See dark figure on Wiktionary
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"etymology_text": "Calque of German Dunkelziffer.",
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{
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"ref": "1977, US Congressional House Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime, Suspension of the National Crime Survey, page 15:",
"text": "In exploring the dark figure of crime, the primary question is not how much of it becomes revealed but rather what will be the selective properties of any particular innovation for its illumination.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1992, Hisao Katoh, Louise I. Shelley, Hisao Katō, Hans-Günther Heiland, Crime and Control in Comparative Perspectives, Walter de Gruyter, page 49:",
"text": "The dark figure concerning these criminal offences, is very high and the attitude towards reporting such cases is not constant.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2000, Piers Beirne, James W. Messerschmidt, Criminology:",
"text": "By definition, they ignore the unreported “dark figure” of crime. We turn now to a second source of official crime data.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2012, Joel Best, Damned Lies and Statistics […] , University of California Press, →ISBN, page 37:",
"text": "Arguing that the dark figure is larger, perhaps very large (“The cases we know about are just the tip of the iceberg!”), makes any estimate seem possible, even reasonable.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The estimated number of unreported criminal cases."
],
"id": "en-dark_figure-en-noun-W1pihkGK",
"links": [
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"criminology",
"criminology"
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[
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"statistics"
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[
"estimated",
"estimated"
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[
"unreported",
"unreported"
],
[
"criminal",
"criminal"
],
[
"case",
"case"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(criminology, statistics) The estimated number of unreported criminal cases."
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"topics": [
"criminology",
"human-sciences",
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"translations": [
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
"word": "犯罪暗數"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "fànzuì ànshù",
"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
"word": "犯罪暗数"
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"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
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"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
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"neuter"
],
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{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
"tags": [
"neuter"
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"word": "skuggatal"
},
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"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
"tags": [
"feminine"
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"word": "Dunkelziffer"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "ansū",
"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
"word": "暗数"
},
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"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "mørketall"
},
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"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "tjómnyj pokazátelʹ",
"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "тёмный показа́тель"
},
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"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "cifra gris"
},
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"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
"word": "mörkertal"
}
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"wikipedia": [
"Dark figure of crime"
]
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],
"word": "dark figure"
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"etymology_text": "Calque of German Dunkelziffer.",
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"ref": "1977, US Congressional House Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime, Suspension of the National Crime Survey, page 15:",
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"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1992, Hisao Katoh, Louise I. Shelley, Hisao Katō, Hans-Günther Heiland, Crime and Control in Comparative Perspectives, Walter de Gruyter, page 49:",
"text": "The dark figure concerning these criminal offences, is very high and the attitude towards reporting such cases is not constant.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
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"text": "By definition, they ignore the unreported “dark figure” of crime. We turn now to a second source of official crime data.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2012, Joel Best, Damned Lies and Statistics […] , University of California Press, →ISBN, page 37:",
"text": "Arguing that the dark figure is larger, perhaps very large (“The cases we know about are just the tip of the iceberg!”), makes any estimate seem possible, even reasonable.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
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"The estimated number of unreported criminal cases."
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"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
"word": "犯罪暗數"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "fànzuì ànshù",
"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
"word": "犯罪暗数"
},
{
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"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
"tags": [
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"word": "mørketal"
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"code": "fo",
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"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "myrkatal"
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{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "skuggatal"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Dunkelziffer"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "ansū",
"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
"word": "暗数"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "mørketall"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "tjómnyj pokazátelʹ",
"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "тёмный показа́тель"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "cifra gris"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "estimated number of unreported criminal cases",
"word": "mörkertal"
}
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"word": "dark figure"
}
Download raw JSONL data for dark figure meaning in All languages combined (4.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
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