See environ in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for environ meaning in English (25.8kB)
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*h₁én"
},
"expansion": "*h₁én",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "h₁én"
},
"expansion": "PIE word\n *h₁én",
"name": "PIE word"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gew-",
"4": "*weyp-",
"5": "*-Hō"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "adverb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "enviroun",
"t": "round about in a circle or ring; all around"
},
"expansion": "Middle English enviroun (“round about in a circle or ring; all around”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enuyroun, enveroun, environ, enviroun, enviroune, envroun, envyron, envyroun, envyrowne, inviroun, in viroun, invirown, invirowne, invyroun, invyrown",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "xno",
"3": "enviroun"
},
"expansion": "Anglo-Norman enviroun",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xno",
"2": "environ"
},
"expansion": "environ",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enveron, envirun",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "enviroun"
},
"expansion": "Middle French enviroun",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "environ"
},
"expansion": "environ",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "envirun",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "environ",
"t": "around, surrounding; about, approximately, roughly"
},
"expansion": "Old French environ (“around, surrounding; about, approximately, roughly”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "environ"
},
"expansion": "French environ",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "prefix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "en-",
"pos": "prefix meaning ‘in; into’"
},
"expansion": "en- (prefix meaning ‘in; into’)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "viron",
"t": "circuit; circumference, compass; country round about"
},
"expansion": "viron (“circuit; circumference, compass; country round about”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "virer",
"t": "to bear, turn, veer"
},
"expansion": "virer (“to bear, turn, veer”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "gȳrō",
"t": "to turn in a circle, rotate; to circle, revolve around"
},
"expansion": "Latin gȳrō (“to turn in a circle, rotate; to circle, revolve around”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gew-",
"t": "to bend, curve; an arch, vault"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to bend, curve; an arch, vault”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "vibrō",
"t": "to hurl, launch; shake; to tremble, vibrate"
},
"expansion": "Latin vibrō (“to hurl, launch; shake; to tremble, vibrate”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*weyp-",
"4": "*weyb-, *weyp-",
"5": "to shake; to tremble; to sway, swing; to rotate, turn, wind, wrap (around)"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *weyb-, *weyp- (“to shake; to tremble; to sway, swing; to rotate, turn, wind, wrap (around)”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "augmentative"
},
"expansion": "augmentative",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "suffix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "-on",
"pos": "augmentative suffix"
},
"expansion": "-on (augmentative suffix)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "preposition"
},
"expansion": "preposition",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "enviroun",
"t": "around the outside or perimeter of; all around; about or throughout the extent of"
},
"expansion": "Middle English enviroun (“around the outside or perimeter of; all around; about or throughout the extent of”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "enviró"
},
"expansion": "Catalan enviró",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "environ"
},
"expansion": "environ",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "both obsolete"
},
"expansion": "(both obsolete)",
"name": "qualifier"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "environ"
},
"expansion": "Occitan environ",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "environ"
},
"expansion": "Spanish environ",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "obsolete"
},
"expansion": "(obsolete)",
"name": "qualifier"
}
],
"etymology_text": "PIE word\n *h₁én\nThe adverb is derived from Middle English enviroun (“round about in a circle or ring; all around”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman enviroun, environ [and other forms], and Middle French enviroun, environ [and other forms], from Old French environ (“around, surrounding; about, approximately, roughly”) (modern French environ), from en- (prefix meaning ‘in; into’) + viron (“circuit; circumference, compass; country round about”) (though first attested later) (from virer (“to bear, turn, veer”) (either from Latin gȳrō (“to turn in a circle, rotate; to circle, revolve around”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to bend, curve; an arch, vault”)), or from Latin vibrō (“to hurl, launch; shake; to tremble, vibrate”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *weyb-, *weyp- (“to shake; to tremble; to sway, swing; to rotate, turn, wind, wrap (around)”))) + -on (augmentative suffix)).\nThe preposition is derived from Middle English enviroun (“around the outside or perimeter of; all around; about or throughout the extent of”), which is from the adverb.\ncognates\n* Catalan enviró, environ (both obsolete)\n* Occitan environ\n* Spanish environ (obsolete)",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "environ (not comparable)",
"name": "en-adv"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"en‧vir‧on"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "c. 1519 (date written), [John Rastell], A New Iuterlude [sic] and a Mery of the Nature of the .IIII. Element[s...]; reprinted as John S. Farmer, editor, The Nature of the Four Elements (The Tudor Facsimile Texts), London, Edinburgh: […] T. C. & E. C. Jack, […], 1908, →OCLC, signature Aij",
"text": "Thaboũdant grace of the power deuyne / whiche doth illumyne yͤ world inuyron / Preſerue this audyẽce and cauſe them to inclyne / To charyte this is my petycyon\nThe abundant grace of the power divine / which doth illumine the world environ / Preserve this audience and cause them to incline / To charity; this is my petition",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"In the neighbourhood; around."
],
"id": "en-environ-en-adv-n40Z-pbU",
"links": [
[
"neighbourhood",
"neighborhood"
],
[
"around",
"around#Adverb"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "round"
},
{
"word": "round about"
}
],
"tags": [
"not-comparable",
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Almost, nearly."
],
"id": "en-environ-en-adv-KGZaN8cq",
"links": [
[
"Almost",
"almost#Adverb"
],
[
"nearly",
"nearly"
]
],
"tags": [
"not-comparable",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɪnˈvaɪɹən/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɛn-/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪnˈvaɪ(ə)ɹən/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɛn-/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-aɪɹən"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-environ.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/En-us-environ.ogg/En-us-environ.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/En-us-environ.ogg",
"tags": [
"General-American"
],
"text": "Audio (GA)"
}
],
"word": "environ"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"rare"
],
"word": "disenviron"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"adjective"
],
"word": "environed"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "environer"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"adjective",
"noun"
],
"word": "environing"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "unenvironed"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "envirounen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English envirounen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "enviroun",
"t": "to surround in a circle or ring, or on the perimeter; to beset, besiege; to cover, enclose, envelop; to provide a setting or surrounding to; to move in a circle; to move around the perimeter; to go, move, or wander about (a place); to fill or pervade (a place); to run all the way through"
},
"expansion": "enviroun (“to surround in a circle or ring, or on the perimeter; to beset, besiege; to cover, enclose, envelop; to provide a setting or surrounding to; to move in a circle; to move around the perimeter; to go, move, or wander about (a place); to fill or pervade (a place); to run all the way through”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enueroun, enuerown, enueyron, enuiron, enuyron, enuyronne, enuyroun, enuyrounne, enuyrowne, enverom, enveron, enveroun, enverounen, enverroun, environ, environne, enviroune, envirowne, envyron, envyrone, envyroun, envyroune, envyrown",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "xno",
"3": "envirouner"
},
"expansion": "Anglo-Norman envirouner",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enviruner, envyronner",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "environner"
},
"expansion": "Middle French environner",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "environner",
"t": "to arrange in a circle; to circumnavigate, travel around; to traverse, wander around; to encircle, encompass, surround"
},
"expansion": "Old French environner (“to arrange in a circle; to circumnavigate, travel around; to traverse, wander around; to encircle, encompass, surround”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enviruner",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "environner"
},
"expansion": "French environner",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "environ",
"pos": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "environ (adverb)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "suffix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "verb"
},
"expansion": "verb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "-er",
"pos": "suffix forming verbs"
},
"expansion": "-er (suffix forming verbs)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "environar"
},
"expansion": "Catalan environar",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "obsolete"
},
"expansion": "(obsolete)",
"name": "qualifier"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "avironer"
},
"expansion": "Old French avironer",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "avironner"
},
"expansion": "avironner",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "avironer"
},
"expansion": "Middle French avironer",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "avironner"
},
"expansion": "avironner",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xno",
"2": "avironer"
},
"expansion": "Anglo-Norman avironer",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xno",
"2": "aviruner"
},
"expansion": "aviruner",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "environar"
},
"expansion": "Spanish environar",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "obsolete"
},
"expansion": "(obsolete)",
"name": "qualifier"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English envirounen, enviroun (“to surround in a circle or ring, or on the perimeter; to beset, besiege; to cover, enclose, envelop; to provide a setting or surrounding to; to move in a circle; to move around the perimeter; to go, move, or wander about (a place); to fill or pervade (a place); to run all the way through”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman envirouner [and other forms], Middle French environner, and Old French environner (“to arrange in a circle; to circumnavigate, travel around; to traverse, wander around; to encircle, encompass, surround”) [and other forms] (modern French environner), from environ (adverb) (see etymology 1) + -er (suffix forming verbs).\ncognates\n* Catalan environar (obsolete)\n* Old French avironer, avironner (Middle French avironer, avironner, Anglo-Norman avironer, aviruner)\n* Spanish environar (obsolete)",
"forms": [
{
"form": "environs",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "environing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "environed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "environed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "en-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "environ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "environ (third-person singular simple present environs, present participle environing, simple past and past participle environed)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"en‧vir‧on"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"old": "1",
"past_old": "environned"
},
"name": "en-conj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "enviro"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "enviro-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "environment"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "environmental"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "environmentalism"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "environmentalist"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "environmentally"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "Enviropig"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Military",
"orig": "en:Military",
"parents": [
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To encircle or surround (someone or something).",
"To encircle or surround (someone or something) so as to attack from all sides; to beset."
],
"id": "en-environ-en-verb-3jaFRVEb",
"links": [
[
"encircle",
"encircle"
],
[
"surround",
"surround#Verb"
],
[
"military",
"military"
],
[
"attack",
"attack#Verb"
],
[
"sides",
"side#Noun"
],
[
"beset",
"beset"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To encircle or surround (someone or something).",
"(often military) To encircle or surround (someone or something) so as to attack from all sides; to beset."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "belay"
},
{
"word": "beleaguer"
},
{
"word": "besiege"
}
],
"tags": [
"often",
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"government",
"military",
"politics",
"war"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Heraldry",
"orig": "en:Heraldry",
"parents": [
"History",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1874, John W[oody] Papworth, “1 ANNULET betw. or within … and in chief …”, in Alfred W. Morant, editor, An Alphabetical Dictionary of Coats of Arms Belonging to Families in Great Britain and Ireland; […], London: T. Richards, […], →OCLC, page 4, column 2",
"text": "Az[ure], an annulet environing a barrulet, betw[een] two bars and in chief a cross patty fitchy or.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To encircle or surround (someone or something).",
"To encircle or surround (a heraldic element such as a charge or escutcheon (shield))."
],
"id": "en-environ-en-verb-gAxpmnoq",
"links": [
[
"encircle",
"encircle"
],
[
"surround",
"surround#Verb"
],
[
"heraldry",
"heraldry"
],
[
"heraldic",
"heraldic"
],
[
"element",
"element#Noun"
],
[
"charge",
"charge#Noun"
],
[
"escutcheon",
"escutcheon"
],
[
"shield",
"shield#Noun"
]
],
"qualifier": "chiefly passive voice",
"raw_glosses": [
"To encircle or surround (someone or something).",
"(heraldry, chiefly passive voice, obsolete) To encircle or surround (a heraldic element such as a charge or escutcheon (shield))."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "belay"
},
{
"word": "envelop"
},
{
"word": "entwist"
},
{
"word": "enwrap"
}
],
"tags": [
"obsolete",
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"government",
"heraldry",
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"monarchy",
"nobility",
"politics"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "c. 1610 (date written), John Denton, “Burgh Barony”, in R[ichard] S[aul] Ferguson, editor, An Accompt of the Most Considerable Estates and Families in the County of Cumberland, from the Conquest unto the Beginning of the Reign of K. James [the First], Kendal, Cumbria: T. Wilson, published 1887, →OCLC, page 76",
"text": "There is another village called Finland, Fingland and Fennland, which is almost environned with a moss and fenny ground.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1858 May 23, Theodore Parker, “[Prayer] XXX”, in Prayers, Boston, Mass.: Walker, Wise, and Company, published 1862, →OCLC, page 148",
"text": "We bless thee for the material world, wherewith thou environest us beneath and about and overhead.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To encircle or surround (someone or something)."
],
"id": "en-environ-en-verb-seSNifV5",
"links": [
[
"encircle",
"encircle"
],
[
"surround",
"surround#Verb"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "belay"
}
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To cover, enclose, or envelop (someone or something)."
],
"id": "en-environ-en-verb-R71tp244",
"links": [
[
"cover",
"cover#Verb"
],
[
"enclose",
"enclose"
],
[
"envelop",
"envelop"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "belay"
}
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Followed by from: to hide or shield (someone or something)."
],
"id": "en-environ-en-verb-3FfSxuIg",
"links": [
[
"from",
"from"
],
[
"hide",
"hide#Verb"
],
[
"shield",
"shield#Verb"
]
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1675, Joshua Stopford, “Altars”, in Pagano-papismus: Or, An Exact Parallel Between Rome-pagan, and Rome-Christian, in Their Doctrines and Ceremonies, London: […] A. Maxwell, for R. Clavel, […], →OCLC, page 75",
"text": "O moſt high God, who keepeſt all things whether high or low, and environeſt every creature; ſancti†fie and bleſs† theſe Creatures of lime and ſand; Through Chriſt our Lord, Amen.\nThe † symbol indicates the point at which the bishop makes the sign of the cross.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a person: to be positioned or stationed around (someone or something) to attend to or protect them."
],
"id": "en-environ-en-verb-VQ2Gsux7",
"links": [
[
"person",
"person#Noun"
],
[
"positioned",
"position#Verb"
],
[
"stationed",
"station#Verb"
],
[
"attend",
"attend"
],
[
"protect",
"protect"
]
],
"qualifier": "chiefly passive voice",
"raw_glosses": [
"(chiefly passive voice) Of a person: to be positioned or stationed around (someone or something) to attend to or protect them."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 1 1 1 0 92 1 0 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "of a person: to be positioned or stationed around (someone or something) to attend to or protect them",
"word": "ympäröidä"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 7 4 3 13 2 10 21 2 26 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 5 3 2 14 2 9 15 2 33 1 1 0 1 0 0 5 1 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 4 2 2 13 2 9 14 1 37 1 1 0 1 0 0 3 2 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old French univerbations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a situation or state of affairs, especially danger or trouble: to happen to and affect (someone or something)."
],
"id": "en-environ-en-verb-odTM8CzJ",
"links": [
[
"situation",
"situation#Noun"
],
[
"state of affairs",
"state of affairs"
],
[
"danger",
"danger#Noun"
],
[
"trouble",
"trouble#Noun"
],
[
"happen",
"happen#Verb"
],
[
"affect",
"affect#Verb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) Of a situation or state of affairs, especially danger or trouble: to happen to and affect (someone or something)."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 3 1 3 4 1 87 0 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "of a situation or state of affairs, especially danger or trouble: to happen to and affect (someone or something)",
"word": "vaikuttaa"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To amount to or encompass (a space)."
],
"id": "en-environ-en-verb-9PgINGzm",
"links": [
[
"amount to",
"amount#Verb"
],
[
"encompass",
"encompass"
],
[
"space",
"space#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete)",
"To amount to or encompass (a space)."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To travel completely around (a place or thing); to circumnavigate."
],
"id": "en-environ-en-verb-BI0EDjpi",
"links": [
[
"travel",
"travel#Verb"
],
[
"completely",
"completely"
],
[
"place",
"place#Noun"
],
[
"thing",
"thing"
],
[
"circumnavigate",
"circumnavigate"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete)",
"To travel completely around (a place or thing); to circumnavigate."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete",
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɪnˈvaɪɹən/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɛn-/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪnˈvaɪ(ə)ɹən/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɛn-/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-aɪɹən"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-environ.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/En-us-environ.ogg/En-us-environ.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/En-us-environ.ogg",
"tags": [
"General-American"
],
"text": "Audio (GA)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "27 28 26 4 5 1 7 2 1",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "iktanafa",
"sense": "to encircle or surround (someone or something) — see also encircle, surround",
"word": "اِكْتَنَفَ"
},
{
"_dis1": "27 28 26 4 5 1 7 2 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "okrǎžavam",
"sense": "to encircle or surround (someone or something) — see also encircle, surround",
"word": "окръжавам"
},
{
"_dis1": "27 28 26 4 5 1 7 2 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "zaobikaljam",
"sense": "to encircle or surround (someone or something) — see also encircle, surround",
"word": "заобикалям"
},
{
"_dis1": "27 28 26 4 5 1 7 2 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to encircle or surround (someone or something) — see also encircle, surround",
"word": "ympäröidä"
},
{
"_dis1": "27 28 26 4 5 1 7 2 1",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "kitér",
"sense": "to encircle or surround (someone or something) — see also encircle, surround",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "כִּתֵּר"
},
{
"_dis1": "27 28 26 4 5 1 7 2 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to encircle or surround (someone or something) — see also encircle, surround",
"word": "circundar"
},
{
"_dis1": "27 28 26 4 5 1 7 2 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to encircle or surround (someone or something) — see also encircle, surround",
"word": "rodear"
}
],
"word": "environ"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "invyroun"
},
"expansion": "Middle English invyroun",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "enuyroun"
},
"expansion": "Middle English enuyroun",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "enuyrown"
},
"expansion": "enuyrown",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "xno",
"3": "enviroun"
},
"expansion": "Anglo-Norman enviroun",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xno",
"2": "environ"
},
"expansion": "environ",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xno",
"2": "envirun"
},
"expansion": "envirun",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "environ",
"t": "circumference; surroundings; (in the plural) boundaries, frontiers"
},
"expansion": "Middle French environ (“circumference; surroundings; (in the plural) boundaries, frontiers”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "chiefly in the plural"
},
"expansion": "(chiefly in the plural)",
"name": "qualifier"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "environ"
},
"expansion": "French environ",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "environ",
"pos": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "Old French environ (adverb)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Late Middle English invyroun, Middle English enuyroun, enuyrown, from Anglo-Norman enviroun, environ, envirun, and Middle French environ (“circumference; surroundings; (in the plural) boundaries, frontiers”) (chiefly in the plural) (modern French environ), a noun use of Old French environ (adverb): see etymology 1.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "environs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "environ (plural environs)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"en‧vir‧on"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"derived": [
{
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "environage"
},
{
"word": "environal"
},
{
"tags": [
"obsolete",
"rare"
],
"word": "environry"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Naples and its environs",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A surrounding area or place (especially of an urban settlement); an environment."
],
"id": "en-environ-en-noun-YCgAMxRH",
"links": [
[
"surrounding",
"surrounding#Adjective"
],
[
"area",
"area"
],
[
"place",
"place#Noun"
],
[
"urban",
"urban"
],
[
"settlement",
"settlement"
],
[
"environment",
"environment"
]
],
"qualifier": "archaic except in the plural",
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic except in the plural, formal, also figuratively) A surrounding area or place (especially of an urban settlement); an environment."
],
"tags": [
"also",
"figuratively",
"formal"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "surrounding area or place",
"word": "ĉirkaŭaĵo"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "surrounding area or place",
"word": "lähistö"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "surrounding area or place",
"word": "ympäristö"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"note": "of a city",
"roman": "upangar",
"sense": "surrounding area or place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "उपनगर"
},
{
"code": "gv",
"lang": "Manx",
"sense": "surrounding area or place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "slyst"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɪnˈvaɪɹən/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɛn-/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪnˈvaɪ(ə)ɹən/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɛn-/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-aɪɹən"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-environ.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/En-us-environ.ogg/En-us-environ.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/En-us-environ.ogg",
"tags": [
"General-American"
],
"text": "Audio (GA)"
}
],
"word": "environ"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 3-syllable words",
"English 4-syllable words",
"English adverbs",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English obsolete terms",
"English terms derived from Anglo-Norman",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Middle French",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *-Hō",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gew-",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *weyp-",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *h₁én",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncomparable adverbs",
"Old French adverbs",
"Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"Old French lemmas",
"Old French univerbations",
"Rhymes:English/aɪɹən",
"Rhymes:English/aɪɹən/3 syllables"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*h₁én"
},
"expansion": "*h₁én",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "h₁én"
},
"expansion": "PIE word\n *h₁én",
"name": "PIE word"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gew-",
"4": "*weyp-",
"5": "*-Hō"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "adverb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "enviroun",
"t": "round about in a circle or ring; all around"
},
"expansion": "Middle English enviroun (“round about in a circle or ring; all around”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enuyroun, enveroun, environ, enviroun, enviroune, envroun, envyron, envyroun, envyrowne, inviroun, in viroun, invirown, invirowne, invyroun, invyrown",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "xno",
"3": "enviroun"
},
"expansion": "Anglo-Norman enviroun",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xno",
"2": "environ"
},
"expansion": "environ",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enveron, envirun",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "enviroun"
},
"expansion": "Middle French enviroun",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "environ"
},
"expansion": "environ",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "envirun",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "environ",
"t": "around, surrounding; about, approximately, roughly"
},
"expansion": "Old French environ (“around, surrounding; about, approximately, roughly”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "environ"
},
"expansion": "French environ",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "prefix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "en-",
"pos": "prefix meaning ‘in; into’"
},
"expansion": "en- (prefix meaning ‘in; into’)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "viron",
"t": "circuit; circumference, compass; country round about"
},
"expansion": "viron (“circuit; circumference, compass; country round about”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "virer",
"t": "to bear, turn, veer"
},
"expansion": "virer (“to bear, turn, veer”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "gȳrō",
"t": "to turn in a circle, rotate; to circle, revolve around"
},
"expansion": "Latin gȳrō (“to turn in a circle, rotate; to circle, revolve around”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gew-",
"t": "to bend, curve; an arch, vault"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to bend, curve; an arch, vault”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "vibrō",
"t": "to hurl, launch; shake; to tremble, vibrate"
},
"expansion": "Latin vibrō (“to hurl, launch; shake; to tremble, vibrate”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*weyp-",
"4": "*weyb-, *weyp-",
"5": "to shake; to tremble; to sway, swing; to rotate, turn, wind, wrap (around)"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *weyb-, *weyp- (“to shake; to tremble; to sway, swing; to rotate, turn, wind, wrap (around)”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "augmentative"
},
"expansion": "augmentative",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "suffix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "-on",
"pos": "augmentative suffix"
},
"expansion": "-on (augmentative suffix)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "preposition"
},
"expansion": "preposition",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "enviroun",
"t": "around the outside or perimeter of; all around; about or throughout the extent of"
},
"expansion": "Middle English enviroun (“around the outside or perimeter of; all around; about or throughout the extent of”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "enviró"
},
"expansion": "Catalan enviró",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "environ"
},
"expansion": "environ",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "both obsolete"
},
"expansion": "(both obsolete)",
"name": "qualifier"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "environ"
},
"expansion": "Occitan environ",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "environ"
},
"expansion": "Spanish environ",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "obsolete"
},
"expansion": "(obsolete)",
"name": "qualifier"
}
],
"etymology_text": "PIE word\n *h₁én\nThe adverb is derived from Middle English enviroun (“round about in a circle or ring; all around”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman enviroun, environ [and other forms], and Middle French enviroun, environ [and other forms], from Old French environ (“around, surrounding; about, approximately, roughly”) (modern French environ), from en- (prefix meaning ‘in; into’) + viron (“circuit; circumference, compass; country round about”) (though first attested later) (from virer (“to bear, turn, veer”) (either from Latin gȳrō (“to turn in a circle, rotate; to circle, revolve around”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to bend, curve; an arch, vault”)), or from Latin vibrō (“to hurl, launch; shake; to tremble, vibrate”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *weyb-, *weyp- (“to shake; to tremble; to sway, swing; to rotate, turn, wind, wrap (around)”))) + -on (augmentative suffix)).\nThe preposition is derived from Middle English enviroun (“around the outside or perimeter of; all around; about or throughout the extent of”), which is from the adverb.\ncognates\n* Catalan enviró, environ (both obsolete)\n* Occitan environ\n* Spanish environ (obsolete)",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "environ (not comparable)",
"name": "en-adv"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"en‧vir‧on"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "c. 1519 (date written), [John Rastell], A New Iuterlude [sic] and a Mery of the Nature of the .IIII. Element[s...]; reprinted as John S. Farmer, editor, The Nature of the Four Elements (The Tudor Facsimile Texts), London, Edinburgh: […] T. C. & E. C. Jack, […], 1908, →OCLC, signature Aij",
"text": "Thaboũdant grace of the power deuyne / whiche doth illumyne yͤ world inuyron / Preſerue this audyẽce and cauſe them to inclyne / To charyte this is my petycyon\nThe abundant grace of the power divine / which doth illumine the world environ / Preserve this audience and cause them to incline / To charity; this is my petition",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"In the neighbourhood; around."
],
"links": [
[
"neighbourhood",
"neighborhood"
],
[
"around",
"around#Adverb"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "round"
},
{
"word": "round about"
}
],
"tags": [
"not-comparable",
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Almost, nearly."
],
"links": [
[
"Almost",
"almost#Adverb"
],
[
"nearly",
"nearly"
]
],
"tags": [
"not-comparable",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɪnˈvaɪɹən/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɛn-/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪnˈvaɪ(ə)ɹən/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɛn-/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-aɪɹən"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-environ.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/En-us-environ.ogg/En-us-environ.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/En-us-environ.ogg",
"tags": [
"General-American"
],
"text": "Audio (GA)"
}
],
"word": "environ"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 3-syllable words",
"English 4-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Anglo-Norman",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Middle French",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English transitive verbs",
"English verbs",
"Old French adverbs",
"Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"Old French lemmas",
"Old French univerbations",
"Rhymes:English/aɪɹən",
"Rhymes:English/aɪɹən/3 syllables"
],
"derived": [
{
"tags": [
"rare"
],
"word": "disenviron"
},
{
"tags": [
"adjective"
],
"word": "environed"
},
{
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "environer"
},
{
"tags": [
"adjective",
"noun"
],
"word": "environing"
},
{
"word": "unenvironed"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "envirounen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English envirounen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "enviroun",
"t": "to surround in a circle or ring, or on the perimeter; to beset, besiege; to cover, enclose, envelop; to provide a setting or surrounding to; to move in a circle; to move around the perimeter; to go, move, or wander about (a place); to fill or pervade (a place); to run all the way through"
},
"expansion": "enviroun (“to surround in a circle or ring, or on the perimeter; to beset, besiege; to cover, enclose, envelop; to provide a setting or surrounding to; to move in a circle; to move around the perimeter; to go, move, or wander about (a place); to fill or pervade (a place); to run all the way through”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enueroun, enuerown, enueyron, enuiron, enuyron, enuyronne, enuyroun, enuyrounne, enuyrowne, enverom, enveron, enveroun, enverounen, enverroun, environ, environne, enviroune, envirowne, envyron, envyrone, envyroun, envyroune, envyrown",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "xno",
"3": "envirouner"
},
"expansion": "Anglo-Norman envirouner",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enviruner, envyronner",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "environner"
},
"expansion": "Middle French environner",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "environner",
"t": "to arrange in a circle; to circumnavigate, travel around; to traverse, wander around; to encircle, encompass, surround"
},
"expansion": "Old French environner (“to arrange in a circle; to circumnavigate, travel around; to traverse, wander around; to encircle, encompass, surround”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enviruner",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "environner"
},
"expansion": "French environner",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "environ",
"pos": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "environ (adverb)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "suffix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "verb"
},
"expansion": "verb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "-er",
"pos": "suffix forming verbs"
},
"expansion": "-er (suffix forming verbs)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "environar"
},
"expansion": "Catalan environar",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "obsolete"
},
"expansion": "(obsolete)",
"name": "qualifier"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "avironer"
},
"expansion": "Old French avironer",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "avironner"
},
"expansion": "avironner",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "avironer"
},
"expansion": "Middle French avironer",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "avironner"
},
"expansion": "avironner",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xno",
"2": "avironer"
},
"expansion": "Anglo-Norman avironer",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xno",
"2": "aviruner"
},
"expansion": "aviruner",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "environar"
},
"expansion": "Spanish environar",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "obsolete"
},
"expansion": "(obsolete)",
"name": "qualifier"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English envirounen, enviroun (“to surround in a circle or ring, or on the perimeter; to beset, besiege; to cover, enclose, envelop; to provide a setting or surrounding to; to move in a circle; to move around the perimeter; to go, move, or wander about (a place); to fill or pervade (a place); to run all the way through”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman envirouner [and other forms], Middle French environner, and Old French environner (“to arrange in a circle; to circumnavigate, travel around; to traverse, wander around; to encircle, encompass, surround”) [and other forms] (modern French environner), from environ (adverb) (see etymology 1) + -er (suffix forming verbs).\ncognates\n* Catalan environar (obsolete)\n* Old French avironer, avironner (Middle French avironer, avironner, Anglo-Norman avironer, aviruner)\n* Spanish environar (obsolete)",
"forms": [
{
"form": "environs",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "environing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "environed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "environed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "en-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "environ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "environ (third-person singular simple present environs, present participle environing, simple past and past participle environed)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"en‧vir‧on"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"old": "1",
"past_old": "environned"
},
"name": "en-conj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "enviro"
},
{
"word": "enviro-"
},
{
"word": "environment"
},
{
"word": "environmental"
},
{
"word": "environmentalism"
},
{
"word": "environmentalist"
},
{
"word": "environmentally"
},
{
"word": "Enviropig"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Military"
],
"glosses": [
"To encircle or surround (someone or something).",
"To encircle or surround (someone or something) so as to attack from all sides; to beset."
],
"links": [
[
"encircle",
"encircle"
],
[
"surround",
"surround#Verb"
],
[
"military",
"military"
],
[
"attack",
"attack#Verb"
],
[
"sides",
"side#Noun"
],
[
"beset",
"beset"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To encircle or surround (someone or something).",
"(often military) To encircle or surround (someone or something) so as to attack from all sides; to beset."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "belay"
},
{
"word": "beleaguer"
},
{
"word": "besiege"
}
],
"tags": [
"often",
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"government",
"military",
"politics",
"war"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Heraldry"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1874, John W[oody] Papworth, “1 ANNULET betw. or within … and in chief …”, in Alfred W. Morant, editor, An Alphabetical Dictionary of Coats of Arms Belonging to Families in Great Britain and Ireland; […], London: T. Richards, […], →OCLC, page 4, column 2",
"text": "Az[ure], an annulet environing a barrulet, betw[een] two bars and in chief a cross patty fitchy or.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To encircle or surround (someone or something).",
"To encircle or surround (a heraldic element such as a charge or escutcheon (shield))."
],
"links": [
[
"encircle",
"encircle"
],
[
"surround",
"surround#Verb"
],
[
"heraldry",
"heraldry"
],
[
"heraldic",
"heraldic"
],
[
"element",
"element#Noun"
],
[
"charge",
"charge#Noun"
],
[
"escutcheon",
"escutcheon"
],
[
"shield",
"shield#Noun"
]
],
"qualifier": "chiefly passive voice",
"raw_glosses": [
"To encircle or surround (someone or something).",
"(heraldry, chiefly passive voice, obsolete) To encircle or surround (a heraldic element such as a charge or escutcheon (shield))."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "belay"
},
{
"word": "envelop"
},
{
"word": "entwist"
},
{
"word": "enwrap"
}
],
"tags": [
"obsolete",
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"government",
"heraldry",
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"monarchy",
"nobility",
"politics"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "c. 1610 (date written), John Denton, “Burgh Barony”, in R[ichard] S[aul] Ferguson, editor, An Accompt of the Most Considerable Estates and Families in the County of Cumberland, from the Conquest unto the Beginning of the Reign of K. James [the First], Kendal, Cumbria: T. Wilson, published 1887, →OCLC, page 76",
"text": "There is another village called Finland, Fingland and Fennland, which is almost environned with a moss and fenny ground.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1858 May 23, Theodore Parker, “[Prayer] XXX”, in Prayers, Boston, Mass.: Walker, Wise, and Company, published 1862, →OCLC, page 148",
"text": "We bless thee for the material world, wherewith thou environest us beneath and about and overhead.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To encircle or surround (someone or something)."
],
"links": [
[
"encircle",
"encircle"
],
[
"surround",
"surround#Verb"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "belay"
}
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To cover, enclose, or envelop (someone or something)."
],
"links": [
[
"cover",
"cover#Verb"
],
[
"enclose",
"enclose"
],
[
"envelop",
"envelop"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "belay"
}
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Followed by from: to hide or shield (someone or something)."
],
"links": [
[
"from",
"from"
],
[
"hide",
"hide#Verb"
],
[
"shield",
"shield#Verb"
]
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1675, Joshua Stopford, “Altars”, in Pagano-papismus: Or, An Exact Parallel Between Rome-pagan, and Rome-Christian, in Their Doctrines and Ceremonies, London: […] A. Maxwell, for R. Clavel, […], →OCLC, page 75",
"text": "O moſt high God, who keepeſt all things whether high or low, and environeſt every creature; ſancti†fie and bleſs† theſe Creatures of lime and ſand; Through Chriſt our Lord, Amen.\nThe † symbol indicates the point at which the bishop makes the sign of the cross.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a person: to be positioned or stationed around (someone or something) to attend to or protect them."
],
"links": [
[
"person",
"person#Noun"
],
[
"positioned",
"position#Verb"
],
[
"stationed",
"station#Verb"
],
[
"attend",
"attend"
],
[
"protect",
"protect"
]
],
"qualifier": "chiefly passive voice",
"raw_glosses": [
"(chiefly passive voice) Of a person: to be positioned or stationed around (someone or something) to attend to or protect them."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Of a situation or state of affairs, especially danger or trouble: to happen to and affect (someone or something)."
],
"links": [
[
"situation",
"situation#Noun"
],
[
"state of affairs",
"state of affairs"
],
[
"danger",
"danger#Noun"
],
[
"trouble",
"trouble#Noun"
],
[
"happen",
"happen#Verb"
],
[
"affect",
"affect#Verb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) Of a situation or state of affairs, especially danger or trouble: to happen to and affect (someone or something)."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To amount to or encompass (a space)."
],
"links": [
[
"amount to",
"amount#Verb"
],
[
"encompass",
"encompass"
],
[
"space",
"space#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete)",
"To amount to or encompass (a space)."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To travel completely around (a place or thing); to circumnavigate."
],
"links": [
[
"travel",
"travel#Verb"
],
[
"completely",
"completely"
],
[
"place",
"place#Noun"
],
[
"thing",
"thing"
],
[
"circumnavigate",
"circumnavigate"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete)",
"To travel completely around (a place or thing); to circumnavigate."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete",
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɪnˈvaɪɹən/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɛn-/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪnˈvaɪ(ə)ɹən/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɛn-/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-aɪɹən"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-environ.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/En-us-environ.ogg/En-us-environ.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/En-us-environ.ogg",
"tags": [
"General-American"
],
"text": "Audio (GA)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "iktanafa",
"sense": "to encircle or surround (someone or something) — see also encircle, surround",
"word": "اِكْتَنَفَ"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "okrǎžavam",
"sense": "to encircle or surround (someone or something) — see also encircle, surround",
"word": "окръжавам"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "zaobikaljam",
"sense": "to encircle or surround (someone or something) — see also encircle, surround",
"word": "заобикалям"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to encircle or surround (someone or something) — see also encircle, surround",
"word": "ympäröidä"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "kitér",
"sense": "to encircle or surround (someone or something) — see also encircle, surround",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "כִּתֵּר"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to encircle or surround (someone or something) — see also encircle, surround",
"word": "circundar"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to encircle or surround (someone or something) — see also encircle, surround",
"word": "rodear"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "of a person: to be positioned or stationed around (someone or something) to attend to or protect them",
"word": "ympäröidä"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "of a situation or state of affairs, especially danger or trouble: to happen to and affect (someone or something)",
"word": "vaikuttaa"
}
],
"word": "environ"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 3-syllable words",
"English 4-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Anglo-Norman",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Middle French",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"Old French adverbs",
"Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"Old French lemmas",
"Old French univerbations",
"Rhymes:English/aɪɹən",
"Rhymes:English/aɪɹən/3 syllables"
],
"derived": [
{
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "environage"
},
{
"word": "environal"
},
{
"tags": [
"obsolete",
"rare"
],
"word": "environry"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "invyroun"
},
"expansion": "Middle English invyroun",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "enuyroun"
},
"expansion": "Middle English enuyroun",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "enuyrown"
},
"expansion": "enuyrown",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "xno",
"3": "enviroun"
},
"expansion": "Anglo-Norman enviroun",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xno",
"2": "environ"
},
"expansion": "environ",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xno",
"2": "envirun"
},
"expansion": "envirun",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "environ",
"t": "circumference; surroundings; (in the plural) boundaries, frontiers"
},
"expansion": "Middle French environ (“circumference; surroundings; (in the plural) boundaries, frontiers”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "chiefly in the plural"
},
"expansion": "(chiefly in the plural)",
"name": "qualifier"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "environ"
},
"expansion": "French environ",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "environ",
"pos": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "Old French environ (adverb)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Late Middle English invyroun, Middle English enuyroun, enuyrown, from Anglo-Norman enviroun, environ, envirun, and Middle French environ (“circumference; surroundings; (in the plural) boundaries, frontiers”) (chiefly in the plural) (modern French environ), a noun use of Old French environ (adverb): see etymology 1.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "environs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "environ (plural environs)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"en‧vir‧on"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English formal terms",
"English terms with archaic senses",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Naples and its environs",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A surrounding area or place (especially of an urban settlement); an environment."
],
"links": [
[
"surrounding",
"surrounding#Adjective"
],
[
"area",
"area"
],
[
"place",
"place#Noun"
],
[
"urban",
"urban"
],
[
"settlement",
"settlement"
],
[
"environment",
"environment"
]
],
"qualifier": "archaic except in the plural",
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic except in the plural, formal, also figuratively) A surrounding area or place (especially of an urban settlement); an environment."
],
"tags": [
"also",
"figuratively",
"formal"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɪnˈvaɪɹən/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɛn-/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪnˈvaɪ(ə)ɹən/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɛn-/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-aɪɹən"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-environ.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/En-us-environ.ogg/En-us-environ.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/En-us-environ.ogg",
"tags": [
"General-American"
],
"text": "Audio (GA)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "surrounding area or place",
"word": "ĉirkaŭaĵo"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "surrounding area or place",
"word": "lähistö"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "surrounding area or place",
"word": "ympäristö"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"note": "of a city",
"roman": "upangar",
"sense": "surrounding area or place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "उपनगर"
},
{
"code": "gv",
"lang": "Manx",
"sense": "surrounding area or place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "slyst"
}
],
"word": "environ"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-24 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (82c8ff9 and f4967a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.