See burlap in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
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"etymology_text": "Uncertain. Attested since about 1695 in the spelling bore-lap, borelapp. Likely from burel (“a coarse woollen cloth”) + lap (“flap of a garment”), where the first element is from Middle English burel, borel. Others feel that \"its character and time of appearance makes a Dutch origin very likely\" (and the earliest references as to its importation from the Netherlands); the NED suggests derivation from Dutch boenlap (“coarse, rubbing linen or cloth”) with the first element perhaps confused with boer; Bense instead suggests derivation from an unattested Dutch *boerenlap, where *boeren supposedly has an extended sense of \"coarse\" as in Dutch boerenkost (“coarse, heavy food as is eaten by farmers”) and boerengoed (from Dutch boer (“farmer, peasant”); compare English boor), though this word is not attested.",
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{
"word": "burlap bag"
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{
"word": "burlappy"
}
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"examples": [
{
"ref": "2020 November 11, Johnny Diaz, Concepción de León, “3 Visitors Banned From Yellowstone After Cooking Chickens in Hot Spring”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:",
"text": "“A ranger responded and found two whole chickens in a burlap sack in a hot spring,” she said. A cooking pot was also found nearby.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
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"A very strong, coarse cloth, made from jute, flax, or hemp, and used to make sacks, etc."
],
"id": "en-burlap-en-noun-W8eVg~HO",
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[
"cloth",
"cloth"
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[
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"jute"
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[
"flax",
"flax"
],
[
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"hemp"
],
[
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"sack"
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"(US) A very strong, coarse cloth, made from jute, flax, or hemp, and used to make sacks, etc."
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"word": "hessian"
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"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"word": "goiing"
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{
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"word": "sakgoed"
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"roman": "zeblo",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
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{
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"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
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"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "xarpellera"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "cūmábù",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"word": "粗麻布"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "sækkelærred"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
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"word": "hessian"
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"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "jute"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"neuter"
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"word": "sekkjalørift"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "posalørift"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"word": "säkkikangas"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "toile de jute"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"word": "étoffe grossière de chanvre"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "rafia"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "serapilleira"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Sackleinen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"word": "Hessian"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"word": "zsákvászon"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "burlap"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "iuta"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"word": "tela di sacco"
},
{
"code": "jam",
"lang": "Jamaican Creole",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"word": "crocus"
},
{
"alt": "おうまふ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "ōmafu",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"word": "黄麻布"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "zéblo",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "зе́бло"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"word": "tāpora"
},
{
"code": "mr",
"lang": "Marathi",
"roman": "goṇpāṭ",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "गोणपाट"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "grovt lerret"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "pakklerret"
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{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
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"word": "sekkestrie"
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{
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"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"feminine"
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"word": "serapilheira"
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{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
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"word": "aniagem"
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{
"code": "pa",
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"roman": "tappaṛ",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ਤੱਪੜ"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "rogóža",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
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],
"word": "рого́жа"
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{
"code": "ru",
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"roman": "rogóžina",
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"code": "ru",
"english": "tarpaulin",
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"roman": "brezént",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
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],
"word": "брезе́нт"
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{
"code": "ru",
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"roman": "derjúga",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"feminine"
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"word": "дерю́га"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "xolstína",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"feminine"
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"word": "холсти́на"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
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"sense": "strong cloth",
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"feminine"
],
"word": "мешкови́на"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "arpillera"
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"sense": "strong cloth",
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"word": "säckväv"
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"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "miškovyna",
"sense": "strong cloth",
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],
"word": "мішковина"
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{
"code": "uk",
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"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ряднина"
},
{
"code": "uk",
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"roman": "rohoža",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
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"word": "рогожа"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "sachlïain"
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]
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"etymology_text": "Uncertain. Attested since about 1695 in the spelling bore-lap, borelapp. Likely from burel (“a coarse woollen cloth”) + lap (“flap of a garment”), where the first element is from Middle English burel, borel. Others feel that \"its character and time of appearance makes a Dutch origin very likely\" (and the earliest references as to its importation from the Netherlands); the NED suggests derivation from Dutch boenlap (“coarse, rubbing linen or cloth”) with the first element perhaps confused with boer; Bense instead suggests derivation from an unattested Dutch *boerenlap, where *boeren supposedly has an extended sense of \"coarse\" as in Dutch boerenkost (“coarse, heavy food as is eaten by farmers”) and boerengoed (from Dutch boer (“farmer, peasant”); compare English boor), though this word is not attested.",
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{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To wrap or cover in burlap."
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"(transitive) To wrap or cover in burlap."
],
"related": [
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"word": "sackcloth"
}
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],
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{
"args": {
"1": "en"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "burel",
"3": "lap",
"nocat": "1",
"t1": "a coarse woollen cloth",
"t2": "flap of a garment"
},
"expansion": "burel (“a coarse woollen cloth”) + lap (“flap of a garment”)",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "burel",
"4": "burel, borel"
},
"expansion": "Middle English burel, borel",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "nl",
"3": "boenlap",
"4": "",
"5": "coarse, rubbing linen or cloth"
},
"expansion": "Dutch boenlap (“coarse, rubbing linen or cloth”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "nl",
"3": "*boerenlap"
},
"expansion": "Dutch *boerenlap",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "boerenkost",
"3": "",
"4": "coarse, heavy food as is eaten by farmers"
},
"expansion": "Dutch boerenkost (“coarse, heavy food as is eaten by farmers”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "boer",
"3": "",
"4": "farmer, peasant"
},
"expansion": "Dutch boer (“farmer, peasant”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "boor"
},
"expansion": "English boor",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain. Attested since about 1695 in the spelling bore-lap, borelapp. Likely from burel (“a coarse woollen cloth”) + lap (“flap of a garment”), where the first element is from Middle English burel, borel. Others feel that \"its character and time of appearance makes a Dutch origin very likely\" (and the earliest references as to its importation from the Netherlands); the NED suggests derivation from Dutch boenlap (“coarse, rubbing linen or cloth”) with the first element perhaps confused with boer; Bense instead suggests derivation from an unattested Dutch *boerenlap, where *boeren supposedly has an extended sense of \"coarse\" as in Dutch boerenkost (“coarse, heavy food as is eaten by farmers”) and boerengoed (from Dutch boer (“farmer, peasant”); compare English boor), though this word is not attested.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "burlaps",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "burlap (countable and uncountable, plural burlaps)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"American English",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2020 November 11, Johnny Diaz, Concepción de León, “3 Visitors Banned From Yellowstone After Cooking Chickens in Hot Spring”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:",
"text": "“A ranger responded and found two whole chickens in a burlap sack in a hot spring,” she said. A cooking pot was also found nearby.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A very strong, coarse cloth, made from jute, flax, or hemp, and used to make sacks, etc."
],
"links": [
[
"cloth",
"cloth"
],
[
"jute",
"jute"
],
[
"flax",
"flax"
],
[
"hemp",
"hemp"
],
[
"sack",
"sack"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(US) A very strong, coarse cloth, made from jute, flax, or hemp, and used to make sacks, etc."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"UK"
],
"word": "hessian"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jamaica",
"Trinidad-and-Tobago"
],
"word": "crocus"
}
],
"tags": [
"US",
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɝlæp/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɜːlæp/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"word": "goiing"
},
{
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"word": "sakgoed"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "zeblo",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "зебло"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "arpillera"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "xarpellera"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "cūmábù",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"word": "粗麻布"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "sækkelærred"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "hessian"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "jute"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "sekkjalørift"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "posalørift"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"word": "säkkikangas"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "toile de jute"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"word": "étoffe grossière de chanvre"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "rafia"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "serapilleira"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Sackleinen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"word": "Hessian"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"word": "zsákvászon"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "burlap"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "iuta"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"word": "tela di sacco"
},
{
"code": "jam",
"lang": "Jamaican Creole",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"word": "crocus"
},
{
"alt": "おうまふ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "ōmafu",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"word": "黄麻布"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "zéblo",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "зе́бло"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"word": "tāpora"
},
{
"code": "mr",
"lang": "Marathi",
"roman": "goṇpāṭ",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "गोणपाट"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "grovt lerret"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "pakklerret"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "sekkestrie"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "serapilheira"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "aniagem"
},
{
"code": "pa",
"lang": "Punjabi",
"roman": "tappaṛ",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ਤੱਪੜ"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "rogóža",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "рого́жа"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "rogóžina",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "рого́жина"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"english": "tarpaulin",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "brezént",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "брезе́нт"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "derjúga",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "дерю́га"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "xolstína",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "холсти́на"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "meškovína",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "мешкови́на"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "arpillera"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "säckväv"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"word": "hessian"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "miškovyna",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "мішковина"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "rjadnyna",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ряднина"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "rohoža",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "рогожа"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "strong cloth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "sachlïain"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"burlap"
],
"word": "burlap"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Dutch",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms with unknown etymologies",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Afrikaans translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Faroese translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Jamaican Creole translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Macedonian translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Marathi translations",
"Terms with Norwegian translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Punjabi translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Terms with Welsh translations",
"en:Fabrics",
"en:Fibers",
"en:Textiles"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "burel",
"3": "lap",
"nocat": "1",
"t1": "a coarse woollen cloth",
"t2": "flap of a garment"
},
"expansion": "burel (“a coarse woollen cloth”) + lap (“flap of a garment”)",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "burel",
"4": "burel, borel"
},
"expansion": "Middle English burel, borel",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "nl",
"3": "boenlap",
"4": "",
"5": "coarse, rubbing linen or cloth"
},
"expansion": "Dutch boenlap (“coarse, rubbing linen or cloth”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "nl",
"3": "*boerenlap"
},
"expansion": "Dutch *boerenlap",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "boerenkost",
"3": "",
"4": "coarse, heavy food as is eaten by farmers"
},
"expansion": "Dutch boerenkost (“coarse, heavy food as is eaten by farmers”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "boer",
"3": "",
"4": "farmer, peasant"
},
"expansion": "Dutch boer (“farmer, peasant”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "boor"
},
"expansion": "English boor",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain. Attested since about 1695 in the spelling bore-lap, borelapp. Likely from burel (“a coarse woollen cloth”) + lap (“flap of a garment”), where the first element is from Middle English burel, borel. Others feel that \"its character and time of appearance makes a Dutch origin very likely\" (and the earliest references as to its importation from the Netherlands); the NED suggests derivation from Dutch boenlap (“coarse, rubbing linen or cloth”) with the first element perhaps confused with boer; Bense instead suggests derivation from an unattested Dutch *boerenlap, where *boeren supposedly has an extended sense of \"coarse\" as in Dutch boerenkost (“coarse, heavy food as is eaten by farmers”) and boerengoed (from Dutch boer (“farmer, peasant”); compare English boor), though this word is not attested.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "burlaps",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "burlapping",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "burlapped",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "burlapped",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "++"
},
"expansion": "burlap (third-person singular simple present burlaps, present participle burlapping, simple past and past participle burlapped)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "sackcloth"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To wrap or cover in burlap."
],
"links": [
[
"wrap",
"wrap"
],
[
"cover",
"cover"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To wrap or cover in burlap."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɝlæp/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɜːlæp/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"burlap"
],
"word": "burlap"
}
Download raw JSONL data for burlap meaning in English (13.7kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/2013",
"msg": "more than one value in \"roman\": sackcloth vs. meškovína",
"path": [
"burlap"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "burlap",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-11-21 using wiktextract (95d2be1 and 64224ec). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.