"Kaluga" meaning in English

See Kaluga in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Proper name

Etymology: Borrowed from Russian Калу́га (Kalúga). Etymology templates: {{ety|en|:bor|ru:Калу́га|text=+|tree=1}} [Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from", "terms" : [ { "children" : [ ], "lang_name" : "Russian", "term" : "Калу́га", "status" : "missing", "lang" : "ru" } ], "keyword" : "bor" } ], "lang_name" : "English", "term" : "Kaluga", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "en" }" data-lang="en" data-title="Kaluga"> Borrowed from Russian Калу́га (Kalúga). Head templates: {{en-proper noun}} Kaluga
  1. An oblast of Russia. Categories (place): Oblasts of Russia, Places in Russia Translations (city in Russia): كَالُوغَا (kalūḡā) [feminine] (Arabic), Կալուգա [Kaluga] (Armenian), Калу́га (Kalúha) [feminine] (Belarusian), Калу́га (Kalúga) [feminine] (Bulgarian), 卡盧加 /卡卢加 (Kǎlújiā) (Chinese Mandarin), Kaluga (Danish), Kalouga [masculine] (French), კალუგა (ḳaluga) (Georgian), Kaluga [neuter] (German), कलुगा (kalugā) (Hindi), カルーガ (Karūga) (Japanese), 칼루가 (Kalluga) (Korean), Калу́га (Kalúga) [feminine] (Macedonian), Kaługa [feminine] (Polish), Kaluga [feminine] (Portuguese), Калу́га (Kalúga) [feminine] (Russian), Калуга [Cyrillic, feminine] (Serbo-Croatian), Kaluga [Latin, feminine] (Serbo-Croatian), Kaluga (Spanish), Калу́га (Kalúha) [feminine] (Ukrainian)
    Sense id: en-Kaluga-en-name-OjclRk6j Categories (other): Kaluga Oblast, Russia Disambiguation of 'city in Russia': 59 41
  2. A city, the administrative center of Kaluga Oblast, Russia. Categories (place): Cities in Kaluga Oblast, Russia, Cities in Russia, Places in Kaluga Oblast, Russia, Places in Russia
    Sense id: en-Kaluga-en-name-Ocyl1o-w Categories (other): Oblast capitals of Russia, English entries referencing missing etymons, English entries with etymology texts, English entries with etymon, English entries with incorrect language header, Entries with translation boxes, Pages using etymon with no ID, Pages with etymon, Terms with Arabic translations, Terms with Armenian translations, Terms with Belarusian translations, Terms with Bulgarian translations, Terms with Danish translations, Terms with French translations, Terms with Georgian translations, Terms with German translations, Terms with Hindi translations, Terms with Japanese translations, Terms with Korean translations, Terms with Macedonian translations, Terms with Mandarin translations, Terms with Polish translations, Terms with Portuguese translations, Terms with Russian translations, Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations, Terms with Spanish translations, Terms with Ukrainian translations Disambiguation of English entries referencing missing etymons: 12 88 Disambiguation of English entries with etymology texts: 14 86 Disambiguation of English entries with etymon: 12 88 Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 4 96 Disambiguation of Entries with translation boxes: 7 93 Disambiguation of Pages using etymon with no ID: 17 83 Disambiguation of Pages with etymon: 17 83 Disambiguation of Terms with Arabic translations: 22 78 Disambiguation of Terms with Armenian translations: 22 78 Disambiguation of Terms with Belarusian translations: 15 85 Disambiguation of Terms with Bulgarian translations: 8 92 Disambiguation of Terms with Danish translations: 6 94 Disambiguation of Terms with French translations: 6 94 Disambiguation of Terms with Georgian translations: 22 78 Disambiguation of Terms with German translations: 8 92 Disambiguation of Terms with Hindi translations: 21 79 Disambiguation of Terms with Japanese translations: 6 94 Disambiguation of Terms with Korean translations: 22 78 Disambiguation of Terms with Macedonian translations: 8 92 Disambiguation of Terms with Mandarin translations: 22 78 Disambiguation of Terms with Polish translations: 8 92 Disambiguation of Terms with Portuguese translations: 22 78 Disambiguation of Terms with Russian translations: 20 80 Disambiguation of Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations: 22 78 Disambiguation of Terms with Spanish translations: 4 96 Disambiguation of Terms with Ukrainian translations: 22 78
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          "word": "Kaługa"
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          "word": "Kaluga"
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          "word": "Калуга"
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      "roman": "Kalluga",
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      "word": "Kaługa"
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      "lang_code": "pt",
      "sense": "city in Russia",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "Kaluga"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "roman": "Kalúga",
      "sense": "city in Russia",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "Калу́га"
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "lang_code": "sh",
      "sense": "city in Russia",
      "tags": [
        "Cyrillic",
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "Калуга"
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "lang_code": "sh",
      "sense": "city in Russia",
      "tags": [
        "Latin",
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "Kaluga"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "lang_code": "es",
      "sense": "city in Russia",
      "word": "Kaluga"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "lang_code": "uk",
      "roman": "Kalúha",
      "sense": "city in Russia",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "Калу́га"
    }
  ],
  "word": "Kaluga"
}

Download raw JSONL data for Kaluga meaning in English (5.0kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-09 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (ccec6f1 and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.