"廢除" meaning in Chinese

See 廢除 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Verb

IPA: /feɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu³⁵/ [Mandarin, Sinological-IPA], /fɐi̯³³ t͡sʰɵy̯²¹/ [Cantonese, Sinological-IPA], /hue⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tɯ²⁴/ [Hokkien, Quanzhou], /hue¹¹⁻⁵³ tu²⁴/ [Hokkien, Taipei], /hue²¹⁻⁵³ tu²⁴/ [Hokkien, Xiamen], /hui²¹⁻⁵³ ti¹³/ [Hokkien, Zhangzhou], /hue²¹⁻⁴¹ ti²³/ [Hokkien, Kaohsiung], /hui²¹⁻⁴¹ tu²³/ [Hokkien, Kaohsiung], /hui¹¹⁻⁵³ tu²⁴/ [Hokkien, Taipei], /feɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu³⁵/, /fɐi̯³³ t͡sʰɵy̯²¹/, /hue⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tɯ²⁴/, /hue¹¹⁻⁵³ tu²⁴/, /hue²¹⁻⁵³ tu²⁴/, /hui²¹⁻⁵³ ti¹³/, /hue²¹⁻⁴¹ ti²³/, /hui²¹⁻⁴¹ tu²³/, /hui¹¹⁻⁵³ tu²⁴/ Chinese transliterations: fèichú [Mandarin, Pinyin], ㄈㄟˋ ㄔㄨˊ [Mandarin, bopomofo], fai³ ceoi⁴ [Cantonese, Jyutping], hòe-tîr, hòe-tû, hùi-tî, hòe-tî, hùi-tû, fèichú [Hanyu-Pinyin, Mandarin], fèichú [Mandarin, Tongyong-Pinyin], fei⁴-chʻu² [Mandarin, Wade-Giles], fèi-chú [Mandarin, Yale], feychwu [Gwoyeu-Romatsyh, Mandarin], фэйчу [Mandarin, Palladius], fɛjču [Mandarin, Palladius], fai chèuih [Cantonese, Yale], fai³ tsoey⁴ [Cantonese, Pinyin], fei³ cêu⁴ [Cantonese, Guangdong-Romanization], hòe-tîr [Hokkien, POJ], huè-tîr [Hokkien, Tai-lo], hòe-tû [Hokkien, POJ], huè-tû [Hokkien, Tai-lo], hoea'duu [Hokkien, Phofsit-Daibuun], hùi-tî [Hokkien, POJ], huì-tî [Hokkien, Tai-lo], huie'dii [Hokkien, Phofsit-Daibuun], hòe-tî [Hokkien, POJ], huè-tî [Hokkien, Tai-lo], hoea'dii [Hokkien, Phofsit-Daibuun], hùi-tû [Hokkien, POJ], huì-tû [Hokkien, Tai-lo], huie'duu [Hokkien, Phofsit-Daibuun]
Head templates: {{zh-verb}} 廢除
  1. to abolish; to abrogate
    Sense id: en-廢除-zh-verb-UlHYixCl Categories (other): Chinese entries with incorrect language header, Intermediate Mandarin Synonyms: 削除 (xuēchú), 取消 (qǔxiāo), 廢止 (fèizhǐ), 废止 (fèizhǐ), 撤廢 (chèfèi), 撤废 (chèfèi), 撤銷 (chèxiāo), 撤销 (chèxiāo), 收回 (shōuhuí), 杜絕 (dùjué), 杜绝 (dùjué), 罷黜 (bàchù) [literary], 罢黜 (bàchù) [literary], 裁撤 (cáichè), 解除 (jiěchú), 註銷 (zhùxiāo), 注销 (zhùxiāo), 退 (tuì), (xiāo), (xiāo), 除免 (chúmiǎn) [literary]

Download JSON data for 廢除 meaning in Chinese (5.2kB)

{
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "廢除",
      "name": "zh-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Chinese",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Intermediate Mandarin",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Abrogate all unequal treaties!",
          "ref": "廢除一切不平等條約! [MSC, trad.]",
          "text": "废除一切不平等条约! [MSC, simp.]\nFèichú yīqiè bù píngděng tiáoyuē! [Pinyin]",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "To abolish the death penalty is to excuse murder.",
          "ref": "廢除死刑是原諒殺人犯。 [MSC, trad.]",
          "text": "废除死刑是原谅杀人犯。 [MSC, simp.]\nFèichú sǐxíng shì yuánliàng shārénfàn. [Pinyin]",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "Singapore abolished its jury system in 1969, so all criminal defendants are tried before judges.",
          "ref": "新加坡在1969年廢除了陪審團制度,因此所有刑事案件的被告人均由法官審判。 [MSC, trad.]",
          "text": "新加坡在1969年废除了陪审团制度,因此所有刑事案件的被告人均由法官审判。 [MSC, simp.]\nXīnjiāpō zài 1969 nián fèichú le péishěntuán zhìdù, yīncǐ suǒyǒu xíngshì ànjiàn de bèigàorén jūn yóu fǎguān shěnpàn. [Pinyin]",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to abolish; to abrogate"
      ],
      "id": "en-廢除-zh-verb-UlHYixCl",
      "links": [
        [
          "abolish",
          "abolish"
        ],
        [
          "abrogate",
          "abrogate"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "roman": "xuēchú",
          "word": "削除"
        },
        {
          "roman": "qǔxiāo",
          "word": "取消"
        },
        {
          "roman": "fèizhǐ",
          "word": "廢止"
        },
        {
          "roman": "fèizhǐ",
          "word": "废止"
        },
        {
          "roman": "chèfèi",
          "word": "撤廢"
        },
        {
          "roman": "chèfèi",
          "word": "撤废"
        },
        {
          "roman": "chèxiāo",
          "word": "撤銷"
        },
        {
          "roman": "chèxiāo",
          "word": "撤销"
        },
        {
          "roman": "shōuhuí",
          "word": "收回"
        },
        {
          "roman": "dùjué",
          "word": "杜絕"
        },
        {
          "roman": "dùjué",
          "word": "杜绝"
        },
        {
          "roman": "bàchù",
          "tags": [
            "literary"
          ],
          "word": "罷黜"
        },
        {
          "roman": "bàchù",
          "tags": [
            "literary"
          ],
          "word": "罢黜"
        },
        {
          "roman": "cáichè",
          "word": "裁撤"
        },
        {
          "roman": "jiěchú",
          "word": "解除"
        },
        {
          "roman": "zhùxiāo",
          "word": "註銷"
        },
        {
          "roman": "zhùxiāo",
          "word": "注销"
        },
        {
          "roman": "tuì",
          "word": "退"
        },
        {
          "roman": "xiāo",
          "word": "銷"
        },
        {
          "roman": "xiāo",
          "word": "销"
        },
        {
          "roman": "chúmiǎn",
          "tags": [
            "literary"
          ],
          "word": "除免"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "fèichú"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "bopomofo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ㄈㄟˋ ㄔㄨˊ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Jyutping"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "fai³ ceoi⁴"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "hòe-tîr"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "hòe-tû"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "hùi-tî"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "hòe-tî"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "hùi-tû"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hanyu-Pinyin",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "fèichú"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Tongyong-Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "fèichú"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Wade-Giles"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "fei⁴-chʻu²"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "fèi-chú"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "feychwu"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "фэйчу"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "fɛjču"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/feɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu³⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "fai chèuih"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "fai³ tsoey⁴"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangdong-Romanization"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "fei³ cêu⁴"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/fɐi̯³³ t͡sʰɵy̯²¹/",
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "hòe-tîr"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "huè-tîr"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/hue⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tɯ²⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Quanzhou"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "hòe-tû"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "huè-tû"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Phofsit-Daibuun"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "hoea'duu"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/hue¹¹⁻⁵³ tu²⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Taipei"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/hue²¹⁻⁵³ tu²⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Xiamen"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "hùi-tî"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "huì-tî"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Phofsit-Daibuun"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "huie'dii"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/hui²¹⁻⁵³ ti¹³/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Zhangzhou"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "hòe-tî"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "huè-tî"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Phofsit-Daibuun"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "hoea'dii"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/hue²¹⁻⁴¹ ti²³/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Kaohsiung"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "hùi-tû"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "huì-tû"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Phofsit-Daibuun"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "huie'duu"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/hui²¹⁻⁴¹ tu²³/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Kaohsiung"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/hui¹¹⁻⁵³ tu²⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Taipei"
      ]
    },
    {
      "other": "/ hòe-tû /"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ hòe-tî /"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/feɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu³⁵/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/fɐi̯³³ t͡sʰɵy̯²¹/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/hue⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tɯ²⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/hue¹¹⁻⁵³ tu²⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/hue²¹⁻⁵³ tu²⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/hui²¹⁻⁵³ ti¹³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/hue²¹⁻⁴¹ ti²³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/hui²¹⁻⁴¹ tu²³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/hui¹¹⁻⁵³ tu²⁴/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "廢除"
}
{
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "廢除",
      "name": "zh-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Chinese",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Cantonese lemmas",
        "Cantonese verbs",
        "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
        "Chinese lemmas",
        "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "Chinese verbs",
        "Hokkien lemmas",
        "Hokkien verbs",
        "Intermediate Mandarin",
        "Mandarin lemmas",
        "Mandarin terms with audio links",
        "Mandarin terms with usage examples",
        "Mandarin verbs"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Abrogate all unequal treaties!",
          "ref": "廢除一切不平等條約! [MSC, trad.]",
          "text": "废除一切不平等条约! [MSC, simp.]\nFèichú yīqiè bù píngděng tiáoyuē! [Pinyin]",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "To abolish the death penalty is to excuse murder.",
          "ref": "廢除死刑是原諒殺人犯。 [MSC, trad.]",
          "text": "废除死刑是原谅杀人犯。 [MSC, simp.]\nFèichú sǐxíng shì yuánliàng shārénfàn. [Pinyin]",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "Singapore abolished its jury system in 1969, so all criminal defendants are tried before judges.",
          "ref": "新加坡在1969年廢除了陪審團制度,因此所有刑事案件的被告人均由法官審判。 [MSC, trad.]",
          "text": "新加坡在1969年废除了陪审团制度,因此所有刑事案件的被告人均由法官审判。 [MSC, simp.]\nXīnjiāpō zài 1969 nián fèichú le péishěntuán zhìdù, yīncǐ suǒyǒu xíngshì ànjiàn de bèigàorén jūn yóu fǎguān shěnpàn. [Pinyin]",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to abolish; to abrogate"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "abolish",
          "abolish"
        ],
        [
          "abrogate",
          "abrogate"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "fèichú"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "bopomofo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ㄈㄟˋ ㄔㄨˊ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Jyutping"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "fai³ ceoi⁴"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "hòe-tîr"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "hòe-tû"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "hùi-tî"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "hòe-tî"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "hùi-tû"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hanyu-Pinyin",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "fèichú"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Tongyong-Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "fèichú"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Wade-Giles"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "fei⁴-chʻu²"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "fèi-chú"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "feychwu"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "фэйчу"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "fɛjču"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/feɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu³⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "fai chèuih"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "fai³ tsoey⁴"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangdong-Romanization"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "fei³ cêu⁴"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/fɐi̯³³ t͡sʰɵy̯²¹/",
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "hòe-tîr"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "huè-tîr"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/hue⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tɯ²⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Quanzhou"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "hòe-tû"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "huè-tû"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Phofsit-Daibuun"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "hoea'duu"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/hue¹¹⁻⁵³ tu²⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Taipei"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/hue²¹⁻⁵³ tu²⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Xiamen"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "hùi-tî"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "huì-tî"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Phofsit-Daibuun"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "huie'dii"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/hui²¹⁻⁵³ ti¹³/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Zhangzhou"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "hòe-tî"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "huè-tî"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Phofsit-Daibuun"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "hoea'dii"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/hue²¹⁻⁴¹ ti²³/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Kaohsiung"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "hùi-tû"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "huì-tû"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Phofsit-Daibuun"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "huie'duu"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/hui²¹⁻⁴¹ tu²³/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Kaohsiung"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/hui¹¹⁻⁵³ tu²⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Taipei"
      ]
    },
    {
      "other": "/ hòe-tû /"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ hòe-tî /"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/feɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu³⁵/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/fɐi̯³³ t͡sʰɵy̯²¹/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/hue⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tɯ²⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/hue¹¹⁻⁵³ tu²⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/hue²¹⁻⁵³ tu²⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/hui²¹⁻⁵³ ti¹³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/hue²¹⁻⁴¹ ti²³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/hui²¹⁻⁴¹ tu²³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/hui¹¹⁻⁵³ tu²⁴/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "roman": "xuēchú",
      "word": "削除"
    },
    {
      "roman": "qǔxiāo",
      "word": "取消"
    },
    {
      "roman": "fèizhǐ",
      "word": "廢止"
    },
    {
      "roman": "fèizhǐ",
      "word": "废止"
    },
    {
      "roman": "chèfèi",
      "word": "撤廢"
    },
    {
      "roman": "chèfèi",
      "word": "撤废"
    },
    {
      "roman": "chèxiāo",
      "word": "撤銷"
    },
    {
      "roman": "chèxiāo",
      "word": "撤销"
    },
    {
      "roman": "shōuhuí",
      "word": "收回"
    },
    {
      "roman": "dùjué",
      "word": "杜絕"
    },
    {
      "roman": "dùjué",
      "word": "杜绝"
    },
    {
      "roman": "bàchù",
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "罷黜"
    },
    {
      "roman": "bàchù",
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "罢黜"
    },
    {
      "roman": "cáichè",
      "word": "裁撤"
    },
    {
      "roman": "jiěchú",
      "word": "解除"
    },
    {
      "roman": "zhùxiāo",
      "word": "註銷"
    },
    {
      "roman": "zhùxiāo",
      "word": "注销"
    },
    {
      "roman": "tuì",
      "word": "退"
    },
    {
      "roman": "xiāo",
      "word": "銷"
    },
    {
      "roman": "xiāo",
      "word": "销"
    },
    {
      "roman": "chúmiǎn",
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "除免"
    }
  ],
  "word": "廢除"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Chinese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-09 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (4d5d0bb and edd475d). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.