See pilum on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for pilum meaning in All languages combined (8.9kB)
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*peys-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "pilum"
},
"expansion": "Latin pilum",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Latin pilum.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pila",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pilums",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pila",
"2": "s"
},
"expansion": "pilum (plural pila or pilums)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "78 22",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Spears",
"orig": "en:Spears",
"parents": [
"Weapons",
"Hunting",
"Military",
"Tools",
"Human activity",
"Society",
"Technology",
"Human behaviour",
"All topics",
"Human",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1776, Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Penguin 2000, page 21",
"text": "Besides a lighter spear, the Roman legionary grasped in his right hand the formidable pilum, a ponderous javelin whose utmost length was about six feet and which was terminated by a massy triangular point of steel of about eighteen inches.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2011, Ben Aaronovitch, Rivers of London, Gollancz 2011, page 371",
"text": "Verica plucked a pilum from the hands of the nearest legionary – the soldier didn't react – and handed it to me.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A Roman military javelin."
],
"id": "en-pilum-en-noun-KHCr9WWL",
"links": [
[
"Roman",
"Roman"
],
[
"javelin",
"javelin"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) A Roman military javelin."
],
"tags": [
"historical"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "97 3",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "pilum",
"sense": "Roman military javelin",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "пилум"
},
{
"_dis1": "97 3",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "Roman military javelin",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "kastspjut"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Botany",
"orig": "en:Botany",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "19 81",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 77",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 72",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The columella on the surface of a pollen grain."
],
"id": "en-pilum-en-noun-pKEiRMCL",
"links": [
[
"botany",
"botany"
],
[
"columella",
"columella"
],
[
"pollen grain",
"pollen grain"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(botany) The columella on the surface of a pollen grain."
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"botany",
"natural-sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpaɪləm/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-aɪləm"
}
],
"word": "pilum"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "pilums",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "pilum m (plural pilums)",
"name": "fr-noun"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"pilum"
],
"id": "en-pilum-fr-noun-ClsKVd97",
"links": [
[
"pilum",
"pilum#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"word": "pilum"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "pijl"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: pijl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: pijl"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "pile"
},
"expansion": "English: pile",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: pile"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "pile"
},
"expansion": "French: pile",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: pile"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Pfeil"
},
"expansion": "German: Pfeil",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: Pfeil"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "pilo",
"3": "pillo"
},
"expansion": "Italian: pilo, pillo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: pilo, pillo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "pilo",
"lbor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Portuguese: pilo (learned)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Portuguese: pilo (learned)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "pil"
},
"expansion": "Romanian: pil",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romanian: pil"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "pilo"
},
"expansion": "Spanish: pilo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Spanish: pilo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "pil"
},
"expansion": "Swedish: pil",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Swedish: pil"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*pistlom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *pistlom",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pistlom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pistlom",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*peys-",
"3": "",
"4": "to crush"
},
"expansion": "*peys- (“to crush”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pistillum"
},
"expansion": "pistillum",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pīla"
},
"expansion": "pīla",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *pistlom, from Proto-Indo-European *pistlom, from *peys- (“to crush”). See pistillum and pīla.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pīlum",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "pīlī",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "pīlum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pīla",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pīlī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pīlōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pīlō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pīlīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pīlum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pīla",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pīlō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pīlīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pīlum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "pīla",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pīlum<2>"
},
"expansion": "pīlum n (genitive pīlī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pīlum<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "pīnsō"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"a pounder, pestle"
],
"id": "en-pilum-la-noun-QUJnHj8Z",
"links": [
[
"pounder",
"pounder"
],
[
"pestle",
"pestle"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "39 61",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin neuter nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 77 9",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Spears",
"orig": "la:Spears",
"parents": [
"Weapons",
"Hunting",
"Military",
"Tools",
"Human activity",
"Society",
"Technology",
"Human behaviour",
"All topics",
"Human",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a javelin, throwing spear"
],
"id": "en-pilum-la-noun-NMUTwH8w",
"links": [
[
"javelin",
"javelin"
],
[
"spear",
"spear"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpiː.lum/",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpiːɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ]",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpi.lum/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpiːlum]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"la:pilum"
],
"word": "pilum"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "noun form"
},
"expansion": "pilum",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "22 27 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 12 78",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "hair",
"word": "pilus"
}
],
"glosses": [
"accusative singular of pilus (“hair”)"
],
"id": "en-pilum-la-noun-a7oGypZl",
"links": [
[
"pilus",
"pilus#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"form-of",
"singular"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"la:pilum"
],
"word": "pilum"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 2-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English nouns with irregular plurals",
"English terms borrowed from Latin",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *peys-",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Rhymes:English/aɪləm",
"Rhymes:English/aɪləm/2 syllables",
"en:Spears",
"la:Spears"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*peys-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "pilum"
},
"expansion": "Latin pilum",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Latin pilum.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pila",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pilums",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pila",
"2": "s"
},
"expansion": "pilum (plural pila or pilums)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with historical senses",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1776, Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Penguin 2000, page 21",
"text": "Besides a lighter spear, the Roman legionary grasped in his right hand the formidable pilum, a ponderous javelin whose utmost length was about six feet and which was terminated by a massy triangular point of steel of about eighteen inches.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2011, Ben Aaronovitch, Rivers of London, Gollancz 2011, page 371",
"text": "Verica plucked a pilum from the hands of the nearest legionary – the soldier didn't react – and handed it to me.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A Roman military javelin."
],
"links": [
[
"Roman",
"Roman"
],
[
"javelin",
"javelin"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) A Roman military javelin."
],
"tags": [
"historical"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Botany"
],
"glosses": [
"The columella on the surface of a pollen grain."
],
"links": [
[
"botany",
"botany"
],
[
"columella",
"columella"
],
[
"pollen grain",
"pollen grain"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(botany) The columella on the surface of a pollen grain."
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"botany",
"natural-sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpaɪləm/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-aɪləm"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "pilum",
"sense": "Roman military javelin",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "пилум"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "Roman military javelin",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "kastspjut"
}
],
"word": "pilum"
}
{
"categories": [
"la:Spears"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "pilums",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "pilum m (plural pilums)",
"name": "fr-noun"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"French countable nouns",
"French entries with incorrect language header",
"French lemmas",
"French masculine nouns",
"French nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"pilum"
],
"links": [
[
"pilum",
"pilum#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"word": "pilum"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin neuter nouns",
"Latin neuter nouns in the second declension",
"Latin non-lemma forms",
"Latin noun forms",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin second declension nouns",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"la:Spears"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "pijl"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: pijl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: pijl"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "pile"
},
"expansion": "English: pile",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: pile"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "pile"
},
"expansion": "French: pile",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: pile"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Pfeil"
},
"expansion": "German: Pfeil",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: Pfeil"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "pilo",
"3": "pillo"
},
"expansion": "Italian: pilo, pillo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: pilo, pillo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "pilo",
"lbor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Portuguese: pilo (learned)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Portuguese: pilo (learned)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "pil"
},
"expansion": "Romanian: pil",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romanian: pil"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "pilo"
},
"expansion": "Spanish: pilo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Spanish: pilo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "pil"
},
"expansion": "Swedish: pil",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Swedish: pil"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*pistlom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *pistlom",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pistlom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pistlom",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*peys-",
"3": "",
"4": "to crush"
},
"expansion": "*peys- (“to crush”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pistillum"
},
"expansion": "pistillum",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pīla"
},
"expansion": "pīla",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *pistlom, from Proto-Indo-European *pistlom, from *peys- (“to crush”). See pistillum and pīla.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pīlum",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "pīlī",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "pīlum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pīla",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pīlī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pīlōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pīlō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pīlīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pīlum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pīla",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pīlō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pīlīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pīlum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "pīla",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pīlum<2>"
},
"expansion": "pīlum n (genitive pīlī); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pīlum<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "pīnsō"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"a pounder, pestle"
],
"links": [
[
"pounder",
"pounder"
],
[
"pestle",
"pestle"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"a javelin, throwing spear"
],
"links": [
[
"javelin",
"javelin"
],
[
"spear",
"spear"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpiː.lum/",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpiːɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ]",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpi.lum/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpiːlum]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"la:pilum"
],
"word": "pilum"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Latin non-lemma forms",
"Latin noun forms",
"la:Spears"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "noun form"
},
"expansion": "pilum",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "hair",
"word": "pilus"
}
],
"glosses": [
"accusative singular of pilus (“hair”)"
],
"links": [
[
"pilus",
"pilus#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"form-of",
"singular"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"la:pilum"
],
"word": "pilum"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.