See civil society in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_text": "From the archaic sense of civil, “peaceful and well-ordered”. Later senses of civil society reflect 19th-century Hegelian influence, as well as the earlier argument that tyrannical governments exist in the state of nature in relation to their subjects.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "civil societies",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "civil society (countable and uncountable, plural civil societies)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
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"Entries with incorrect language header",
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{
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{
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{
"_dis": "59 12 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "37 24 39",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "66 12 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "62 12 26",
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"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
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},
{
"_dis": "70 10 20",
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"name": "Terms with French translations",
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},
{
"_dis": "72 10 19",
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"name": "Terms with German translations",
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},
{
"_dis": "51 16 34",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
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},
{
"_dis": "77 8 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
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"source": "w+disamb"
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{
"_dis": "77 8 15",
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{
"_dis": "53 15 32",
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"_dis": "57 12 31",
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{
"_dis": "74 9 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "57 12 31",
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"name": "Terms with Maltese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
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{
"_dis": "63 10 27",
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"source": "w+disamb"
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{
"_dis": "51 13 36",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
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{
"_dis": "57 14 29",
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"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "74 9 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "57 12 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "53 15 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"All of the institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies that are less than the state but greater than the family."
],
"id": "en-civil_society-en-noun-64C3ZurU",
"links": [
[
"institution",
"institution"
],
[
"voluntary",
"voluntary"
],
[
"organization",
"organization"
],
[
"corporate",
"corporate"
],
[
"bodies",
"body"
],
[
"state",
"state"
],
[
"family",
"family"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "91 3 6",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "mujtamaʕ madaniyy",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "مُجْتَمَع مَدَنِيّ"
},
{
"_dis1": "91 3 6",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "kʻaġakʻacʻiakan hasarakutʻyun",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"word": "քաղաքացիական հասարակություն"
},
{
"_dis1": "91 3 6",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "kʻaġhasarakutʻyun",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"word": "քաղհասարակություն"
},
{
"_dis1": "91 3 6",
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"word": "vətəndaş cəmiyyəti"
},
{
"_dis1": "91 3 6",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "graždansko obštestvo",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "гражданско общество"
},
{
"_dis1": "91 3 6",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"word": "公民社會"
},
{
"_dis1": "91 3 6",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "gōngmín shèhuì",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"word": "公民社会"
},
{
"_dis1": "91 3 6",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "občanská společnost"
},
{
"_dis1": "91 3 6",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "maatschappelijk middenveld"
},
{
"_dis1": "91 3 6",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"word": "kansalaisyhteiskunta"
},
{
"_dis1": "91 3 6",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "société civile"
},
{
"_dis1": "91 3 6",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Zivilgesellschaft"
},
{
"_dis1": "91 3 6",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "bürgerliche Gesellschaft (Hegelianism)"
},
{
"_dis1": "91 3 6",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"word": "civil társadalom"
},
{
"_dis1": "91 3 6",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"word": "polgári társadalom"
},
{
"_dis1": "91 3 6",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "società civile"
},
{
"_dis1": "91 3 6",
"alt": "しみんしゃかい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "shimin shakai",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"word": "市民社会"
},
{
"_dis1": "91 3 6",
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "azamattyq qoğam",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"word": "азаматтық қоғам"
},
{
"_dis1": "91 3 6",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "aʔseenɨk sɑŋkum",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"word": "អសេនិកសង្គម"
},
{
"_dis1": "91 3 6",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "sɑŋkum siivɨl",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"word": "សង្គមស៊ីវិល"
},
{
"_dis1": "91 3 6",
"code": "mt",
"lang": "Maltese",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "soċjetà ċivili"
},
{
"_dis1": "91 3 6",
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "irgenii niigem",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"word": "иргэний нийгэм"
},
{
"_dis1": "91 3 6",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "społeczeństwo obywatelskie"
},
{
"_dis1": "91 3 6",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "graždánskoje óbščestvo",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "гражда́нское о́бщество"
},
{
"_dis1": "91 3 6",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "hromadjansʹke suspilʹstvo",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "громадянське суспільство"
},
{
"_dis1": "91 3 6",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"word": "xã hội dân sự"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "37 24 39",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 78 17",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Freedom of speech",
"orig": "en:Freedom of speech",
"parents": [
"Freedom",
"Law",
"Society",
"Justice",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 48 50",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Society",
"orig": "en:Society",
"parents": [
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Those things expected of a democratic society, such as free speech and human rights."
],
"id": "en-civil_society-en-noun-2poSjycD",
"links": [
[
"democratic",
"democratic"
],
[
"society",
"society"
],
[
"free speech",
"free speech"
],
[
"human rights",
"human rights"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "state of nature"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Peace",
"orig": "en:Peace",
"parents": [
"Security",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Philosophy",
"orig": "en:Philosophy",
"parents": [
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "37 24 39",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 48 50",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Society",
"orig": "en:Society",
"parents": [
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1689, John Locke, Two Treatises of Government; republished as The Works of John Locke Esq., volume 2, 1727, page 185:",
"text": "The only Way whereby any one divests himself of his natural Liberty, and puts on the Bonds of civil Society, is by agreeing with other Men to join and unite into a Community, for their comfortable, safe, and peaceable living one amongst another, in a secure Enjoyment of their Properties, and a greater Security against any that are not of it.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1953, Leo Strauss, Natural Right and History, page 282:",
"text": "Rousseau, however, thought that civil society as such […] is characterized by a fundamental self-contradiction and that it is precisely the state of nature which is free from self-contradiction; man in the state of nature is happy because he is radically independent, whereas man in civil society is unhappy because he is radically dependent.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1989, Gary B. Herbert, Thomas Hobbes: The Unity of Scientific and Moral Wisdom, →ISBN, page 12:",
"text": "Man’s decision to leave the state of nature is a natural decision. […] Civil society is, in effect, nature rendered reasonable.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Organized, internally peaceful human society; civilization."
],
"id": "en-civil_society-en-noun-D0O1tMiQ",
"links": [
[
"philosophy",
"philosophy"
],
[
"Organized",
"organized"
],
[
"peaceful",
"peaceful"
],
[
"human",
"human"
],
[
"society",
"society"
],
[
"civilization",
"civilization"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(philosophy) Organized, internally peaceful human society; civilization."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"philosophy",
"sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "19 15 65",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "organized and peaceful society — see also civilization",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "status cīvīlis"
}
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"civil society"
],
"word": "civil society"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English multiword terms",
"English nouns",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Arabic translations",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Azerbaijani translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Kazakh translations",
"Terms with Khmer translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Maltese translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Mongolian translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"en:Freedom of speech",
"en:Society"
],
"etymology_text": "From the archaic sense of civil, “peaceful and well-ordered”. Later senses of civil society reflect 19th-century Hegelian influence, as well as the earlier argument that tyrannical governments exist in the state of nature in relation to their subjects.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "civil societies",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "civil society (countable and uncountable, plural civil societies)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"All of the institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies that are less than the state but greater than the family."
],
"links": [
[
"institution",
"institution"
],
[
"voluntary",
"voluntary"
],
[
"organization",
"organization"
],
[
"corporate",
"corporate"
],
[
"bodies",
"body"
],
[
"state",
"state"
],
[
"family",
"family"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Those things expected of a democratic society, such as free speech and human rights."
],
"links": [
[
"democratic",
"democratic"
],
[
"society",
"society"
],
[
"free speech",
"free speech"
],
[
"human rights",
"human rights"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "state of nature"
}
],
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Peace",
"en:Philosophy"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1689, John Locke, Two Treatises of Government; republished as The Works of John Locke Esq., volume 2, 1727, page 185:",
"text": "The only Way whereby any one divests himself of his natural Liberty, and puts on the Bonds of civil Society, is by agreeing with other Men to join and unite into a Community, for their comfortable, safe, and peaceable living one amongst another, in a secure Enjoyment of their Properties, and a greater Security against any that are not of it.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1953, Leo Strauss, Natural Right and History, page 282:",
"text": "Rousseau, however, thought that civil society as such […] is characterized by a fundamental self-contradiction and that it is precisely the state of nature which is free from self-contradiction; man in the state of nature is happy because he is radically independent, whereas man in civil society is unhappy because he is radically dependent.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1989, Gary B. Herbert, Thomas Hobbes: The Unity of Scientific and Moral Wisdom, →ISBN, page 12:",
"text": "Man’s decision to leave the state of nature is a natural decision. […] Civil society is, in effect, nature rendered reasonable.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Organized, internally peaceful human society; civilization."
],
"links": [
[
"philosophy",
"philosophy"
],
[
"Organized",
"organized"
],
[
"peaceful",
"peaceful"
],
[
"human",
"human"
],
[
"society",
"society"
],
[
"civilization",
"civilization"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(philosophy) Organized, internally peaceful human society; civilization."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"philosophy",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "mujtamaʕ madaniyy",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "مُجْتَمَع مَدَنِيّ"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "kʻaġakʻacʻiakan hasarakutʻyun",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"word": "քաղաքացիական հասարակություն"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "kʻaġhasarakutʻyun",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"word": "քաղհասարակություն"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"word": "vətəndaş cəmiyyəti"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "graždansko obštestvo",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "гражданско общество"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"word": "公民社會"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "gōngmín shèhuì",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"word": "公民社会"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "občanská společnost"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "maatschappelijk middenveld"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"word": "kansalaisyhteiskunta"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "société civile"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Zivilgesellschaft"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "bürgerliche Gesellschaft (Hegelianism)"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"word": "civil társadalom"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"word": "polgári társadalom"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "società civile"
},
{
"alt": "しみんしゃかい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "shimin shakai",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"word": "市民社会"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "azamattyq qoğam",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"word": "азаматтық қоғам"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "aʔseenɨk sɑŋkum",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"word": "អសេនិកសង្គម"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "sɑŋkum siivɨl",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"word": "សង្គមស៊ីវិល"
},
{
"code": "mt",
"lang": "Maltese",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "soċjetà ċivili"
},
{
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "irgenii niigem",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"word": "иргэний нийгэм"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "społeczeństwo obywatelskie"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "graždánskoje óbščestvo",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "гражда́нское о́бщество"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "hromadjansʹke suspilʹstvo",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "громадянське суспільство"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "institutions, voluntary organizations and corporate bodies",
"word": "xã hội dân sự"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "organized and peaceful society — see also civilization",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "status cīvīlis"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"civil society"
],
"word": "civil society"
}
Download raw JSONL data for civil society meaning in English (8.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.