"rubberneck" meaning in All languages combined

See rubberneck on Wiktionary

Noun [English]

Forms: rubbernecks [plural]
Etymology: Coined in the sense of "tourist" in the United States in the late 19th century. A favored Americanism of H.L. Mencken. Head templates: {{en-noun}} rubberneck (plural rubbernecks)
  1. Someone who engages in rubbernecking, or turning and staring. Synonyms: rubbernecker Translations (someone who engages in rubbernecking, or turning and staring — see also rubbernecker): зяпач (zjapač) [masculine] (Bulgarian), töllistelijä (Finnish), badaud [masculine] (French), Gaffer [masculine] (German), Gafferin [feminine] (German), Schaulustiger [masculine] (German), ficcanaso [masculine] (Italian), curioso [masculine] (Italian), impiccione [masculine] (Italian), зја́пач (zjápač) [masculine] (Macedonian), зева́ка (zeváka) [feminine, masculine] (Russian), ротозе́й (rotozéj) [masculine] (Russian), mirón [masculine] (Spanish)
    Sense id: en-rubberneck-en-noun-xvILUSdB Disambiguation of 'someone who engages in rubbernecking, or turning and staring — see also rubbernecker': 95 4 1
  2. (US, obsolete) A tourist. Tags: US, obsolete
    Sense id: en-rubberneck-en-noun-eVGkkGsC Categories (other): American English
  3. Someone or something with a flexible neck.
    Sense id: en-rubberneck-en-noun-tFc-vSBg
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: rubberneck bus Related terms: bystander, leatherneck, onlooker, redneck, roughneck

Verb [English]

Forms: rubbernecks [present, singular, third-person], rubbernecking [participle, present], rubbernecked [participle, past], rubbernecked [past]
Etymology: Coined in the sense of "tourist" in the United States in the late 19th century. A favored Americanism of H.L. Mencken. Head templates: {{en-verb}} rubberneck (third-person singular simple present rubbernecks, present participle rubbernecking, simple past and past participle rubbernecked)
  1. To watch by craning the neck (as though it were made of rubber), especially if the observer and observed are in motion relative to each other. Translations (to watch by craning the neck): 引頸而望 (Chinese Mandarin), 引颈而望 (yǐnjǐng'érwàng) (Chinese Mandarin), kurkottaa kaulaansa (Finnish), faire le badaud (French), gaffen (German), sich den Hals verrenken (German), глазе́ть (glazétʹ) [imperfective] (Russian), пя́литься (pjálitʹsja) [imperfective] (Russian), тара́щиться (taráščitʹsja) [imperfective] (Russian), sapear [Chile] (Spanish), mirar (Spanish)
    Sense id: en-rubberneck-en-verb-eg1NFKQc Categories (other): English bahuvrihi compounds, English entries with incorrect language header, English entries with language name categories using raw markup Disambiguation of English bahuvrihi compounds: 21 25 4 36 14 Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 27 15 4 49 5 Disambiguation of English entries with language name categories using raw markup: 19 14 3 60 4 Disambiguation of 'to watch by craning the neck': 84 16
  2. To cause (someone) to watch in fascinated horror, as if rubbernecking to see a roadside accident.
    Sense id: en-rubberneck-en-verb-5jd7myTO
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: rubbernecker

Inflected forms

Download JSON data for rubberneck meaning in All languages combined (8.1kB)

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "rubberneck bus"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Coined in the sense of \"tourist\" in the United States in the late 19th century. A favored Americanism of H.L. Mencken.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "rubbernecks",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "rubberneck (plural rubbernecks)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "bystander"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "leatherneck"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "onlooker"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "redneck"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "roughneck"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Someone who engages in rubbernecking, or turning and staring."
      ],
      "id": "en-rubberneck-en-noun-xvILUSdB",
      "links": [
        [
          "rubbernecking",
          "rubbernecking"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "rubbernecker"
        }
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "95 4 1",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "zjapač",
          "sense": "someone who engages in rubbernecking, or turning and staring — see also rubbernecker",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "зяпач"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "95 4 1",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "someone who engages in rubbernecking, or turning and staring — see also rubbernecker",
          "word": "töllistelijä"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "95 4 1",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "someone who engages in rubbernecking, or turning and staring — see also rubbernecker",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "badaud"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "95 4 1",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "someone who engages in rubbernecking, or turning and staring — see also rubbernecker",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "Gaffer"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "95 4 1",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "someone who engages in rubbernecking, or turning and staring — see also rubbernecker",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "Gafferin"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "95 4 1",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "someone who engages in rubbernecking, or turning and staring — see also rubbernecker",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "Schaulustiger"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "95 4 1",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "someone who engages in rubbernecking, or turning and staring — see also rubbernecker",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "ficcanaso"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "95 4 1",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "someone who engages in rubbernecking, or turning and staring — see also rubbernecker",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "curioso"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "95 4 1",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "someone who engages in rubbernecking, or turning and staring — see also rubbernecker",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "impiccione"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "95 4 1",
          "code": "mk",
          "lang": "Macedonian",
          "roman": "zjápač",
          "sense": "someone who engages in rubbernecking, or turning and staring — see also rubbernecker",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "зја́пач"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "95 4 1",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "zeváka",
          "sense": "someone who engages in rubbernecking, or turning and staring — see also rubbernecker",
          "tags": [
            "feminine",
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "зева́ка"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "95 4 1",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "rotozéj",
          "sense": "someone who engages in rubbernecking, or turning and staring — see also rubbernecker",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "ротозе́й"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "95 4 1",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "someone who engages in rubbernecking, or turning and staring — see also rubbernecker",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "mirón"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "American English",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A tourist."
      ],
      "id": "en-rubberneck-en-noun-eVGkkGsC",
      "links": [
        [
          "tourist",
          "tourist"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(US, obsolete) A tourist."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "US",
        "obsolete"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1912, Edward C. Wood, Electrically Operated Bell for Submarine Signaling http://www.google.com/patents?id=p51jAAAAEBAJ, US Patent 1186961, line 57",
          "text": "A suitable washer B1 and rubberneck B2, both of well known description, are provided to form with clapper arm B3 a watertight joint..."
        },
        {
          "ref": "1972, Can Themba, The Will to Die, page 59",
          "text": "\"Hi, rubberneck'!' -- he clutched at her pear-like breast jutting from her sweater — 'how long did you think you'll duck me?'\"",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Someone or something with a flexible neck."
      ],
      "id": "en-rubberneck-en-noun-tFc-vSBg",
      "links": [
        [
          "flexible",
          "flexible"
        ],
        [
          "neck",
          "neck"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "rubberneck"
}

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "rubbernecker"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Coined in the sense of \"tourist\" in the United States in the late 19th century. A favored Americanism of H.L. Mencken.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "rubbernecks",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rubbernecking",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rubbernecked",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rubbernecked",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "rubberneck (third-person singular simple present rubbernecks, present participle rubbernecking, simple past and past participle rubbernecked)",
      "name": "en-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "21 25 4 36 14",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English bahuvrihi compounds",
          "parents": [
            "Bahuvrihi compounds",
            "Compound terms",
            "Exocentric compounds",
            "Terms by etymology"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "27 15 4 49 5",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "19 14 3 60 4",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "The driver was so busy rubbernecking, trying to get a good view of the accident, that he was almost part of another accident."
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To watch by craning the neck (as though it were made of rubber), especially if the observer and observed are in motion relative to each other."
      ],
      "id": "en-rubberneck-en-verb-eg1NFKQc",
      "links": [
        [
          "craning",
          "crane"
        ]
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "84 16",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "sense": "to watch by craning the neck",
          "word": "引頸而望"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 16",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "roman": "yǐnjǐng'érwàng",
          "sense": "to watch by craning the neck",
          "word": "引颈而望"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 16",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "to watch by craning the neck",
          "word": "kurkottaa kaulaansa"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 16",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "to watch by craning the neck",
          "word": "faire le badaud"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 16",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "to watch by craning the neck",
          "word": "gaffen"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 16",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "to watch by craning the neck",
          "word": "sich den Hals verrenken"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 16",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "glazétʹ",
          "sense": "to watch by craning the neck",
          "tags": [
            "imperfective"
          ],
          "word": "глазе́ть"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 16",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "pjálitʹsja",
          "sense": "to watch by craning the neck",
          "tags": [
            "imperfective"
          ],
          "word": "пя́литься"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 16",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "taráščitʹsja",
          "sense": "to watch by craning the neck",
          "tags": [
            "imperfective"
          ],
          "word": "тара́щиться"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 16",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "to watch by craning the neck",
          "tags": [
            "Chile"
          ],
          "word": "sapear"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "84 16",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "to watch by craning the neck",
          "word": "mirar"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "2023 July 6, Pamela Paul, “What’s the Story With Colleen Hoover?”, in The New York Times",
          "text": "Hoover’s books go down like a T.M.I. Facebook confessional, rubbernecking you in from the first sentence. Certain patterns quickly emerge.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To cause (someone) to watch in fascinated horror, as if rubbernecking to see a roadside accident."
      ],
      "id": "en-rubberneck-en-verb-5jd7myTO"
    }
  ],
  "word": "rubberneck"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "English bahuvrihi compounds",
    "English countable nouns",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English verbs"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "rubberneck bus"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Coined in the sense of \"tourist\" in the United States in the late 19th century. A favored Americanism of H.L. Mencken.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "rubbernecks",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "rubberneck (plural rubbernecks)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "bystander"
    },
    {
      "word": "leatherneck"
    },
    {
      "word": "onlooker"
    },
    {
      "word": "redneck"
    },
    {
      "word": "roughneck"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Someone who engages in rubbernecking, or turning and staring."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "rubbernecking",
          "rubbernecking"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "rubbernecker"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "American English",
        "English terms with obsolete senses"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A tourist."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "tourist",
          "tourist"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(US, obsolete) A tourist."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "US",
        "obsolete"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1912, Edward C. Wood, Electrically Operated Bell for Submarine Signaling http://www.google.com/patents?id=p51jAAAAEBAJ, US Patent 1186961, line 57",
          "text": "A suitable washer B1 and rubberneck B2, both of well known description, are provided to form with clapper arm B3 a watertight joint..."
        },
        {
          "ref": "1972, Can Themba, The Will to Die, page 59",
          "text": "\"Hi, rubberneck'!' -- he clutched at her pear-like breast jutting from her sweater — 'how long did you think you'll duck me?'\"",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Someone or something with a flexible neck."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "flexible",
          "flexible"
        ],
        [
          "neck",
          "neck"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "zjapač",
      "sense": "someone who engages in rubbernecking, or turning and staring — see also rubbernecker",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "зяпач"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "someone who engages in rubbernecking, or turning and staring — see also rubbernecker",
      "word": "töllistelijä"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "someone who engages in rubbernecking, or turning and staring — see also rubbernecker",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "badaud"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "someone who engages in rubbernecking, or turning and staring — see also rubbernecker",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "Gaffer"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "someone who engages in rubbernecking, or turning and staring — see also rubbernecker",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "Gafferin"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "someone who engages in rubbernecking, or turning and staring — see also rubbernecker",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "Schaulustiger"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "someone who engages in rubbernecking, or turning and staring — see also rubbernecker",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "ficcanaso"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "someone who engages in rubbernecking, or turning and staring — see also rubbernecker",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "curioso"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "someone who engages in rubbernecking, or turning and staring — see also rubbernecker",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "impiccione"
    },
    {
      "code": "mk",
      "lang": "Macedonian",
      "roman": "zjápač",
      "sense": "someone who engages in rubbernecking, or turning and staring — see also rubbernecker",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "зја́пач"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "zeváka",
      "sense": "someone who engages in rubbernecking, or turning and staring — see also rubbernecker",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "зева́ка"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "rotozéj",
      "sense": "someone who engages in rubbernecking, or turning and staring — see also rubbernecker",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "ротозе́й"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "someone who engages in rubbernecking, or turning and staring — see also rubbernecker",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "mirón"
    }
  ],
  "word": "rubberneck"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "English bahuvrihi compounds",
    "English countable nouns",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English verbs"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "rubbernecker"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Coined in the sense of \"tourist\" in the United States in the late 19th century. A favored Americanism of H.L. Mencken.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "rubbernecks",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rubbernecking",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rubbernecked",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rubbernecked",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "rubberneck (third-person singular simple present rubbernecks, present participle rubbernecking, simple past and past participle rubbernecked)",
      "name": "en-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "The driver was so busy rubbernecking, trying to get a good view of the accident, that he was almost part of another accident."
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To watch by craning the neck (as though it were made of rubber), especially if the observer and observed are in motion relative to each other."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "craning",
          "crane"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "2023 July 6, Pamela Paul, “What’s the Story With Colleen Hoover?”, in The New York Times",
          "text": "Hoover’s books go down like a T.M.I. Facebook confessional, rubbernecking you in from the first sentence. Certain patterns quickly emerge.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To cause (someone) to watch in fascinated horror, as if rubbernecking to see a roadside accident."
      ]
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "sense": "to watch by craning the neck",
      "word": "引頸而望"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "roman": "yǐnjǐng'érwàng",
      "sense": "to watch by craning the neck",
      "word": "引颈而望"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "to watch by craning the neck",
      "word": "kurkottaa kaulaansa"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "to watch by craning the neck",
      "word": "faire le badaud"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "to watch by craning the neck",
      "word": "gaffen"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "to watch by craning the neck",
      "word": "sich den Hals verrenken"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "glazétʹ",
      "sense": "to watch by craning the neck",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective"
      ],
      "word": "глазе́ть"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "pjálitʹsja",
      "sense": "to watch by craning the neck",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective"
      ],
      "word": "пя́литься"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "taráščitʹsja",
      "sense": "to watch by craning the neck",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective"
      ],
      "word": "тара́щиться"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "to watch by craning the neck",
      "tags": [
        "Chile"
      ],
      "word": "sapear"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "to watch by craning the neck",
      "word": "mirar"
    }
  ],
  "word": "rubberneck"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.