See lum on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "lang may yer lum reek"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*lewk-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sco",
"3": "lum"
},
"expansion": "Scots lum",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sco",
"3": "lumb"
},
"expansion": "Scots lumb",
"name": "der"
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{
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{
"args": {
"1": "1"
},
"expansion": "¹",
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{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "lum",
"t": "light"
},
"expansion": "Old French lum (“light”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "lumière",
"t": "light; cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ, lumen; opening"
},
"expansion": "French lumière (“light; cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ, lumen; opening”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "lūmen",
"t": "light; light source; opening through which light can penetrate such as an air-hole or window; opening or orifice in a water-pipe or funnel"
},
"expansion": "Latin lūmen (“light; light source; opening through which light can penetrate such as an air-hole or window; opening or orifice in a water-pipe or funnel”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1"
},
"expansion": "¹",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*lewk-",
"t": "bright; to see; to shine"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *lewk- (“bright; to see; to shine”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "llumon",
"t": "chimney"
},
"expansion": "Welsh llumon (“chimney”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "obsolete"
},
"expansion": "(obsolete)",
"name": "qualifier"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Scots lum, Early Scots lumb; further etymology uncertain, possibly from Old French lum (“light”) (compare French lumière (“light; cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ, lumen; opening”)), from Latin lūmen (“light; light source; opening through which light can penetrate such as an air-hole or window; opening or orifice in a water-pipe or funnel”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *lewk- (“bright; to see; to shine”). The word is possibly also related to Welsh llumon (“chimney”) (obsolete).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "lums",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "lum (plural lums)",
"name": "en-noun"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Northern England",
"3": "Scotland"
},
"expansion": "(Northern England, Scotland)",
"name": "term-label"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1768, Alexander Ross, “Canto I”, in The Fortunate Shepherdess, a Pastoral Tale; in Three Cantos, in the Scotish Dialect. […], Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire: […] Francis Douglas, →OCLC, page 50:",
"text": "Now, by this time, the ſun begins to leam, / An' litt the hill-heads, wi' his morning beam, / An' birds, and beaſts, and fouk to be aſteer, / And ſtreams o' reek frae lumb heads to appear; […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1785 (date written), Robert Burns, “Halloween”, in Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect. […], 2nd edition, volume I, Edinburgh: […] T[homas] Cadell, […], and William Creech, […], published 1793, →OCLC, stanza VIII, page 178:",
"text": "He bleez'd ovvre her, an' ſhe ovvre him, / As they vvad never mair part, / Till, fuff! he ſtarted up the lum, / An' Jean had e'en a ſair heart / To ſee't that night.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1818 July 25, Jedadiah Cleishbotham [pseudonym; Walter Scott], chapter II, in Tales of My Landlord, Second Series, […] (The Heart of Mid-Lothian), volume III, Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for Archibald Constable and Company, →OCLC, page 32:",
"text": "Sae, I wad not trust mysell with another look at poor Woodend, for the very blue reek that came out of the lum-head pat me in mind of the change of market-days with us.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1865 March, [Robert Williams Buchanan], “Willie Baird: A Winter Idyll”, in The Cornhill Magazine, volume XI, number 63, London: Smith, Elder & Co., […], →OCLC, page 361:",
"text": "Down the broad lum / Came melting flakes that hiss'd upon the coal; / Under my eyelids blew the blinding smoke, / And for a time I sat like one bewitch'd, / Still as a stone.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1877, G. S. L. [pseudonym; George Sinclair of Leith], chapter VI, in Shetland Fireside Tales; or, The Hermit of Trosswickness, Edinburgh: Edinburgh Publishing Company; London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co., →OCLC, page 41:",
"text": "Two \"lums\" on the ridge served the double purpose of letting out the smoke and in the light. […] A new peat fire had been put on, and the day being calm, the lazy smoke seemed more inclined to remain inside than to go out the lums, as it ought to have done.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "[1880], [George Jacque], “Weepie with Other Boys Fulfil Their Appointment”, in The Sweep’s Apprentice. […], Edinburgh: Religious Book and Tract Society of Scotland, […], →OCLC, page 18:",
"text": "\"I heard a boy there speak of soot. Where is soot to be had?\" / \"Up lums, said Weepie, laughing. / […] / \"But why not let it stay in the lums?\" / \"'Cause it wad come doon and splairge the parritch and the broth, and maybe set the lum on fire.\"",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1933 July, Lewis Grassic Gibbon [pseudonym; James Leslie Mitchell], “Cirrus”, in Cloud Howe, London: Jarrolds Publishers […], →OCLC, page 30:",
"text": "And out they would tramp, young Ewan in bed, the night black under their feet as cold pitch, about them the whistle and moan of trees till they cleared the Manse and went up by the Mains, with the smell of the dung from its hot cattle-court, and the smell of the burning wood in its lums.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A chimney; also, the top part of a chimney."
],
"id": "en-lum-en-noun-iQ6xqrwi",
"links": [
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"top",
"top#Noun"
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"part",
"part#Noun"
]
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"tags": [
"Northern-England",
"Scotland"
]
},
{
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"langcode": "en",
"name": "Mining",
"orig": "en:Mining",
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"Business",
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"Social sciences",
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{
"_dis": "24 76",
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"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
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{
"_dis": "5 30 27 28 2 8",
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"_dis": "4 31 28 30 1 5",
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"_dis": "4 32 31 34",
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"name": "Bodies of water",
"orig": "en:Bodies of water",
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"_dis": "8 31 30 31",
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"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A chimney; also, the top part of a chimney.",
"A ventilating chimney over the shaft of a mine."
],
"id": "en-lum-en-noun-qBsHkKlt",
"links": [
[
"chimney",
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],
[
"top",
"top#Noun"
],
[
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"part#Noun"
],
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"mining#Noun"
],
[
"ventilating",
"ventilate"
],
[
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"shaft#Noun"
],
[
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]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"A chimney; also, the top part of a chimney.",
"(specifically, mining) A ventilating chimney over the shaft of a mine."
],
"tags": [
"Northern-England",
"Scotland",
"specifically"
],
"topics": [
"business",
"mining"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/lʌm/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation",
"Scotland"
]
},
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}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "lumb"
}
],
"word": "lum"
}
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"etymology_number": 2,
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"args": {
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},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "lundr",
"t": "clump of trees, grove; (rare) tree"
},
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"name": "cog"
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{
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"expansion": "³",
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],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain; perhaps related to Old Norse lundr (“clump of trees, grove; (rare) tree”) (compare Danish lund (“grove”), Norwegian Bokmål lund, Norwegian Nynorsk lund (“grove”), Swedish lund (“grove”)).",
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{
"form": "lums",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
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"expansion": "lum (plural lums)",
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],
"glosses": [
"A grove or wood; also, a woody valley."
],
"id": "en-lum-en-noun-RZzpctKX",
"links": [
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"grove",
"grove"
],
[
"wood",
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[
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[
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],
"raw_glosses": [
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],
"tags": [
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"Scotland",
"dialectal"
]
}
],
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}
],
"etymology_text": "Unknown. The Dictionary of the Scots Language (in their entry on Scots lum (“downpour”)) mentions a dialectal Middle English word lum(b) (“water hole in a mire; deep pool”) and suggests it might ultimately be related to lum (“chimney”).",
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"ref": "1830 September 4, W. H. H., “The ‘Lums’ of Westmoreland”, in The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, volume XVI, number 449, London: […] J[ohn] Limbird, […], →OCLC, page 188, column 2:",
"text": "The Kettle Wells are two lums, situated in Bonson's Wood, near Stanmore, which are not surpassed for Elysian beauty. The fall of the water into the first well is inconsiderable; but that continually empties itself into the lum below, over a smooth precipice of thirty feet.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
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],
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[
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[
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"riverbed"
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"(Northern England, Scotland, dialectal) A deep pool, especially one in a riverbed."
],
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"Scotland",
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]
}
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"_dis1": "0 0 0",
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{
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}
],
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]
}
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"links": [
[
"happy",
"happy"
],
[
"lucky",
"lucky"
]
]
}
],
"word": "lum"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "lumes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lld",
"10": "",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "plural",
"6": "lumes",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "",
"f2request": "1",
"g": "f",
"g2": ""
},
"expansion": "lum f (plural lumes)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": "lumes"
},
"expansion": "lum f (plural lumes)",
"name": "lld-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Ladin",
"lang_code": "lld",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ladin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"light"
],
"id": "en-lum-lld-noun-macCYXLU",
"links": [
[
"light",
"light"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Gherdëina) light"
],
"tags": [
"Gherdëina",
"feminine"
]
}
],
"word": "lum"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "liv",
"2": "urj-fin-pro",
"3": "*lumi"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Finnic *lumi",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Finnic *lumi.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "lum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lumūd",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lumūd",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lūnda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lumīdi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lummõn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lumūdõn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lumkõks",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lumūdõks",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lummõ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"illative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lumīž",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"illative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lumsõ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lums",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lumši",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lumstõ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"elative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lumst",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"elative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lumšti",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"elative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "liv",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "lum",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Livonian",
"lang_code": "liv",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Livonian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Livonian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"snow"
],
"id": "en-lum-liv-noun-p0YiLwnY",
"links": [
[
"snow",
"snow"
]
]
}
],
"word": "lum"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lus",
"2": "tbq-kuk-pro",
"3": "*lum"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Kuki-Chin *lum",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lus",
"2": "sit-pro",
"3": "*s-l(u/i)m"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-l(u/i)m",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Kuki-Chin *lum, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-l(u/i)m.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lus",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "lum",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Mizo",
"lang_code": "lus",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Mizo entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"warm"
],
"id": "en-lum-lus-adj-DwqkCMGD",
"links": [
[
"warm",
"warm"
]
]
}
],
"word": "lum"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "pro",
"3": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Occitan [Term?]",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "la",
"3": "lūmen"
},
"expansion": "Latin lūmen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*léwksmn̥"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *léwksmn̥",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Occitan [Term?], from Latin lūmen, from Proto-Indo-European *léwksmn̥, derived from the root *lewk- (“bright”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "lums",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "nouns",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "lum m",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "lum m (plural lums)",
"name": "oc-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "lutz"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"light"
],
"id": "en-lum-oc-noun-macCYXLU",
"links": [
[
"light",
"light"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "6 94",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Occitan entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"light source, such as a lamp or bulb"
],
"id": "en-lum-oc-noun-~6Hin8dS",
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "LL-Q14185 (oci)-Davidgrosclaude-lum.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/LL-Q14185_%28oci%29-Davidgrosclaude-lum.wav/LL-Q14185_%28oci%29-Davidgrosclaude-lum.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/LL-Q14185_%28oci%29-Davidgrosclaude-lum.wav/LL-Q14185_%28oci%29-Davidgrosclaude-lum.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "lum"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain; perhaps compare obsolete Welsh llumon (“chimney”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "lums",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"10": "",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "plural",
"6": "lums",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "lum (plural lums)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "lum (plural lums)",
"name": "sco-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Scots entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"chimney"
],
"id": "en-lum-sco-noun-TYiRL9CU",
"links": [
[
"chimney",
"chimney"
]
]
}
],
"word": "lum"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sux",
"2": "romanization",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "lum",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "lum",
"name": "sux-rom"
}
],
"lang": "Sumerian",
"lang_code": "sux",
"pos": "romanization",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "lum",
"word": "𒈝"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Sumerian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Sumerian romanizations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Romanization of 𒈝 (lum)"
],
"id": "en-lum-sux-romanization-0FX228rM",
"links": [
[
"𒈝",
"𒈝#Sumerian"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"romanization"
]
}
],
"word": "lum"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "sqj-pro",
"3": "*lubn-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian *lubn-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*lewbʰ-",
"4": "",
"5": "to love"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰ- (“to love”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "lubens",
"3": "",
"4": "willing, (be) fond of something"
},
"expansion": "Latin lubens (“willing, (be) fond of something”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "lyp",
"3": "lubi",
"4": "lugat",
"5": "laps",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "doublet of lyp, lubi, lugat, and laps",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Albanian *lubn-, from Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰ- (“to love”). Cognate to Latin lubens (“willing, (be) fond of something”), and ultimately a doublet of lyp, lubi, lugat, and laps.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "lume",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "adjective",
"3": "feminine",
"4": "lume"
},
"expansion": "lum (feminine lume)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Albanian adjectives",
"Albanian doublets",
"Albanian entries with incorrect language header",
"Albanian lemmas",
"Albanian terms derived from Proto-Albanian",
"Albanian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Albanian terms inherited from Proto-Albanian",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"happy, lucky"
],
"links": [
[
"happy",
"happy"
],
[
"lucky",
"lucky"
]
]
}
],
"word": "lum"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Scots",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Scots",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *lewk-",
"English terms with unknown etymologies",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Northern England English",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ʌm",
"Rhymes:English/ʌm/1 syllable",
"en:Bodies of water",
"en:Forests",
"en:Landforms"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "lang may yer lum reek"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*lewk-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sco",
"3": "lum"
},
"expansion": "Scots lum",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sco",
"3": "lumb"
},
"expansion": "Scots lumb",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1"
},
"expansion": "¹",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1"
},
"expansion": "¹",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "lum",
"t": "light"
},
"expansion": "Old French lum (“light”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "lumière",
"t": "light; cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ, lumen; opening"
},
"expansion": "French lumière (“light; cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ, lumen; opening”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "lūmen",
"t": "light; light source; opening through which light can penetrate such as an air-hole or window; opening or orifice in a water-pipe or funnel"
},
"expansion": "Latin lūmen (“light; light source; opening through which light can penetrate such as an air-hole or window; opening or orifice in a water-pipe or funnel”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1"
},
"expansion": "¹",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*lewk-",
"t": "bright; to see; to shine"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *lewk- (“bright; to see; to shine”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "llumon",
"t": "chimney"
},
"expansion": "Welsh llumon (“chimney”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "obsolete"
},
"expansion": "(obsolete)",
"name": "qualifier"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Scots lum, Early Scots lumb; further etymology uncertain, possibly from Old French lum (“light”) (compare French lumière (“light; cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ, lumen; opening”)), from Latin lūmen (“light; light source; opening through which light can penetrate such as an air-hole or window; opening or orifice in a water-pipe or funnel”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *lewk- (“bright; to see; to shine”). The word is possibly also related to Welsh llumon (“chimney”) (obsolete).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "lums",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "lum (plural lums)",
"name": "en-noun"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Northern England",
"3": "Scotland"
},
"expansion": "(Northern England, Scotland)",
"name": "term-label"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1768, Alexander Ross, “Canto I”, in The Fortunate Shepherdess, a Pastoral Tale; in Three Cantos, in the Scotish Dialect. […], Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire: […] Francis Douglas, →OCLC, page 50:",
"text": "Now, by this time, the ſun begins to leam, / An' litt the hill-heads, wi' his morning beam, / An' birds, and beaſts, and fouk to be aſteer, / And ſtreams o' reek frae lumb heads to appear; […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1785 (date written), Robert Burns, “Halloween”, in Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect. […], 2nd edition, volume I, Edinburgh: […] T[homas] Cadell, […], and William Creech, […], published 1793, →OCLC, stanza VIII, page 178:",
"text": "He bleez'd ovvre her, an' ſhe ovvre him, / As they vvad never mair part, / Till, fuff! he ſtarted up the lum, / An' Jean had e'en a ſair heart / To ſee't that night.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1818 July 25, Jedadiah Cleishbotham [pseudonym; Walter Scott], chapter II, in Tales of My Landlord, Second Series, […] (The Heart of Mid-Lothian), volume III, Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for Archibald Constable and Company, →OCLC, page 32:",
"text": "Sae, I wad not trust mysell with another look at poor Woodend, for the very blue reek that came out of the lum-head pat me in mind of the change of market-days with us.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1865 March, [Robert Williams Buchanan], “Willie Baird: A Winter Idyll”, in The Cornhill Magazine, volume XI, number 63, London: Smith, Elder & Co., […], →OCLC, page 361:",
"text": "Down the broad lum / Came melting flakes that hiss'd upon the coal; / Under my eyelids blew the blinding smoke, / And for a time I sat like one bewitch'd, / Still as a stone.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1877, G. S. L. [pseudonym; George Sinclair of Leith], chapter VI, in Shetland Fireside Tales; or, The Hermit of Trosswickness, Edinburgh: Edinburgh Publishing Company; London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co., →OCLC, page 41:",
"text": "Two \"lums\" on the ridge served the double purpose of letting out the smoke and in the light. […] A new peat fire had been put on, and the day being calm, the lazy smoke seemed more inclined to remain inside than to go out the lums, as it ought to have done.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "[1880], [George Jacque], “Weepie with Other Boys Fulfil Their Appointment”, in The Sweep’s Apprentice. […], Edinburgh: Religious Book and Tract Society of Scotland, […], →OCLC, page 18:",
"text": "\"I heard a boy there speak of soot. Where is soot to be had?\" / \"Up lums, said Weepie, laughing. / […] / \"But why not let it stay in the lums?\" / \"'Cause it wad come doon and splairge the parritch and the broth, and maybe set the lum on fire.\"",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1933 July, Lewis Grassic Gibbon [pseudonym; James Leslie Mitchell], “Cirrus”, in Cloud Howe, London: Jarrolds Publishers […], →OCLC, page 30:",
"text": "And out they would tramp, young Ewan in bed, the night black under their feet as cold pitch, about them the whistle and moan of trees till they cleared the Manse and went up by the Mains, with the smell of the dung from its hot cattle-court, and the smell of the burning wood in its lums.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A chimney; also, the top part of a chimney."
],
"links": [
[
"chimney",
"chimney#Noun"
],
[
"top",
"top#Noun"
],
[
"part",
"part#Noun"
]
],
"tags": [
"Northern-England",
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Mining"
],
"glosses": [
"A chimney; also, the top part of a chimney.",
"A ventilating chimney over the shaft of a mine."
],
"links": [
[
"chimney",
"chimney#Noun"
],
[
"top",
"top#Noun"
],
[
"part",
"part#Noun"
],
[
"mining",
"mining#Noun"
],
[
"ventilating",
"ventilate"
],
[
"shaft",
"shaft#Noun"
],
[
"mine",
"mine#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"A chimney; also, the top part of a chimney.",
"(specifically, mining) A ventilating chimney over the shaft of a mine."
],
"tags": [
"Northern-England",
"Scotland",
"specifically"
],
"topics": [
"business",
"mining"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/lʌm/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation",
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-uk-lum.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/En-uk-lum.wav/En-uk-lum.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/En-uk-lum.wav/En-uk-lum.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌm"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "lumb"
}
],
"word": "lum"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms with unknown etymologies",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ʌm",
"Rhymes:English/ʌm/1 syllable",
"en:Bodies of water",
"en:Forests",
"en:Landforms"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "lundr",
"t": "clump of trees, grove; (rare) tree"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse lundr (“clump of trees, grove; (rare) tree”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "lund",
"t": "grove"
},
"expansion": "Danish lund (“grove”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "lund"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål lund",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "lund",
"t": "grove"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk lund (“grove”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "lund",
"t": "grove"
},
"expansion": "Swedish lund (“grove”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "3"
},
"expansion": "³",
"name": "sup"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain; perhaps related to Old Norse lundr (“clump of trees, grove; (rare) tree”) (compare Danish lund (“grove”), Norwegian Bokmål lund, Norwegian Nynorsk lund (“grove”), Swedish lund (“grove”)).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "lums",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "lum (plural lums)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English dialectal terms",
"Northern England English",
"Scottish English"
],
"glosses": [
"A grove or wood; also, a woody valley."
],
"links": [
[
"grove",
"grove"
],
[
"wood",
"wood#Noun"
],
[
"woody",
"woody#Adjective"
],
[
"valley",
"valley"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Northern England, Scotland, dialectal) A grove or wood; also, a woody valley."
],
"tags": [
"Northern-England",
"Scotland",
"dialectal"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/lʌm/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation",
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-uk-lum.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/En-uk-lum.wav/En-uk-lum.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/En-uk-lum.wav/En-uk-lum.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌm"
}
],
"word": "lum"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms with unknown etymologies",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ʌm",
"Rhymes:English/ʌm/1 syllable",
"en:Bodies of water",
"en:Forests",
"en:Landforms"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en"
},
"expansion": "Unknown",
"name": "unk"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Unknown"
},
"expansion": "Unknown",
"name": "unknown"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "2"
},
"expansion": "²",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "2"
},
"expansion": "²",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "lum",
"3": "",
"4": "downpour"
},
"expansion": "Scots lum (“downpour”)",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unknown. The Dictionary of the Scots Language (in their entry on Scots lum (“downpour”)) mentions a dialectal Middle English word lum(b) (“water hole in a mire; deep pool”) and suggests it might ultimately be related to lum (“chimney”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "lums",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "lum (plural lums)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English dialectal terms",
"English terms with quotations",
"Northern England English",
"Scottish English"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1830 September 4, W. H. H., “The ‘Lums’ of Westmoreland”, in The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, volume XVI, number 449, London: […] J[ohn] Limbird, […], →OCLC, page 188, column 2:",
"text": "The Kettle Wells are two lums, situated in Bonson's Wood, near Stanmore, which are not surpassed for Elysian beauty. The fall of the water into the first well is inconsiderable; but that continually empties itself into the lum below, over a smooth precipice of thirty feet.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A deep pool, especially one in a riverbed."
],
"links": [
[
"deep",
"deep#Adjective"
],
[
"pool",
"pool#Noun"
],
[
"riverbed",
"riverbed"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Northern England, Scotland, dialectal) A deep pool, especially one in a riverbed."
],
"tags": [
"Northern-England",
"Scotland",
"dialectal"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/lʌm/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation",
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-uk-lum.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/En-uk-lum.wav/En-uk-lum.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/En-uk-lum.wav/En-uk-lum.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌm"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "lumb"
}
],
"word": "lum"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "lumes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lld",
"10": "",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "plural",
"6": "lumes",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "",
"f2request": "1",
"g": "f",
"g2": ""
},
"expansion": "lum f (plural lumes)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": "lumes"
},
"expansion": "lum f (plural lumes)",
"name": "lld-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Ladin",
"lang_code": "lld",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Ladin entries with incorrect language header",
"Ladin feminine nouns",
"Ladin lemmas",
"Ladin nouns",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"light"
],
"links": [
[
"light",
"light"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Gherdëina) light"
],
"tags": [
"Gherdëina",
"feminine"
]
}
],
"word": "lum"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "liv",
"2": "urj-fin-pro",
"3": "*lumi"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Finnic *lumi",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Finnic *lumi.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "lum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lumūd",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lumūd",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lūnda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lumīdi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lummõn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lumūdõn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lumkõks",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lumūdõks",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lummõ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"illative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lumīž",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"illative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lumsõ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lums",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lumši",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lumstõ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"elative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lumst",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"elative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lumšti",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"elative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "liv",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "lum",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Livonian",
"lang_code": "liv",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Livonian entries with incorrect language header",
"Livonian lemmas",
"Livonian nouns",
"Livonian terms derived from Proto-Finnic",
"Livonian terms inherited from Proto-Finnic",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Livonian translations"
],
"glosses": [
"snow"
],
"links": [
[
"snow",
"snow"
]
]
}
],
"word": "lum"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lus",
"2": "tbq-kuk-pro",
"3": "*lum"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Kuki-Chin *lum",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lus",
"2": "sit-pro",
"3": "*s-l(u/i)m"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-l(u/i)m",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Kuki-Chin *lum, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-l(u/i)m.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lus",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "lum",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Mizo",
"lang_code": "lus",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Mizo adjectives",
"Mizo entries with incorrect language header",
"Mizo lemmas",
"Mizo terms derived from Proto-Kuki-Chin",
"Mizo terms derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan",
"Mizo terms inherited from Proto-Kuki-Chin",
"Mizo terms inherited from Proto-Sino-Tibetan",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"warm"
],
"links": [
[
"warm",
"warm"
]
]
}
],
"word": "lum"
}
{
"categories": [
"Occitan countable nouns",
"Occitan entries with incorrect language header",
"Occitan lemmas",
"Occitan masculine nouns",
"Occitan nouns",
"Occitan terms derived from Latin",
"Occitan terms derived from Old Occitan",
"Occitan terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Occitan terms inherited from Latin",
"Occitan terms inherited from Old Occitan",
"Occitan terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Old Occitan term requests",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "pro",
"3": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Occitan [Term?]",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "la",
"3": "lūmen"
},
"expansion": "Latin lūmen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*léwksmn̥"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *léwksmn̥",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Occitan [Term?], from Latin lūmen, from Proto-Indo-European *léwksmn̥, derived from the root *lewk- (“bright”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "lums",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "nouns",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "lum m",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "lum m (plural lums)",
"name": "oc-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "lutz"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"light"
],
"links": [
[
"light",
"light"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"light source, such as a lamp or bulb"
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "LL-Q14185 (oci)-Davidgrosclaude-lum.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/LL-Q14185_%28oci%29-Davidgrosclaude-lum.wav/LL-Q14185_%28oci%29-Davidgrosclaude-lum.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/LL-Q14185_%28oci%29-Davidgrosclaude-lum.wav/LL-Q14185_%28oci%29-Davidgrosclaude-lum.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "lum"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain; perhaps compare obsolete Welsh llumon (“chimney”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "lums",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"10": "",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "plural",
"6": "lums",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "lum (plural lums)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "lum (plural lums)",
"name": "sco-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Scots entries with incorrect language header",
"Scots lemmas",
"Scots nouns",
"Scots terms with unknown etymologies"
],
"glosses": [
"chimney"
],
"links": [
[
"chimney",
"chimney"
]
]
}
],
"word": "lum"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sux",
"2": "romanization",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "lum",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "lum",
"name": "sux-rom"
}
],
"lang": "Sumerian",
"lang_code": "sux",
"pos": "romanization",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "lum",
"word": "𒈝"
}
],
"categories": [
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Sumerian entries with incorrect language header",
"Sumerian non-lemma forms",
"Sumerian romanizations"
],
"glosses": [
"Romanization of 𒈝 (lum)"
],
"links": [
[
"𒈝",
"𒈝#Sumerian"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"romanization"
]
}
],
"word": "lum"
}
Download raw JSONL data for lum meaning in All languages combined (20.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-17 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-02 using wiktextract (ca09fec and c40eb85). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.