See dark figure in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for dark figure meaning in English (3.9kB)
{
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{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "de",
"3": "Dunkelziffer"
},
"expansion": "Calque of German Dunkelziffer",
"name": "clq"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Calque of German Dunkelziffer.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "dark figures",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dark figure (plural dark figures)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Criminology",
"orig": "en:Criminology",
"parents": [
"Crime",
"Sociology",
"Criminal law",
"Society",
"Social sciences",
"Law",
"All topics",
"Sciences",
"Justice",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Statistics",
"orig": "en:Statistics",
"parents": [
"Formal sciences",
"Mathematics",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1977, US Congressional House Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime, Suspension of the National Crime Survey, page 15",
"text": "In exploring the dark figure of crime, the primary question is not how much of it becomes revealed but rather what will be the selective properties of any particular innovation for its illumination.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1992, Hisao Katoh, Louise I. Shelley, Hisao Katō, Hans-Günther Heiland, Crime and Control in Comparative Perspectives, Walter de Gruyter, page 49",
"text": "The dark figure concerning these criminal offences, is very high and the attitude towards reporting such cases is not constant.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2000, Piers Beirne, James W. Messerschmidt, Criminology",
"text": "By definition, they ignore the unreported “dark figure” of crime. We turn now to a second source of official crime data.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2012, Joel Best, Damned Lies and Statistics […], University of California Press, page 37",
"text": "Arguing that the dark figure is larger, perhaps very large (“The cases we know about are just the tip of the iceberg!”), makes any estimate seem possible, even reasonable.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The estimated number of unreported criminal cases."
],
"id": "en-dark_figure-en-noun-W1pihkGK",
"links": [
[
"criminology",
"criminology"
],
[
"statistics",
"statistics"
],
[
"estimated",
"estimated"
],
[
"unreported",
"unreported"
],
[
"criminal",
"criminal"
],
[
"case",
"case"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(criminology, statistics) The estimated number of unreported criminal cases."
],
"topics": [
"criminology",
"human-sciences",
"law",
"mathematics",
"sciences",
"statistics"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "mørketal"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "myrkatal"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "skuggatal"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Dunkelziffer"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "mørketall"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "tjómnyj pokazátelʹ",
"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "тёмный показа́тель"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "cifra gris"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
"word": "mörkertal"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Dark figure of crime"
]
}
],
"word": "dark figure"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "de",
"3": "Dunkelziffer"
},
"expansion": "Calque of German Dunkelziffer",
"name": "clq"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Calque of German Dunkelziffer.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "dark figures",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dark figure (plural dark figures)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English multiword terms",
"English nouns",
"English terms calqued from German",
"English terms derived from German",
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned",
"en:Criminology",
"en:Statistics"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1977, US Congressional House Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime, Suspension of the National Crime Survey, page 15",
"text": "In exploring the dark figure of crime, the primary question is not how much of it becomes revealed but rather what will be the selective properties of any particular innovation for its illumination.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1992, Hisao Katoh, Louise I. Shelley, Hisao Katō, Hans-Günther Heiland, Crime and Control in Comparative Perspectives, Walter de Gruyter, page 49",
"text": "The dark figure concerning these criminal offences, is very high and the attitude towards reporting such cases is not constant.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2000, Piers Beirne, James W. Messerschmidt, Criminology",
"text": "By definition, they ignore the unreported “dark figure” of crime. We turn now to a second source of official crime data.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2012, Joel Best, Damned Lies and Statistics […], University of California Press, page 37",
"text": "Arguing that the dark figure is larger, perhaps very large (“The cases we know about are just the tip of the iceberg!”), makes any estimate seem possible, even reasonable.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The estimated number of unreported criminal cases."
],
"links": [
[
"criminology",
"criminology"
],
[
"statistics",
"statistics"
],
[
"estimated",
"estimated"
],
[
"unreported",
"unreported"
],
[
"criminal",
"criminal"
],
[
"case",
"case"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(criminology, statistics) The estimated number of unreported criminal cases."
],
"topics": [
"criminology",
"human-sciences",
"law",
"mathematics",
"sciences",
"statistics"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Dark figure of crime"
]
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "mørketal"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "myrkatal"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "skuggatal"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Dunkelziffer"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "mørketall"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "tjómnyj pokazátelʹ",
"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "тёмный показа́тель"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "cifra gris"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
"word": "mörkertal"
}
],
"word": "dark figure"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
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