See simulacrum on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "symulakrum",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Polish: symulakrum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Polish: symulakrum"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*sem-",
"4": "*-lós"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "simulācrum",
"t": "image, likeness"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Latin simulācrum (“image, likeness”)",
"name": "lbor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-tlom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-tlom",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "present"
},
"expansion": "present",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "active"
},
"expansion": "active",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "infinitive"
},
"expansion": "infinitive",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*sem-",
"t": "one; together"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“one; together”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "plural"
},
"expansion": "plural",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "simulācra",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "learned borrowing from Latin simulācra",
"name": "lbor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Latin simulācrum (“image, likeness”), from simulāre + -crum (a variant of -culum, from Proto-Indo-European *-tlom, a suffix forming instrument nouns). Simulāre is the present active infinitive of simulō (“to represent, simulate”) from similis (“similar (to)”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“one; together”).\nThe plural form simulacra is a learned borrowing from Latin simulācra.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "simulacra",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "simulacrums",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "simulacra",
"2": "s"
},
"expansion": "simulacrum (plural simulacra or simulacrums)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"sim‧u‧la‧crum",
"sim‧u‧la‧cra"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "icon"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "replica"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Armenian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Macedonian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "a simulacrum of a New York studio apartment",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1833, [Edward Bulwer-Lytton], “The Visionary and His Daughter—An Englishman, such as Foreigners Imagine the English”, in Godolphin. […], volume II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, book III, page 18:",
"text": "[H]e crossed the haunted Almo, renowned of yore for its healing virtues, and whose stream the far-famed simulacrum, the image of Cybele,) which fell from heaven, was wont to be laved with every coming spring; […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1856, John Ruskin, “The Mountain Gloom”, in Modern Painters […], volume IV, London: Smith, Elder and Co., […], →OCLC, part V (Of Mountain Beauty), § 6, page 329:",
"text": "Is it not strange to reflect, […] that nightly we lay down our gold, to fashion forth simulacra of peasants, in gay ribands and white bodices, singing sweet songs, and bowing gracefully to the picturesque crosses: and all the while the veritable peasants are kneeling, songlessly, to veritable crosses, in another temper than the kind and fair audiences deem of, and assuredly with another kind of answer than is got out of the opera catastrophe; […] If all the gold that has gone to paint the simulacra of the cottages, and to put new songs in the mouths of the simulacra of the peasants, had gone to brighten the existent cottages, and to put new songs in the mouths of the existent peasants, it might in the end, perhaps, have turned out better so, not only for the peasant, but for even the audience.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing."
],
"id": "en-simulacrum-en-noun-sj41wNbc",
"links": [
[
"physical",
"physical#Adjective"
],
[
"image",
"image#Noun"
],
[
"representation",
"representation"
],
[
"deity",
"deity"
],
[
"person",
"person#Noun"
],
[
"thing",
"thing"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "simulakr",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"word": "սիմուլակր"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "obraz",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "образ"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "podobie",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "подобие"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "simulacre"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"word": "kuva"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"word": "malli"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "simulacre"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Simulacrum"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Simulakrum"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "apeíkasma",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "απείκασμα"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "epífasi",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "επίφαση"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "simulacro"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "prívidnost",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "при́видност"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "slíka",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "сли́ка"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "prívid",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "при́вид"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "symulakrum"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "simulacro"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "simulacru"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "симулакрум"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "simulacro"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "17 83",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 90",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 65 14 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 74 11 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Armenian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 92",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 91",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 91",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 93",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 91",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 78",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 93",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Macedonian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 92",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "41 59",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 91",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 95",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1840 May 19, Thomas Carlyle, “Lecture V. The Hero as Man of Letters. Johnson, Rousseau, Burns.”, in On Heroes, Hero-Worship and The Heroic in History, London: Chapman and Hall, […], published 1840, →OCLC, page 163:",
"text": "One Life; a little gleam of Time between two Eternities; no second chance to us forevermore! It were well for us to live not as fools and simulacra, but as wise and realities.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1858, Thomas Carlyle, “Journey Homewards from the Reich; Catastrophe on Journey Homewards”, in History of Friedrich II. of Prussia, Called Frederick the Great, volume II, London: Chapman and Hall, […], →OCLC, book VII, page 233:",
"text": "He is become a mere enchanted simulacrum of a Duke; bewitched under worse than Thessalian spells; without faculty of willing, except as she wills; his People and he the plaything of this Circe or Hecate, that has got hold of him.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1861 November, W[illiam] M[akepeace] Thackeray, “George the Fourth”, in The Four Georges: Sketches of Manners, Morals, Court, and Town Life, London: Smith, Elder and Co., […], →OCLC, page 169:",
"text": "[Y]ou find you have nothing—nothing but a coat and wig and a mask smiling below it—nothing but a great simulacrum.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1877, William Black, “Culture”, in Green Pastures and Piccadilly. […], volume III, London: Macmillan and Co., →OCLC, page 86:",
"text": "Certainly a vehicle that seemed to have no inside at all—that appeared to be the mere simulacrum of a vehicle—could not very well contain the two.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2008 October 23, Manohla Dargis, “Movie review: ‘Synecdoche, New York’: Dreamer, live in the here and now”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-04-29:",
"text": "Inside the warehouse, he builds a replica of his world line by line, actor by actor, until fiction and nonfiction blur. Like the full-scale map in [Jose Luis] Borges's short story \"On Exactitude in Science,\" the representation takes on the dimensions of reality to the point of replacing it. The French theorist Jean Baudrillard uses Borges's story as a metaphor for his notion of the simulacrum, which probably explains why Caden, who has trouble naming things, considers titling his production \"Simulacrum.\"",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2018, Ling Ma, chapter 1, in Severance, New York, N.Y.: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, →ISBN, page 13:",
"text": "The future just wants more consumers. The future is more newly arrived college grads and tourists in some fruitless search for authenticity. The future is more overpriced Pabsts at dive-bar simulacrums.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2018 September 18, Amanda Kolson Hurley, CityLab, “Fake Public Squares Are Coming to the Suburbs: ‘Memory Towns’ Promise to Provide an Aging Population with Dementia Therapy and the Accessible Spaces of a Bygone Era”, in The Atlantic, Washington, D.C.: The Atlantic Monthly Group, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-01-09:",
"text": "It's a sad commentary on our real, full-scale communities that they are so anti-urban by comparison, and so unsafe for the old and frail. […] We shouldn't have to dodge traffic on an eight-lane road just to get to a simulacrum of an inclusive urban place. The problem is not too much Disneyland thinking—it's not enough.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A thing which has the appearance or form of another thing, but not its true qualities; a thing which simulates another thing; an imitation, a semblance."
],
"id": "en-simulacrum-en-noun-8tl4f2dd",
"links": [
[
"appearance",
"appearance"
],
[
"form",
"form#Noun"
],
[
"true",
"true#Adjective"
],
[
"qualities",
"quality#Noun"
],
[
"simulate",
"simulate"
],
[
"imitation",
"imitation"
],
[
"semblance",
"semblance"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "simulant"
},
{
"word": "simulation"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "4 96",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "thing which has the appearance or form of another thing, but not its true qualities",
"word": "simulakrumi"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˌsɪmjʊəˈleɪkɹəm/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-simulacrum.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-simulacrum.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-simulacrum.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-simulacrum.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-simulacrum.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˌsɪmjəˈleɪkɹəm/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˌsɪmjʊəˈleɪkɹə/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˌsɪmjəˈleɪkɹə/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
}
],
"word": "simulacrum"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "simulacrum",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: simulacrum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: simulacrum"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "simulacre",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ French: simulacre",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ French: simulacre"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "simulacro",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Spanish: simulacro",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Spanish: simulacro"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*sem-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "simulāre",
"3": "crum",
"alt1": "simulā(re)"
},
"expansion": "simulā(re) + -crum",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-tlom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-tlom",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From simulā(re) + -crum (a variant of -culum, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-tlom, a suffix forming instrument nouns).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "simulācrum",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "simulācrī",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "simulācrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "simulācra",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "simulācrī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "simulācrōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "simulācrō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "simulācrīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "simulācrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "simulācra",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "simulācrō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "simulācrīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "simulācrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "simulācra",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "simulācrum<2>"
},
"expansion": "simulācrum n (genitive simulācrī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "simulācrum<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin neuter nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "66 34",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Appearance",
"orig": "la:Appearance",
"parents": [
"Perception",
"Body",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "“[The Trojans] cried out: ‘The effigy [of the horse] must be taken to the temple of the goddess, and [we] must entreat her divine favor.’”",
"ref": "29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 2.232–233",
"text": "Dūcendum ad sēdēs simulācrum ōrandaque dīvae / nūmina conclāmant."
},
{
"english": "Others say that Orestes, when he was taking the figure of Taurian Diana from Scythia and was carried off to Sicily by a storm, he venerated her an entire year with hymns, with his sailors collected and some shepherds summoned, and that from there did the custom remain among the country-dwellers.",
"ref": "Maurus Servius Honoratus, In Vergilii Bucolica commentarii",
"text": "Aliī dīcunt Orestem, cum Diānae Facelītidis simulācrum raptum ex Scythiā adveheret et ad Siciliam esset tempestāte dēlātus, complētō annō Diānae fēstum celebrāsse hymnīs, collēctīs nautīs suīs et aliquibus pāstōribus convocātīs, et exinde permānsisse apud rūsticōs cōnsuētūdinem."
}
],
"glosses": [
"image, likeness, statue, effigy, portrait"
],
"id": "en-simulacrum-la-noun-W5-IJthJ",
"links": [
[
"image",
"image"
],
[
"likeness",
"likeness"
],
[
"statue",
"statue"
],
[
"effigy",
"effigy"
],
[
"portrait",
"portrait"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "effigiēs"
},
{
"word": "imāgō"
},
{
"word": "statua"
}
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "30 70",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin neuter nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "41 59",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin terms suffixed with -crum",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"specter, ghost, phantom; mimicry, imitation"
],
"id": "en-simulacrum-la-noun-3UUj6PYH",
"links": [
[
"specter",
"specter"
],
[
"ghost",
"ghost"
],
[
"phantom",
"phantom"
],
[
"mimicry",
"mimicry"
],
[
"imitation",
"imitation"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/si.muˈlaː.krum/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[s̠ɪmʊˈɫ̪äːkrʊ̃ˑ]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/si.muˈla.krum/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[simuˈläːkrum]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "simulacrum"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English learned borrowings from Latin",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English nouns with irregular plurals",
"English terms borrowed from Latin",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *-lós",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *sem-",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Macedonian translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"la:Appearance"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "symulakrum",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Polish: symulakrum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Polish: symulakrum"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*sem-",
"4": "*-lós"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "simulācrum",
"t": "image, likeness"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Latin simulācrum (“image, likeness”)",
"name": "lbor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-tlom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-tlom",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "present"
},
"expansion": "present",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "active"
},
"expansion": "active",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "infinitive"
},
"expansion": "infinitive",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*sem-",
"t": "one; together"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“one; together”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "plural"
},
"expansion": "plural",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "simulācra",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "learned borrowing from Latin simulācra",
"name": "lbor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Latin simulācrum (“image, likeness”), from simulāre + -crum (a variant of -culum, from Proto-Indo-European *-tlom, a suffix forming instrument nouns). Simulāre is the present active infinitive of simulō (“to represent, simulate”) from similis (“similar (to)”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“one; together”).\nThe plural form simulacra is a learned borrowing from Latin simulācra.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "simulacra",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "simulacrums",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "simulacra",
"2": "s"
},
"expansion": "simulacrum (plural simulacra or simulacrums)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"sim‧u‧la‧crum",
"sim‧u‧la‧cra"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "icon"
},
{
"word": "replica"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "a simulacrum of a New York studio apartment",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1833, [Edward Bulwer-Lytton], “The Visionary and His Daughter—An Englishman, such as Foreigners Imagine the English”, in Godolphin. […], volume II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, book III, page 18:",
"text": "[H]e crossed the haunted Almo, renowned of yore for its healing virtues, and whose stream the far-famed simulacrum, the image of Cybele,) which fell from heaven, was wont to be laved with every coming spring; […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1856, John Ruskin, “The Mountain Gloom”, in Modern Painters […], volume IV, London: Smith, Elder and Co., […], →OCLC, part V (Of Mountain Beauty), § 6, page 329:",
"text": "Is it not strange to reflect, […] that nightly we lay down our gold, to fashion forth simulacra of peasants, in gay ribands and white bodices, singing sweet songs, and bowing gracefully to the picturesque crosses: and all the while the veritable peasants are kneeling, songlessly, to veritable crosses, in another temper than the kind and fair audiences deem of, and assuredly with another kind of answer than is got out of the opera catastrophe; […] If all the gold that has gone to paint the simulacra of the cottages, and to put new songs in the mouths of the simulacra of the peasants, had gone to brighten the existent cottages, and to put new songs in the mouths of the existent peasants, it might in the end, perhaps, have turned out better so, not only for the peasant, but for even the audience.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing."
],
"links": [
[
"physical",
"physical#Adjective"
],
[
"image",
"image#Noun"
],
[
"representation",
"representation"
],
[
"deity",
"deity"
],
[
"person",
"person#Noun"
],
[
"thing",
"thing"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1840 May 19, Thomas Carlyle, “Lecture V. The Hero as Man of Letters. Johnson, Rousseau, Burns.”, in On Heroes, Hero-Worship and The Heroic in History, London: Chapman and Hall, […], published 1840, →OCLC, page 163:",
"text": "One Life; a little gleam of Time between two Eternities; no second chance to us forevermore! It were well for us to live not as fools and simulacra, but as wise and realities.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1858, Thomas Carlyle, “Journey Homewards from the Reich; Catastrophe on Journey Homewards”, in History of Friedrich II. of Prussia, Called Frederick the Great, volume II, London: Chapman and Hall, […], →OCLC, book VII, page 233:",
"text": "He is become a mere enchanted simulacrum of a Duke; bewitched under worse than Thessalian spells; without faculty of willing, except as she wills; his People and he the plaything of this Circe or Hecate, that has got hold of him.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1861 November, W[illiam] M[akepeace] Thackeray, “George the Fourth”, in The Four Georges: Sketches of Manners, Morals, Court, and Town Life, London: Smith, Elder and Co., […], →OCLC, page 169:",
"text": "[Y]ou find you have nothing—nothing but a coat and wig and a mask smiling below it—nothing but a great simulacrum.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1877, William Black, “Culture”, in Green Pastures and Piccadilly. […], volume III, London: Macmillan and Co., →OCLC, page 86:",
"text": "Certainly a vehicle that seemed to have no inside at all—that appeared to be the mere simulacrum of a vehicle—could not very well contain the two.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2008 October 23, Manohla Dargis, “Movie review: ‘Synecdoche, New York’: Dreamer, live in the here and now”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-04-29:",
"text": "Inside the warehouse, he builds a replica of his world line by line, actor by actor, until fiction and nonfiction blur. Like the full-scale map in [Jose Luis] Borges's short story \"On Exactitude in Science,\" the representation takes on the dimensions of reality to the point of replacing it. The French theorist Jean Baudrillard uses Borges's story as a metaphor for his notion of the simulacrum, which probably explains why Caden, who has trouble naming things, considers titling his production \"Simulacrum.\"",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2018, Ling Ma, chapter 1, in Severance, New York, N.Y.: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, →ISBN, page 13:",
"text": "The future just wants more consumers. The future is more newly arrived college grads and tourists in some fruitless search for authenticity. The future is more overpriced Pabsts at dive-bar simulacrums.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2018 September 18, Amanda Kolson Hurley, CityLab, “Fake Public Squares Are Coming to the Suburbs: ‘Memory Towns’ Promise to Provide an Aging Population with Dementia Therapy and the Accessible Spaces of a Bygone Era”, in The Atlantic, Washington, D.C.: The Atlantic Monthly Group, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-01-09:",
"text": "It's a sad commentary on our real, full-scale communities that they are so anti-urban by comparison, and so unsafe for the old and frail. […] We shouldn't have to dodge traffic on an eight-lane road just to get to a simulacrum of an inclusive urban place. The problem is not too much Disneyland thinking—it's not enough.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A thing which has the appearance or form of another thing, but not its true qualities; a thing which simulates another thing; an imitation, a semblance."
],
"links": [
[
"appearance",
"appearance"
],
[
"form",
"form#Noun"
],
[
"true",
"true#Adjective"
],
[
"qualities",
"quality#Noun"
],
[
"simulate",
"simulate"
],
[
"imitation",
"imitation"
],
[
"semblance",
"semblance"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "simulant"
},
{
"word": "simulation"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˌsɪmjʊəˈleɪkɹəm/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-simulacrum.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-simulacrum.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-simulacrum.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-simulacrum.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-simulacrum.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˌsɪmjəˈleɪkɹəm/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˌsɪmjʊəˈleɪkɹə/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˌsɪmjəˈleɪkɹə/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "simulakr",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"word": "սիմուլակր"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "obraz",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "образ"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "podobie",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "подобие"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "simulacre"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"word": "kuva"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"word": "malli"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "simulacre"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Simulacrum"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Simulakrum"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "apeíkasma",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "απείκασμα"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "epífasi",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "επίφαση"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "simulacro"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "prívidnost",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "при́видност"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "slíka",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "сли́ка"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "prívid",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "при́вид"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "symulakrum"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "simulacro"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "simulacru"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "симулакрум"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "physical image or representation of a deity, person, or thing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "simulacro"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "thing which has the appearance or form of another thing, but not its true qualities",
"word": "simulakrumi"
}
],
"word": "simulacrum"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 4-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin neuter nouns",
"Latin neuter nouns in the second declension",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin second declension nouns",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *sem-",
"Latin terms suffixed with -crum",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"la:Appearance"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "simulacrum",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: simulacrum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: simulacrum"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "simulacre",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ French: simulacre",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ French: simulacre"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "simulacro",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Spanish: simulacro",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Spanish: simulacro"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*sem-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "simulāre",
"3": "crum",
"alt1": "simulā(re)"
},
"expansion": "simulā(re) + -crum",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-tlom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-tlom",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From simulā(re) + -crum (a variant of -culum, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-tlom, a suffix forming instrument nouns).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "simulācrum",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "simulācrī",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "simulācrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "simulācra",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "simulācrī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "simulācrōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "simulācrō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "simulācrīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "simulācrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "simulācra",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "simulācrō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "simulācrīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "simulācrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "simulācra",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "simulācrum<2>"
},
"expansion": "simulācrum n (genitive simulācrī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "simulācrum<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "“[The Trojans] cried out: ‘The effigy [of the horse] must be taken to the temple of the goddess, and [we] must entreat her divine favor.’”",
"ref": "29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 2.232–233",
"text": "Dūcendum ad sēdēs simulācrum ōrandaque dīvae / nūmina conclāmant."
},
{
"english": "Others say that Orestes, when he was taking the figure of Taurian Diana from Scythia and was carried off to Sicily by a storm, he venerated her an entire year with hymns, with his sailors collected and some shepherds summoned, and that from there did the custom remain among the country-dwellers.",
"ref": "Maurus Servius Honoratus, In Vergilii Bucolica commentarii",
"text": "Aliī dīcunt Orestem, cum Diānae Facelītidis simulācrum raptum ex Scythiā adveheret et ad Siciliam esset tempestāte dēlātus, complētō annō Diānae fēstum celebrāsse hymnīs, collēctīs nautīs suīs et aliquibus pāstōribus convocātīs, et exinde permānsisse apud rūsticōs cōnsuētūdinem."
}
],
"glosses": [
"image, likeness, statue, effigy, portrait"
],
"links": [
[
"image",
"image"
],
[
"likeness",
"likeness"
],
[
"statue",
"statue"
],
[
"effigy",
"effigy"
],
[
"portrait",
"portrait"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "effigiēs"
},
{
"word": "imāgō"
},
{
"word": "statua"
}
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"specter, ghost, phantom; mimicry, imitation"
],
"links": [
[
"specter",
"specter"
],
[
"ghost",
"ghost"
],
[
"phantom",
"phantom"
],
[
"mimicry",
"mimicry"
],
[
"imitation",
"imitation"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/si.muˈlaː.krum/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[s̠ɪmʊˈɫ̪äːkrʊ̃ˑ]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/si.muˈla.krum/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[simuˈläːkrum]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "simulacrum"
}
Download raw JSONL data for simulacrum meaning in All languages combined (17.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.