for you,” she said, and took the glass into the kitchen.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1967, James Purdy, Eustace Chisholm and the Works, London: GMP Publishers, published 1984, Part 1, Chapter 10, p. 99",
"text": "Get in here and freshen my glass. You’ve got lousy manners for the son of a front-family, and just a hour since we’re engaged...",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To top up (a drink)."
],
"id": "en-freshen-en-verb-SvpHTuJ2",
"links": [
[
"top up",
"top up"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To top up (a drink)."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "17 3 4 2 3 4 3 3 11 4 3 2 12 9 6 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 3 4 2 3 4 3 3 15 3 3 2 12 7 5 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 3 5 4 5 3 3 3 10 6 3 3 10 6 8 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms suffixed with -en (inchoative)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1979, Aaron Fletcher, The Mountain Breed, New York: Dell, Part 5, Chapter 19, p. 329",
"text": "She pushed her tomahawk and fighting knife into the back of her belt, opened her powder horn and freshened the priming in her rifle and pistols [...]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To top up (primer) in a firearm."
],
"id": "en-freshen-en-verb-Gom8Ebxn",
"links": [
[
"primer",
"primer#Etymology_2"
],
[
"firearm",
"firearm"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, historical) To top up (primer) in a firearm."
],
"tags": [
"historical",
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈfɹɛʃən/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛʃən"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-freshen.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cd/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-freshen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-freshen.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cd/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-freshen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-freshen.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
},
{
"enpr": "frĕshʹən"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "19 19 19 3 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 1",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "tʿarmanal",
"sense": "To become fresh",
"word": "թարմանալ"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 19 19 3 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "obodrjavam se",
"sense": "To become fresh",
"word": "ободрявам се"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 19 19 3 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "osvežavam se",
"sense": "To become fresh",
"word": "освежавам се"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 19 19 3 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 1",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "To become fresh",
"word": "beoigh"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 19 19 3 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 1",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "se osvežuva",
"sense": "To become fresh",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "се освежува"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 19 19 3 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 1",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "se osveži",
"sense": "To become fresh",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "се освежи"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 5 0 0 14 14 14 14 14 14 0 1 0 0 0",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "tʿarmacʿnel",
"sense": "To make fresh",
"word": "թարմացնել"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 5 0 0 14 14 14 14 14 14 0 1 0 0 0",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "obodrjavam",
"sense": "To make fresh",
"word": "ободрявам"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 5 0 0 14 14 14 14 14 14 0 1 0 0 0",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "osvežavam",
"sense": "To make fresh",
"word": "освежавам"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 5 0 0 14 14 14 14 14 14 0 1 0 0 0",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "To make fresh",
"word": "úraigh"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 5 0 0 14 14 14 14 14 14 0 1 0 0 0",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "To make fresh",
"word": "beoigh"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 5 0 0 14 14 14 14 14 14 0 1 0 0 0",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "osvežuva",
"sense": "To make fresh",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "освежува"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 5 0 0 14 14 14 14 14 14 0 1 0 0 0",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "osveži",
"sense": "To make fresh",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "освежи"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 5 0 0 14 14 14 14 14 14 0 1 0 0 0",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "To make fresh",
"word": "împrospăta"
}
],
"word": "freshen"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 2-syllable words",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English ergative verbs",
"English lemmas",
"English terms suffixed with -en (inchoative)",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English verbs",
"Rhymes:English/ɛʃən",
"Rhymes:English/ɛʃən/2 syllables"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "freshener"
},
{
"word": "freshen up"
},
{
"word": "refreshen"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fresh",
"3": "en",
"id2": "inchoative"
},
"expansion": "fresh + -en",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From fresh + -en.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "freshens",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "freshening",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "freshened",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "freshened",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "freshen (third-person singular simple present freshens, present participle freshening, simple past and past participle freshened)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1799, Samuel Jackson Pratt, Gleanings in England, London: T.N. Longman and O. Rees, Volume 4, Letter 3, p. 39",
"text": "Ah, how my spirit freshens, as I taste\nThat life-restoring breeze!",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To become fresh.",
"To be refreshed."
],
"links": [
[
"fresh",
"fresh"
],
[
"refreshed",
"refresh#Verb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To become fresh.",
"To be refreshed."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "1793, uncredited translator, The Natural History of Birds by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, London: A. Strahan and T. Cadell, Volume 4, “The Titiri, or Pipiri,” p. 468,\nThey breed, says M. Deshayes, in the heats of autumn, and during the freshening air of winter, at St. Domingo …"
},
{
"ref": "1927, Frederick Philip Grove, A Search for America, Book 4, Chapter 2",
"text": "We set out at once, swinging along at a good gait in the freshening afternoon, walking now the track, now the road which skirted it [...]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To become fresh.",
"To become cool."
],
"links": [
[
"fresh",
"fresh"
],
[
"cool",
"cool"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To become fresh.",
"To become cool."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1785, John Rickman, Journal of Captain Cook’s Last Voyage, to the Pacific Ocean, London: E. Newbery, Introduction, pp. xxx-xxxi",
"text": "He coasted along the American Continent from the 60th degree of northern latitude, till he fell in with the Gulph of St. Lawrence, which he continued to navigate till he perceived the water to freshen;",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1949, Jim Kjelgaard, chapter 1, in Kalak of the Ice, New York: Holiday House",
"text": "They [...] drank from fresh-water lakes formed where old salt ice had freshened and melted [...]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To become fresh.",
"To become not salty, to lose its salinity. (of water)"
],
"links": [
[
"fresh",
"fresh"
],
[
"salty",
"salty"
],
[
"salinity",
"salinity"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To become fresh.",
"To become not salty, to lose its salinity. (of water)"
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1674, James Janeway, “Remarkable Sea Deliverances”, in Mr. James Janeway’s Legacy to His Friends, London: Dorman Newman, page 53",
"text": "[...] the wind freshen’d, and carryed our Maintop-mast by the board; in which disaster, the man that was lower-most, and least in danger, fell over-board, and was drowned;",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1727, Daniel Defoe, chapter 11, in An Essay on the History and Reality of Apparitions, London, page 214",
"text": "[...] he call’d his chief Mate as he was going off from the Watch, and ask’d him how all things far’d; who answer’d, that all was well, and the Gale freshen’d, and they run at a great Rate;",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1974, Richard Adams, chapter 7, in Shardik, London: Oneworld, published 2014",
"text": "As he gazed up, the night wind freshened and the rustling of leaves became louder and higher, with a semblance of urgent repetition [...]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To become stronger."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, of wind) To become stronger."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of wind"
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1919 January, in The Chenango County Farm Bureau News, volume 5, number 1, page 7",
"text": "For Sale—Three registered holstein cows. Due to freshen the first of Jan. February and March. Prices that will sell. Age three and five years. Eugune Gibson, Smyrna."
},
{
"ref": "1938, Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, chapter 26, in The Yearling, New York: Grosset and Dunlap, page 329",
"text": "The cow freshened the week before Christmas. The calf was a heifer and there was rejoicing on Baxter’s Island.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1955, Cyril M. Kornbluth, Not This August, Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Book 1, Chapter 4",
"text": "It was a miserably small two-week net for eight good Holsteins, but they were near the end of their lactation period; soon he’d have to arrange for freshening them again.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To begin or resume giving milk, especially after calving; to cause to resume giving milk."
],
"links": [
[
"begin",
"begin"
],
[
"resume",
"resume"
],
[
"milk",
"milk"
],
[
"calving",
"calving"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, transitive, of a cow) To begin or resume giving milk, especially after calving; to cause to resume giving milk."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of a cow"
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "1657, John Davies (translator), Astrea by Honoré d'Urfé, London: H. Moseley et al., Volume 2, Part 3, Book 1, pp. 122-123,\n… the good Druid went to seeke out some hearbs by the bank sides, which he knew were good to be applyed unto my wounds, and which would a little freshen and invigorate my spirits;"
},
{
"ref": "1952, Nevil Shute, chapter 6, in The Far Country, London: Heinemann",
"text": "They went into the little room again at about a quarter to nine, freshened by a meal in the canteen and a cigarette.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1956, Saul Bellow, chapter 5, in Seize the Day, New York: Crest, published 1965, page 89",
"text": "New hope freshened his heart.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make fresh.",
"To refresh; to revive; to renew."
],
"links": [
[
"refresh",
"refresh"
],
[
"revive",
"revive"
],
[
"renew",
"renew"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To make fresh.",
"To refresh; to revive; to renew."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1973, Jan Morris, chapter 3, in Heaven’s Command: An Imperial Progress, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, page 60",
"text": "[...] Natal, the glorious green country on the coast, lush, forested, watered, warm in the bitterest winter, in the summer freshened by breezes off the sea or the high mountains that bounded it inland.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make fresh.",
"To make cool."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To make fresh.",
"To make cool."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "1915, Edward Sorenson, On the Wallaby, Sydney: The Catholic Press, Chapter 11,\n[The animals] were not valuable enough to be worth the trouble of saving until rain came to fill the holes and freshen the pastures."
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make fresh.",
"To make green (vegetation that has become dry)."
],
"links": [
[
"green",
"green"
],
[
"vegetation",
"vegetation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To make fresh.",
"To make green (vegetation that has become dry)."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1958, T. H. White, chapter 20, in The Once and Future King, New York: Berkley, page 179",
"text": "[...] from the earliest time that he could remember, there had lain pleasantly in the end of his nose the various scents of mint—used to freshen the water in the ewers—or of basil, camomile, fennel, hysop and lavender—which he had been taught to strew on the rushy floors [...]",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1989, John Irving, chapter 7, in A Prayer for Owen Meany, New York: William Morrow, page 333",
"text": "Nowadays, she’d be the kind of woman who’d carry one of those breath-freshening atomizers in her purse—gassing herself with the atomizer, all day long, just in case someone might be moved to spontaneously kiss her.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2007, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o, chapter 17, in Wizard of the Crow, New York: Knopf Doubleday, published 2008, page 392",
"text": "Tajirika found him trying to freshen the air in the chamber with perfume, but no amount of perfume could quite remove the stink in the offices of the Ruler.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make fresh.",
"To remove or cover unpleasant qualities such as staleness, bad odour or taste (in air, breath, water, etc.)."
],
"links": [
[
"stale",
"stale"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To make fresh.",
"To remove or cover unpleasant qualities such as staleness, bad odour or taste (in air, breath, water, etc.)."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1958, Truman Capote, chapter 8, in Breakfast at Tiffany’s, Penguin, published 1961, page 56",
"text": "It was after seven, she was freshening her lipstick and perking up her appearance [...]",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1969, Maya Angelou, chapter 35, in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, New York: Random House, page 266",
"text": "[...] I knew that their laughter was real and that their lives were cheerful comedies, interrupted only by costume changes and freshening of make-up.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1971, Alice Munro, “Heirs of the Living Body”, in Lives of Girls and Women, page 57",
"text": "Grace is upstairs, freshening her eyes. [...]",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1976, Don DeLillo, “Reflections: Logicon Project Minus-One”, in Ratner’s Star, New York: Knopf, page 367",
"text": "[He] stepped with terrible suddenness into what proved to be no more than a trickle of freezing water, enough at any rate to freshen his armpits, crotch and feet.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make fresh.",
"To touch up (makeup); to give (a body part, especially the face) a quick wash."
],
"links": [
[
"touch up",
"touch up"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To make fresh.",
"To touch up (makeup); to give (a body part, especially the face) a quick wash."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1997, Toni Morrison, Paradise, New York: Knopf, published 1998, page 185",
"text": "In staging the school’s Christmas play the whole town helped or meddled: older men repaired the platform, assembled the crib; young ones fashioned new innkeepers and freshened the masks with paint.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make fresh.",
"To touch up the paint on (something)."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To make fresh.",
"To touch up the paint on (something)."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1986, William Trevor, “The News from Ireland”, in The News from Ireland and Other Stories, New York: Viking, page 15",
"text": "‘Might copper beech trees mark the route?’ suggested Adelaide, her dumpling countenance freshened by the excitement this thought induced.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To give redness to (the face or cheeks of a person with light skin)."
],
"links": [
[
"redness",
"redness"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To give redness to (the face or cheeks of a person with light skin)."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples",
"English transitive verbs",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "to freshen water, fish, or flesh",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1784, Thomas Pennant, Arctic Zoology, London, Volume 1, Introduction, p. clxxxviii",
"text": "Let me remark, that the great exercise used by these volunteer adventurers; their quantity of vegetable food; their freshening their salt provision, by boiling it in water, and mixing it with flour; their beverage of whey; and their total abstinence from spirituous liquors—are the happy preservatives from the scurvy, which brought all the preceding adventurers, who perished, to their miserable end.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1968, Ursula K. Le Guin, chapter 10, in A Wizard of Earthsea, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, published 2012, page 196",
"text": "[...] ordinarily a wizard looks after such small conveniences by way of spells, the very least and commonest kind of spells, and indeed it takes little more magic to freshen seawater and so save the bother of carrying fresh water.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make less salty; to separate, as water, from saline ingredients."
],
"links": [
[
"salty",
"salty"
],
[
"saline",
"saline"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To make less salty; to separate, as water, from saline ingredients."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs",
"en:Nautical"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "to freshen a hawse"
},
{
"ref": "1777, William Hutchinson, “On Mooring Ships”, in A Treatise on Practical Seamanship, Liverpool, page 73",
"text": "[...] when a ship is to lie with all winds that may blow, the best anchor and open hawse should be towards the worst wind that may blow, to raise the waves, and give the ship a pitching motion [...] and must leave no more of the smallest moorings within board, than just enough to freshen the hawse on occasion;",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To relieve, as a rope, by change of place where friction wears it; or to renew, as the material used to prevent chafing."
],
"links": [
[
"nautical",
"nautical"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, nautical) To relieve, as a rope, by change of place where friction wears it; or to renew, as the material used to prevent chafing."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"nautical",
"transport"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1962, James Baldwin, Another Country, New York: Dial, published 1963, Book 1, Chapter 2, p. 89",
"text": "She dried her eyes and blew her nose and picked up her drink. ¶ Cass stared at her helplessly. “Let me freshen it for you,” she said, and took the glass into the kitchen.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1967, James Purdy, Eustace Chisholm and the Works, London: GMP Publishers, published 1984, Part 1, Chapter 10, p. 99",
"text": "Get in here and freshen my glass. You’ve got lousy manners for the son of a front-family, and just a hour since we’re engaged...",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To top up (a drink)."
],
"links": [
[
"top up",
"top up"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To top up (a drink)."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with historical senses",
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1979, Aaron Fletcher, The Mountain Breed, New York: Dell, Part 5, Chapter 19, p. 329",
"text": "She pushed her tomahawk and fighting knife into the back of her belt, opened her powder horn and freshened the priming in her rifle and pistols [...]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To top up (primer) in a firearm."
],
"links": [
[
"primer",
"primer#Etymology_2"
],
[
"firearm",
"firearm"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, historical) To top up (primer) in a firearm."
],
"tags": [
"historical",
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈfɹɛʃən/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛʃən"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-freshen.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cd/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-freshen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-freshen.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cd/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-freshen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-freshen.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
},
{
"enpr": "frĕshʹən"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "tʿarmanal",
"sense": "To become fresh",
"word": "թարմանալ"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "obodrjavam se",
"sense": "To become fresh",
"word": "ободрявам се"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "osvežavam se",
"sense": "To become fresh",
"word": "освежавам се"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "To become fresh",
"word": "beoigh"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "se osvežuva",
"sense": "To become fresh",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "се освежува"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "se osveži",
"sense": "To become fresh",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "се освежи"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "tʿarmacʿnel",
"sense": "To make fresh",
"word": "թարմացնել"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "obodrjavam",
"sense": "To make fresh",
"word": "ободрявам"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "osvežavam",
"sense": "To make fresh",
"word": "освежавам"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "To make fresh",
"word": "úraigh"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "To make fresh",
"word": "beoigh"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "osvežuva",
"sense": "To make fresh",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "освежува"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "osveži",
"sense": "To make fresh",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "освежи"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "To make fresh",
"word": "împrospăta"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "obezsoljavam",
"sense": "To make less salty",
"word": "обезсолявам"
}
],
"word": "freshen"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-24 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (82c8ff9 and f4967a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.