See Indian summer in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for Indian summer meaning in English (19.2kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "été des Indiens"
},
"expansion": "été des Indiens",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "été indien"
},
"expansion": "été indien",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "French: été des Indiens, été indien"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "uncertain",
"name": "uncertain"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Indian"
},
"expansion": "Indian",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Indian bread"
},
"expansion": "Indian bread",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Indian corn"
},
"expansion": "Indian corn",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Of North American origin, exact etymology uncertain. The most plausible suggestions are that Native Americans (or American Indians) called it a form of “summer” due to harvesting late plants or preparing for winter, or that European settlers coined it due to various Native American activities in this season, or due to the weather phenomenon being associated with regions inhabited by Native Americans. Alternatively, the use of the word Indian may indicate something deviating from the norm: compare terms like Indian bread, Indian corn.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "Indian summers",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "Indian summer (plural Indian summers)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"In‧di‧an"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "44 52 4",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Autumn",
"orig": "en:Autumn",
"parents": [
"Seasons",
"Nature",
"Periodic occurrences",
"All topics",
"Time",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 42 13",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Temperature",
"orig": "en:Temperature",
"parents": [
"Nature",
"Weather",
"All topics",
"Atmosphere",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1778 January 17, J[ohn] Hector St. John de Crèvecœur, Letters from an American Farmer: […], London: Printed for Thomas Davies […], and Lockyer Davis […], published 1782, →OCLC; republished as Albert E. Stone, editor, Letters from an American Farmer and Sketches of Eighteenth-century America (Penguin Classics), New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books, 1986, page 233",
"text": "Then a severe frost succeeds which prepares it to receive the voluminous coat of snow which is soon to follow; though it is often preceded by a short interval of smoke and mildness, called the Indian Summer.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1786 July, “Written in Lord Palmerston’s Park near Romsey, Hants”, in The County Magazine, volume VII, number I, Salisbury, Witshire: Printed for and sold by B. C. Collins, and by S. Crowder, in London, published 1788, →OCLC, page 100",
"text": "And while the bards, before my fancy bring / The Indian ſummer, and Italian ſpring, / Rapt let me mark the different climates found, / In Temple's gardens, and his lawns around.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1869 February, “The Bismarck Moire”, in Frank Leslie’s Pleasant Hours: Devoted to Light and Entertaining Literature, volume VI, number 1, New York, N.Y.: Frank Leslie, […], →OCLC, chapter II, page 381, column 1",
"text": "The gentlemen were still lounging on the gallery, fighting time with newspapers and cigars, for the Indian Summer kept up a charming pretense that Winter had forgotten to cross the water; […]",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1892, Gilbert Parker, “Shon McGann’s Tobogan Ride”, in Pierre And His People: Tales of the Far North, London: Methuen & Co. […], →OCLC, section II, page 158",
"text": "There is sunshine in the face of all—a kind of Indian summer sunshine, infused with the sadness of a coming winter; and theirs is the winter of parting.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2004, August Kleinzahler, “The Dog, the Family: A Household Tale”, in Cutty, One Rock: Low Characters and Strange Places, Gently Explained, New York, N.Y.: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, part 1",
"text": "Truth be told, I enjoyed the earthquake of '89; […] It was a warm night, Indian summer. The whole city seemed to be out of doors. It was like an enormous block party, all the neighbors sitting on their stoops, drinking beer, listening to their radios.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A stretch of sunny and warm, often hazy, days during late autumn."
],
"id": "en-Indian_summer-en-noun-ztV-Cyi7",
"links": [
[
"stretch",
"stretch#Noun"
],
[
"sunny",
"sunny"
],
[
"warm",
"warm#Adjective"
],
[
"hazy",
"hazy"
],
[
"day",
"day"
],
[
"late",
"late"
],
[
"autumn",
"autumn"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"english": "St. Luke's little summer, little summer of St. Luke; in October",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "St. Luke's summer"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "all-hallown summer"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"english": "in November",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "St. Martin's summer"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "Michaelmas summer"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ṣayf hindiyy",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "صَيْف هِنْدِيّ"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "uda txiki"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "San Martin hegoak"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "San Martinetako uda txiki"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "babína ljéta",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "бабі́на ле́та"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "cigansko ljato",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "циганско лято"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "estiuet de Sant Martí"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"roman": "cau¹ lou⁵ fu²",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "秋老虎"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "qiūlǎohǔ",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "秋老虎"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "babí léto"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "indiánské léto"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nazomer"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "myv",
"lang": "Erzya",
"roman": "sovo",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "сово"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "heystlýkka"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "intiaanikesä"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"note": "in November",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "été de la Saint-Martin"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "été des Indiens"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"raw_tags": [
"used in France"
],
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"masculine",
"uncommon"
],
"word": "été indien"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Altweibersommer"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "gaïdourokalókairo",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "γαϊδουροκαλόκαιρο"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "קיץ אינדיאני"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "vénasszonyok nyara"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "indián nyár"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "samhradh beag"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"note": "in November",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "estate di San Martino"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "estate indiana"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"alt": "こはる",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "koharu",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "小春"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"alt": "こはるびより",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "koharu-biyori",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "小春日和"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "qoñyr küz",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "қоңыр күз"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "indieon seomeo",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "인디언 서머"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "atvasara"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "bobų vasara"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "cígansko léto",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ци́ганско ле́то"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "ǵúpsko léto",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ѓу́пско ле́то"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "nrf",
"lang": "Norman",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"Jersey",
"masculine"
],
"word": "p'tit êté"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "sensommer"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "گرمای پاییزه"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "babie lato"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "złota jesień"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "veranico"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "verão de São Martinho"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "vară indiană"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "bábʹje léto",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ба́бье ле́то"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "indéjskoje léto",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "инде́йское ле́то"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "bablje ljeto"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "Miholjsko ljeto"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "Martinjsko ljeto"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "veranillo"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "indiansommar"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "brittsommar"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "pastırma yazı"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "babyne lito",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "бабине літо"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 30 4",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "Haf Bach Mihangel"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "34 64 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "31 64 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 62 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "29 70 2",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Age",
"orig": "en:Age",
"parents": [
"Human",
"Time",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "44 52 4",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Autumn",
"orig": "en:Autumn",
"parents": [
"Seasons",
"Nature",
"Periodic occurrences",
"All topics",
"Time",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "34 44 22",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Summer",
"orig": "en:Summer",
"parents": [
"Seasons",
"Nature",
"Periodic occurrences",
"All topics",
"Time",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 42 13",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Temperature",
"orig": "en:Temperature",
"parents": [
"Nature",
"Weather",
"All topics",
"Atmosphere",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1843, John G[reenleaf] Whittier, “Memories”, in Lays of My Home, and Other Poems, Boston, Mass.: William D[avis] Ticknor, →OCLC, page 110",
"text": "Thus, while at times before our eye / The clouds about the present part, / And, smiling through them, round us lie / Soft hues of Memory's evening sky – / The Indian summer of the heart, / In secret sympathies of mind, / In founts of feeling which retain / Their pure fresh flow, we yet may find / Our early dreams not wholly vain!",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1971 March 9, Francis Wheen, quoting Kenneth Tynan, “Introduction: The Paranoia Blues”, in Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia, paperback edition, London: Fourth Estate, HarperCollins Publishers, published 2010, page 6",
"text": "We may come to look back on the Sixties as the Indian summer of the Western imagination, of the last aristocrats of Western taste. Beginning with [John F.] Kennedy, the era ends with [Richard] Nixon and Joe Frazier, his hatchet-man … Cavaliers had better beware. The Roundheads are back in force.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2004 June 15, Abigail Trafford, “Nancy Reagan’s Second Act”, in The Washington Post, Washington, D.C.: The Washington Post Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2018-09-07, page HE01",
"text": "Instead of focusing on winning the next election for her husband, Nancy Reagan can turn to the broader mission of helping others. She is laying down her own legacy next to her husband's. This kind of activism is often the hallmark of people in their Indian summer season. Their energy is fueled by a sense of urgency that is lacking in youth.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2012 November 26, Betty R. Pritchett, The Indian Summer of Mary Margaret Masters, [Bloomington, Ind.]: Trafford Publishing, page 262",
"text": "Here, in what she had begun to think of as the Indian summer of her life, she was claiming a future that held infinite and delicious possibilities; and she would spend the coming years with someone who would bring all the seasons alive.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The late autumn of life; a late flowering of activity before old age."
],
"id": "en-Indian_summer-en-noun-v7NzKfrL",
"links": [
[
"life",
"life"
],
[
"flowering",
"flowering#Noun"
],
[
"activity",
"activity"
],
[
"old age",
"old age"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) The late autumn of life; a late flowering of activity before old age."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "10 89 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "late autumn of life; late flowering of activity before old age",
"word": "intiaanikesä"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 89 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "late autumn of life; late flowering of activity before old age",
"word": "zweiter Frühling"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 89 1",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "galínia girateiá",
"sense": "late autumn of life; late flowering of activity before old age",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural"
],
"word": "γαλήνια γηρατειά"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 89 1",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "late autumn of life; late flowering of activity before old age",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "fómhar beag na ngéanna"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 89 1",
"alt": "かえりざく",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "kaerizaku",
"sense": "late autumn of life; late flowering of activity before old age",
"word": "返り咲く"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 89 1",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "late autumn of life; late flowering of activity before old age",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "pogodna jesień życia"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 89 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "bábʹje léto",
"sense": "late autumn of life; late flowering of activity before old age",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ба́бье ле́то"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 89 1",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "late autumn of life; late flowering of activity before old age",
"word": "druga mladost"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "45 42 13",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Temperature",
"orig": "en:Temperature",
"parents": [
"Nature",
"Weather",
"All topics",
"Atmosphere",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"_dis1": "4 6 90",
"word": "blackberry winter"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 6 90",
"word": "squaw winter"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see Indian, summer."
],
"id": "en-Indian_summer-en-noun-z2rrqzBY",
"links": [
[
"Indian",
"Indian#English"
],
[
"summer",
"summer#English"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɪn.dɪ.ən ˈsʌ.mə(ɹ)/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɪn.di.ən ˈsʌ.mɚ/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-au-Indian summer.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/En-au-Indian_summer.ogg/En-au-Indian_summer.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/En-au-Indian_summer.ogg",
"tags": [
"Australia"
],
"text": "Audio (AU)"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Monthly Weather Review",
"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration",
"National Weather Service"
],
"word": "Indian summer"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English multiword terms",
"English nouns",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"English terms with unknown etymologies",
"Requests for review of Spanish translations",
"en:Age",
"en:Autumn",
"en:Summer",
"en:Temperature"
],
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"word": "blackberry winter"
},
{
"word": "squaw winter"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "été des Indiens"
},
"expansion": "été des Indiens",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "été indien"
},
"expansion": "été indien",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "French: été des Indiens, été indien"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "uncertain",
"name": "uncertain"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Indian"
},
"expansion": "Indian",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Indian bread"
},
"expansion": "Indian bread",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Indian corn"
},
"expansion": "Indian corn",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Of North American origin, exact etymology uncertain. The most plausible suggestions are that Native Americans (or American Indians) called it a form of “summer” due to harvesting late plants or preparing for winter, or that European settlers coined it due to various Native American activities in this season, or due to the weather phenomenon being associated with regions inhabited by Native Americans. Alternatively, the use of the word Indian may indicate something deviating from the norm: compare terms like Indian bread, Indian corn.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "Indian summers",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "Indian summer (plural Indian summers)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"In‧di‧an"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1778 January 17, J[ohn] Hector St. John de Crèvecœur, Letters from an American Farmer: […], London: Printed for Thomas Davies […], and Lockyer Davis […], published 1782, →OCLC; republished as Albert E. Stone, editor, Letters from an American Farmer and Sketches of Eighteenth-century America (Penguin Classics), New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books, 1986, page 233",
"text": "Then a severe frost succeeds which prepares it to receive the voluminous coat of snow which is soon to follow; though it is often preceded by a short interval of smoke and mildness, called the Indian Summer.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1786 July, “Written in Lord Palmerston’s Park near Romsey, Hants”, in The County Magazine, volume VII, number I, Salisbury, Witshire: Printed for and sold by B. C. Collins, and by S. Crowder, in London, published 1788, →OCLC, page 100",
"text": "And while the bards, before my fancy bring / The Indian ſummer, and Italian ſpring, / Rapt let me mark the different climates found, / In Temple's gardens, and his lawns around.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1869 February, “The Bismarck Moire”, in Frank Leslie’s Pleasant Hours: Devoted to Light and Entertaining Literature, volume VI, number 1, New York, N.Y.: Frank Leslie, […], →OCLC, chapter II, page 381, column 1",
"text": "The gentlemen were still lounging on the gallery, fighting time with newspapers and cigars, for the Indian Summer kept up a charming pretense that Winter had forgotten to cross the water; […]",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1892, Gilbert Parker, “Shon McGann’s Tobogan Ride”, in Pierre And His People: Tales of the Far North, London: Methuen & Co. […], →OCLC, section II, page 158",
"text": "There is sunshine in the face of all—a kind of Indian summer sunshine, infused with the sadness of a coming winter; and theirs is the winter of parting.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2004, August Kleinzahler, “The Dog, the Family: A Household Tale”, in Cutty, One Rock: Low Characters and Strange Places, Gently Explained, New York, N.Y.: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, part 1",
"text": "Truth be told, I enjoyed the earthquake of '89; […] It was a warm night, Indian summer. The whole city seemed to be out of doors. It was like an enormous block party, all the neighbors sitting on their stoops, drinking beer, listening to their radios.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A stretch of sunny and warm, often hazy, days during late autumn."
],
"links": [
[
"stretch",
"stretch#Noun"
],
[
"sunny",
"sunny"
],
[
"warm",
"warm#Adjective"
],
[
"hazy",
"hazy"
],
[
"day",
"day"
],
[
"late",
"late"
],
[
"autumn",
"autumn"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1843, John G[reenleaf] Whittier, “Memories”, in Lays of My Home, and Other Poems, Boston, Mass.: William D[avis] Ticknor, →OCLC, page 110",
"text": "Thus, while at times before our eye / The clouds about the present part, / And, smiling through them, round us lie / Soft hues of Memory's evening sky – / The Indian summer of the heart, / In secret sympathies of mind, / In founts of feeling which retain / Their pure fresh flow, we yet may find / Our early dreams not wholly vain!",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1971 March 9, Francis Wheen, quoting Kenneth Tynan, “Introduction: The Paranoia Blues”, in Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia, paperback edition, London: Fourth Estate, HarperCollins Publishers, published 2010, page 6",
"text": "We may come to look back on the Sixties as the Indian summer of the Western imagination, of the last aristocrats of Western taste. Beginning with [John F.] Kennedy, the era ends with [Richard] Nixon and Joe Frazier, his hatchet-man … Cavaliers had better beware. The Roundheads are back in force.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2004 June 15, Abigail Trafford, “Nancy Reagan’s Second Act”, in The Washington Post, Washington, D.C.: The Washington Post Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2018-09-07, page HE01",
"text": "Instead of focusing on winning the next election for her husband, Nancy Reagan can turn to the broader mission of helping others. She is laying down her own legacy next to her husband's. This kind of activism is often the hallmark of people in their Indian summer season. Their energy is fueled by a sense of urgency that is lacking in youth.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2012 November 26, Betty R. Pritchett, The Indian Summer of Mary Margaret Masters, [Bloomington, Ind.]: Trafford Publishing, page 262",
"text": "Here, in what she had begun to think of as the Indian summer of her life, she was claiming a future that held infinite and delicious possibilities; and she would spend the coming years with someone who would bring all the seasons alive.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The late autumn of life; a late flowering of activity before old age."
],
"links": [
[
"life",
"life"
],
[
"flowering",
"flowering#Noun"
],
[
"activity",
"activity"
],
[
"old age",
"old age"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) The late autumn of life; a late flowering of activity before old age."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see Indian, summer."
],
"links": [
[
"Indian",
"Indian#English"
],
[
"summer",
"summer#English"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɪn.dɪ.ən ˈsʌ.mə(ɹ)/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɪn.di.ən ˈsʌ.mɚ/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-au-Indian summer.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/En-au-Indian_summer.ogg/En-au-Indian_summer.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/En-au-Indian_summer.ogg",
"tags": [
"Australia"
],
"text": "Audio (AU)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "St. Luke's little summer, little summer of St. Luke; in October",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "St. Luke's summer"
},
{
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "all-hallown summer"
},
{
"english": "in November",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "St. Martin's summer"
},
{
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "Michaelmas summer"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ṣayf hindiyy",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "صَيْف هِنْدِيّ"
},
{
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "uda txiki"
},
{
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "San Martin hegoak"
},
{
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "San Martinetako uda txiki"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "babína ljéta",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "бабі́на ле́та"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "cigansko ljato",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "циганско лято"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "estiuet de Sant Martí"
},
{
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"roman": "cau¹ lou⁵ fu²",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "秋老虎"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "qiūlǎohǔ",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "秋老虎"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "babí léto"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "indiánské léto"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nazomer"
},
{
"code": "myv",
"lang": "Erzya",
"roman": "sovo",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "сово"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "heystlýkka"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "intiaanikesä"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"note": "in November",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "été de la Saint-Martin"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "été des Indiens"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"raw_tags": [
"used in France"
],
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"masculine",
"uncommon"
],
"word": "été indien"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Altweibersommer"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "gaïdourokalókairo",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "γαϊδουροκαλόκαιρο"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "קיץ אינדיאני"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "vénasszonyok nyara"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "indián nyár"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "samhradh beag"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"note": "in November",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "estate di San Martino"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "estate indiana"
},
{
"alt": "こはる",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "koharu",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "小春"
},
{
"alt": "こはるびより",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "koharu-biyori",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "小春日和"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "qoñyr küz",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "қоңыр күз"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "indieon seomeo",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "인디언 서머"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "atvasara"
},
{
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "bobų vasara"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "cígansko léto",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ци́ганско ле́то"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "ǵúpsko léto",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ѓу́пско ле́то"
},
{
"code": "nrf",
"lang": "Norman",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"Jersey",
"masculine"
],
"word": "p'tit êté"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "sensommer"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "گرمای پاییزه"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "babie lato"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "złota jesień"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "veranico"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "verão de São Martinho"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "vară indiană"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "bábʹje léto",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ба́бье ле́то"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "indéjskoje léto",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "инде́йское ле́то"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "bablje ljeto"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "Miholjsko ljeto"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "Martinjsko ljeto"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "veranillo"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "indiansommar"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "brittsommar"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "pastırma yazı"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "babyne lito",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "бабине літо"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "stretch of warm days in autumn",
"word": "Haf Bach Mihangel"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "late autumn of life; late flowering of activity before old age",
"word": "intiaanikesä"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "late autumn of life; late flowering of activity before old age",
"word": "zweiter Frühling"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "galínia girateiá",
"sense": "late autumn of life; late flowering of activity before old age",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural"
],
"word": "γαλήνια γηρατειά"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "late autumn of life; late flowering of activity before old age",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "fómhar beag na ngéanna"
},
{
"alt": "かえりざく",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "kaerizaku",
"sense": "late autumn of life; late flowering of activity before old age",
"word": "返り咲く"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "late autumn of life; late flowering of activity before old age",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "pogodna jesień życia"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "bábʹje léto",
"sense": "late autumn of life; late flowering of activity before old age",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ба́бье ле́то"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "late autumn of life; late flowering of activity before old age",
"word": "druga mladost"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Monthly Weather Review",
"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration",
"National Weather Service"
],
"word": "Indian summer"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-05 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.