"lexicography" meaning in All languages combined

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "lexico",
        "3": "graphy",
        "pos1": "prefix meaning ‘speech; words’",
        "pos2": "suffix meaning ‘something written about a specified subject’"
      },
      "expansion": "lexico- (prefix meaning ‘speech; words’) + -graphy (suffix meaning ‘something written about a specified subject’)",
      "name": "confix"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From lexico- (prefix meaning ‘speech; words’) + -graphy (suffix meaning ‘something written about a specified subject’).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "lexicographies",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "~"
      },
      "expansion": "lexicography (countable and uncountable, plural lexicographies)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "lex‧i‧co‧gra‧phy"
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "lexicographer"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "lexicographian"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "lexicographic"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "lexicographical"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "lexicographically"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "lexicological"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "lexicology"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "lexicon"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "lexis"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1735 March 5, “Craftsman, Feb. 22 [Julian calendar]. Nº 451.”, in Sylvanus Urban [pseudonym; Edward Cave], editor, The Gentleman’s Magazine, and Historical Chronicle, volume V, London: […] Edward Cave, […], published February 1735, →OCLC, page 85, column 1:",
          "text": "[T]here are ſeveral Species of Writing, in which a proper Degree of Hebetude is abſolutely neceſſary, as well as in other profeſſions; such as Lexicography, Index-making, and the like; [...]",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1755 April 15, Samuel Johnson, “Preface”, in A Dictionary of the English Language: […], volume I (A–K), London: […] J[ohn] and P[aul] Knapton; […], →OCLC:",
          "text": "And ſuch is the fate of hapleſs lexicography, that not only darkneſs, but light, impedes and diſtreſſes it; things may be not only too little, but too much known, to be happily illuſtrated.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1795 December 22, [John Philpot] Curran (defence counsel), “612. Trial of James Weldon for High Treason, […]”, in Thomas Jones Howell, editor, Cobbett’s Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors […], volume XXVI, London: […] Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown; [et al.], published 1819, →OCLC, column 267:",
          "text": "Let me warn you, therefore, against that fallacious lexicography which forms new words, that undergoing the examination of political slander or intemperate zeal, are considered as having a known acception.—What is the word?—A word that should be discarded, when it is sought to affix to it another meaning than that which it bears in the cases where it is used.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1802, Henry Neuman, “Preface”, in A New Dictionary of the Spanish and English Languages; […] In Two Parts, 1st part (The Spanish before the English), London: […] Vernor and Hood, […], →OCLC:",
          "text": "[...] I have not only availed myſelf of all the Aſſiſtance which more ancient Sources of Spaniſh Lexicography could afford, but alſo had particular Recourſe to the Dictionary published at Madrid in 1797 and 1798, [...]",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1831, Ying Hing Soo, “Book Second”, in Charles Fried. Neumann [i.e., Karl Friedrich Neumann], transl., History of the Pirates who Infested the China Sea, from 1807 to 1810. […], London: […] Oriental Translation Fund, […], →OCLC, footnote, page 54:",
          "text": "There exist different forms of this character, but I think we should not presume to make an etymology of a Chinese character without being authorized by the Shwǒ wǎn, the oldest and most genuine source of Chinese lexicography.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1999, A[nthony] P[aul] Cowie, “The Role of the Computer in Learner Lexicography”, in English Dictionaries for Foreign Learners: A History, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, section 4.1 (Introduction), page 118:",
          "text": "Without doubt, the most important single development in learner lexicography from the mid-1970s onwards has been the steadily increasing involvement of the computer at all stages of the dictionary-making process, from data gathering and analysis at one end, to compilation, production, and revision at the other.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2013, Amy Chi, “Researching Pedagogical Lexicography”, in Howard Jackson, editor, The Bloomsbury Companion to Lexicography (Bloomsbury Companions), London, New York, N.Y.: Bloomsbury Academic, Bloomsbury Publishing, →ISBN, page 165:",
          "text": "A dictionary, as an art and craft of lexicography, has always been closely associated with the notion of pedagogy.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries."
      ],
      "id": "en-lexicography-en-noun-7KzvAVbN",
      "links": [
        [
          "art",
          "art"
        ],
        [
          "craft",
          "craft#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "compiling",
          "compile"
        ],
        [
          "writing",
          "write"
        ],
        [
          "editing",
          "edit#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "dictionaries",
          "dictionary"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(uncountable) The art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "uncountable"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "hy",
          "lang": "Armenian",
          "roman": "baṙaranagrutʻyun",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "word": "բառարանագրություն"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "ast",
          "lang": "Asturian",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "lexicografía"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "az",
          "lang": "Azerbaijani",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "word": "lüğətçilik"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "be",
          "lang": "Belarusian",
          "roman": "ljeksikahráfija",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "лексікагра́фія"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "leksikográfija",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "лексикогра́фия"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "ca",
          "lang": "Catalan",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "lexicografia"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "yue",
          "lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "word": "詞典學"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "yue",
          "lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
          "roman": "ci⁴ din² hok⁶",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "word": "词典学"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "word": "詞典學"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "roman": "cídiǎnxué",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "word": "词典学"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "word": "辭書學"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "roman": "císhūxué",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "word": "辞书学"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "word": "詞典編輯"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "roman": "cídiǎn biānjí",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "word": "词典编辑"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "cs",
          "lang": "Czech",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "lexikografie"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "cs",
          "lang": "Czech",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "slovníkářství"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "da",
          "lang": "Danish",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "tags": [
            "common-gender"
          ],
          "word": "leksikografi"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "lexicografie"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "eo",
          "lang": "Esperanto",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "word": "leksikografio"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "et",
          "lang": "Estonian",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "word": "leksikograafia"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "word": "leksikografia"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "lexicographie"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "gl",
          "lang": "Galician",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "lexicografía"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "Lexikographie"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "el",
          "lang": "Greek",
          "roman": "lexikografía",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "λεξικογραφία"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "el",
          "lang": "Greek",
          "roman": "lexikográfisi",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "λεξικογράφηση"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "word": "lexikográfia"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "word": "szótárírás"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "is",
          "lang": "Icelandic",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "orðabókargerð"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "is",
          "lang": "Icelandic",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "orðabókagerð"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "io",
          "lang": "Ido",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "word": "lexikografio"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "ia",
          "lang": "Interlingua",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "word": "lexicographia"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "ga",
          "lang": "Irish",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "foclóireacht"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "lessicografia"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "alt": "じしょへんしゅう",
          "code": "ja",
          "lang": "Japanese",
          "roman": "jisho henshū",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "word": "辞書編集"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "alt": "じしょがく",
          "code": "ja",
          "lang": "Japanese",
          "roman": "jishogaku",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "word": "辞書学"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "kk",
          "lang": "Kazakh",
          "roman": "leksikografiä",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "word": "лексикография"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "kk",
          "lang": "Kazakh",
          "roman": "sözdıkjasam",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "word": "сөздікжасам"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "km",
          "lang": "Khmer",
          "roman": "vaj ja nak lek",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "word": "វចនលេខន៍"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "alt": "詞典學",
          "code": "ko",
          "lang": "Korean",
          "roman": "sajeonhak",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "word": "사전학"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "ky",
          "lang": "Kyrgyz",
          "roman": "leksikografiya",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "word": "лексикография"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "la",
          "lang": "Latin",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "word": "lexica condere"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "lv",
          "lang": "Latvian",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "leksikogrāfija"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "lt",
          "lang": "Lithuanian",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "leksikografija"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "mk",
          "lang": "Macedonian",
          "roman": "leksikográfija",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "лексикогра́фија"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "mk",
          "lang": "Macedonian",
          "roman": "rečníkarstvo",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "tags": [
            "colloquial",
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "речни́карство"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "ms",
          "lang": "Malay",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "word": "perkamusan"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "ms",
          "lang": "Malay",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "word": "leksikografi"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "no",
          "lang": "Norwegian",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "leksikografi"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "fa",
          "lang": "Persian",
          "roman": "farhang-nevisi",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "word": "فرهنگنویسی"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "leksykografia"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "słownikarstwo"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "lexicografia"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "pa",
          "lang": "Punjabi",
          "roman": "kośkārī",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "ਕੋਸ਼ਕਾਰੀ"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "ro",
          "lang": "Romanian",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "lexicografie"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "leksikográfija",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "лексикогра́фия"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "gd",
          "lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "faclaireachd"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "sh",
          "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "tags": [
            "Cyrillic",
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "лексикогра̀фија"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "sh",
          "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "tags": [
            "Roman",
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "leksikogràfija"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "lexicografía"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "sw",
          "lang": "Swahili",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "tags": [
            "class-10",
            "class-9"
          ],
          "word": "leksikografia"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "word": "lexikografi"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "tl",
          "lang": "Tagalog",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "word": "leksikograpiya"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "ta",
          "lang": "Tamil",
          "roman": "pērakaramutali",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "word": "பேரகரமுதலி"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "tr",
          "lang": "Turkish",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "word": "sözlükbilim"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "tr",
          "lang": "Turkish",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "word": "sözlükçülük"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "tr",
          "lang": "Turkish",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "word": "leksikografi"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "uk",
          "lang": "Ukrainian",
          "roman": "leksykohráfija",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "лексикогра́фія"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "uk",
          "lang": "Ukrainian",
          "roman": "slovnykárstvo",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "словника́рство"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "uz",
          "lang": "Uzbek",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "word": "lugʻatchilik"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "alt": "詞典學",
          "code": "vi",
          "lang": "Vietnamese",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "word": "từ điển học"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "cy",
          "lang": "Welsh",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "geiriadureg"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "94 3 3",
          "code": "cy",
          "lang": "Welsh",
          "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "geiriaduraeth"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Linguistics",
          "orig": "en:Linguistics",
          "parents": [
            "Language",
            "Social sciences",
            "Communication",
            "Sciences",
            "Society",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "4 77 20",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "26 47 27",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English terms prefixed with lexico-",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "13 72 16",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English terms suffixed with -graphy",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "10 78 13",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Entries with translation boxes",
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        },
        {
          "_dis": "6 75 19",
          "kind": "other",
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        },
        {
          "_dis": "6 85 9",
          "kind": "other",
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        },
        {
          "_dis": "12 64 24",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Armenian translations",
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        },
        {
          "_dis": "8 76 16",
          "kind": "other",
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          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 72 20",
          "kind": "other",
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          "parents": [],
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        },
        {
          "_dis": "8 76 16",
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        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 73 20",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "8 75 18",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Cantonese translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 72 20",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "6 68 26",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Czech translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "4 84 12",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Danish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "12 74 14",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 76 17",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 72 20",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Estonian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 73 20",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "10 77 13",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with French translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 73 20",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Galician translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "9 80 11",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with German translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "8 67 25",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Greek translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "5 66 29",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 72 20",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Icelandic translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 83 10",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Ido translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 78 15",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Interlingua translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 73 20",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Irish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "8 82 10",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Italian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "8 81 11",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Japanese translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 72 20",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Kazakh translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "12 64 24",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Khmer translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 72 20",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Korean translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 72 20",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Kyrgyz translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "8 81 11",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Latin translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 72 20",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Latvian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 72 20",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Lithuanian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 73 20",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Macedonian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 72 20",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Malay translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 72 21",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 72 20",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Norwegian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 73 20",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Persian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "9 70 21",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Polish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 73 20",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 72 20",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Punjabi translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 73 20",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "8 82 10",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Russian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 72 21",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 73 20",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 82 11",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "8 74 18",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Swahili translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "6 75 19",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 73 20",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Tagalog translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "12 64 24",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Tamil translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "6 74 20",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Turkish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 72 20",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 72 20",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Uzbek translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 72 20",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Vietnamese translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "11 75 14",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Welsh translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "2 73 25",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Lexicography",
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          "parents": [
            "Linguistics",
            "Language",
            "Social sciences",
            "Communication",
            "Sciences",
            "Society",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1828, Moses Stuart, “Changes of Consonants”, in A Grammar of the Hebrew Language, 3rd edition, Andover, Mass.: Flagg & Gould, →OCLC, part II (Changes and Peculiarities of Consonants and Verbs), § 105, page 51:",
          "text": "But changes of this nature belong to lexicography, as they do not affect the grammatical forms of words.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1840, Geo. Benedict Winer [i.e., Georg Benedikt Winer], “§ 4. Grammatical Character of the N.T. Diction.”, in J. H Agnew, O. G. Ebbeke, transl., A Grammar of the Idioms of the Greek Language of the New Testament, Philadelphia, Pa.: Herman Hooker, […], →OCLC, part I, page 37:",
          "text": "What the history of language in general teaches, that in course of time, there is less change in form than signification, in grammar than lexicography, is true of the Greek.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1845 February, Wilhelm Freund, “Article IV. Principles of Latin Lexicography.”, in T[heodore] D[wight] Woolsey, transl., edited by B[ela] B[ates] Edwards and E[dwards] A[masa] Park, Bibliotheca Sacra and Theological Review, volume II, number V, New York, N.Y., London: Wiley & Putnam; Andover, Mass.: Allen, Morrill and Wardwell, →OCLC, section I (Of the Idea and Elements of Latin Lexicography), § 1, page 80:",
          "text": "If Lexicography in general is that science whose task it is to set forth the nature of every single word of a language through all the periods of its existence, it is the task of Latin lexicography in particular to set forth the nature of every single word of the Latin language, as it makes itself known in all the periods of the existence of that language; or more succinctly expressed, it is the object of Latin lexicography to give the history of every single word of the Latin language.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1911 December 13, C. J. Ball, “A Study in Biblical Philology”, in Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archæology, volume XXXIII, number CCXLIX, London: Society of Biblical Archaeology, →OCLC, page 13:",
          "text": "[T]he philologist may well refuse to accept a body of triliteral roots, developed on a highly artificial and uniform plan, as the ultimate fact in Semitic lexicography.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2002, Howard Jackson, “Criticising Dictionaries”, in Lexicography: An Introduction, London, New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN, page 173:",
          "text": "Academic lexicography, or 'metalexicography', as pursued in university departments of English or Linguistics, is concerned not primarily with the compiling of dictionaries – though academics may be involved in this, as consultants, for example – but with researching and teaching about the whole business of making dictionaries: their history, their typology, their structures, their users, and so on [...].",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The scholarly discipline of analysing and describing the semantic, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships within the lexicon (vocabulary) of a language and developing theories of dictionary components and structures linking the data in dictionaries."
      ],
      "id": "en-lexicography-en-noun-MqKd6ySB",
      "links": [
        [
          "linguistics",
          "linguistics"
        ],
        [
          "scholarly",
          "scholarly"
        ],
        [
          "discipline",
          "discipline#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "analysing",
          "analyse"
        ],
        [
          "describing",
          "describe"
        ],
        [
          "semantic",
          "semantic"
        ],
        [
          "syntagmatic",
          "syntagmatic"
        ],
        [
          "paradigmatic",
          "paradigmatic"
        ],
        [
          "relationship",
          "relationship"
        ],
        [
          "lexicon",
          "lexicon"
        ],
        [
          "vocabulary",
          "vocabulary"
        ],
        [
          "language",
          "language"
        ],
        [
          "develop",
          "develop"
        ],
        [
          "theories",
          "theory"
        ],
        [
          "component",
          "component"
        ],
        [
          "structures",
          "structure#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "linking",
          "link#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "data",
          "data"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(uncountable, linguistics) The scholarly discipline of analysing and describing the semantic, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships within the lexicon (vocabulary) of a language and developing theories of dictionary components and structures linking the data in dictionaries."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "uncountable"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "human-sciences",
        "linguistics",
        "sciences"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "3 81 15",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "leksikográfija",
          "sense": "scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures",
          "word": "лексикогра́фия"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 81 15",
          "code": "is",
          "lang": "Icelandic",
          "sense": "scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "orðabókafræði"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 81 15",
          "code": "is",
          "lang": "Icelandic",
          "sense": "scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "orðabókarfræði"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 81 15",
          "code": "mk",
          "lang": "Macedonian",
          "roman": "leksikográfija",
          "sense": "scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "лексикогра́фија"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 81 15",
          "code": "sh",
          "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
          "sense": "scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures",
          "tags": [
            "Cyrillic",
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "лексикогра̀фија"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 81 15",
          "code": "sh",
          "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
          "sense": "scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures",
          "tags": [
            "Roman",
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "leksikogràfija"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 81 15",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures",
          "tags": [
            "common-gender"
          ],
          "word": "lexikografi"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1828 October, Joseph Story, Associate Judge of the Supreme Court, William P. Mason (reporter), “United States vs. an Open Boat and Lading”, in Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Circuit Court of the United States, for the First Circuit, volume V, Boston, Mass.: Hilliard, Gray, Little, and Wilkins, published 1831, →OCLC, page 134:",
          "text": "There can be no doubt, that in a general sense a boat is a vessel, for it is \"a vehicle in which men or goods are carried on the water,\" which is one of the definitions of a vessel given in our lexicographies; [...]",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1855 March, “A Bag of Wind”, in Putnam’s Monthly. A Magazine of Literature, Science, and Art, volume V, number XXVII, New York, N.Y.: Dix & Edwards, […]; London: Sampson Low, Son & Co., →OCLC, page 251, column 1:",
          "text": "\"Air put in motion\" is the brief description of the wind in lexicographies; but what a contrast in quality according to its direction; [...]",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1998, Christopher Leigh Connery, “Textual Authority and Textual Practice”, in The Empire of the Text: Writing and Authority in Early Imperial China, Lanham, Md., Oxford, Oxfordshire: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, →ISBN, page 37:",
          "text": "The earliest examples of dictionaries or lexicographies in nearly any culture serve more to regularize and standardize the lexicon than to list or inventory it, and as such would tend to take as their object textual rather than spoken language.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A dictionary, a lexicon, a wordbook."
      ],
      "id": "en-lexicography-en-noun-kHZAFPX0",
      "links": [
        [
          "lexicon",
          "lexicon"
        ],
        [
          "wordbook",
          "wordbook"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(countable) A dictionary, a lexicon, a wordbook."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˌlɛksɪˈkɒɡɹəfi/",
      "tags": [
        "Received-Pronunciation"
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    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˌlɛksɪˈkɑɡɹəfi/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/-sə-/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ]
    },
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      "audio": "en-us-lexicography.mp3",
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  "word": "lexicography"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "English countable nouns",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English terms prefixed with lexico-",
    "English terms suffixed with -graphy",
    "English uncountable nouns",
    "Entries with translation boxes",
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Requests for gender in Swedish entries",
    "Terms with Armenian translations",
    "Terms with Asturian translations",
    "Terms with Azerbaijani translations",
    "Terms with Belarusian translations",
    "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
    "Terms with Cantonese translations",
    "Terms with Catalan translations",
    "Terms with Czech translations",
    "Terms with Danish translations",
    "Terms with Dutch translations",
    "Terms with Esperanto translations",
    "Terms with Estonian translations",
    "Terms with Finnish translations",
    "Terms with French translations",
    "Terms with Galician translations",
    "Terms with German translations",
    "Terms with Greek translations",
    "Terms with Hungarian translations",
    "Terms with Icelandic translations",
    "Terms with Ido translations",
    "Terms with Interlingua translations",
    "Terms with Irish translations",
    "Terms with Italian translations",
    "Terms with Japanese translations",
    "Terms with Kazakh translations",
    "Terms with Khmer translations",
    "Terms with Korean translations",
    "Terms with Kyrgyz translations",
    "Terms with Latin translations",
    "Terms with Latvian translations",
    "Terms with Lithuanian translations",
    "Terms with Macedonian translations",
    "Terms with Malay translations",
    "Terms with Mandarin translations",
    "Terms with Norwegian translations",
    "Terms with Persian translations",
    "Terms with Polish translations",
    "Terms with Portuguese translations",
    "Terms with Punjabi translations",
    "Terms with Romanian translations",
    "Terms with Russian translations",
    "Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
    "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
    "Terms with Spanish translations",
    "Terms with Swahili translations",
    "Terms with Swedish translations",
    "Terms with Tagalog translations",
    "Terms with Tamil translations",
    "Terms with Turkish translations",
    "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
    "Terms with Uzbek translations",
    "Terms with Vietnamese translations",
    "Terms with Welsh translations",
    "en:Lexicography"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "lexico",
        "3": "graphy",
        "pos1": "prefix meaning ‘speech; words’",
        "pos2": "suffix meaning ‘something written about a specified subject’"
      },
      "expansion": "lexico- (prefix meaning ‘speech; words’) + -graphy (suffix meaning ‘something written about a specified subject’)",
      "name": "confix"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From lexico- (prefix meaning ‘speech; words’) + -graphy (suffix meaning ‘something written about a specified subject’).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "lexicographies",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "~"
      },
      "expansion": "lexicography (countable and uncountable, plural lexicographies)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "lex‧i‧co‧gra‧phy"
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "lexicographer"
    },
    {
      "word": "lexicographian"
    },
    {
      "word": "lexicographic"
    },
    {
      "word": "lexicographical"
    },
    {
      "word": "lexicographically"
    },
    {
      "word": "lexicological"
    },
    {
      "word": "lexicology"
    },
    {
      "word": "lexicon"
    },
    {
      "word": "lexis"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations",
        "English uncountable nouns"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1735 March 5, “Craftsman, Feb. 22 [Julian calendar]. Nº 451.”, in Sylvanus Urban [pseudonym; Edward Cave], editor, The Gentleman’s Magazine, and Historical Chronicle, volume V, London: […] Edward Cave, […], published February 1735, →OCLC, page 85, column 1:",
          "text": "[T]here are ſeveral Species of Writing, in which a proper Degree of Hebetude is abſolutely neceſſary, as well as in other profeſſions; such as Lexicography, Index-making, and the like; [...]",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1755 April 15, Samuel Johnson, “Preface”, in A Dictionary of the English Language: […], volume I (A–K), London: […] J[ohn] and P[aul] Knapton; […], →OCLC:",
          "text": "And ſuch is the fate of hapleſs lexicography, that not only darkneſs, but light, impedes and diſtreſſes it; things may be not only too little, but too much known, to be happily illuſtrated.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1795 December 22, [John Philpot] Curran (defence counsel), “612. Trial of James Weldon for High Treason, […]”, in Thomas Jones Howell, editor, Cobbett’s Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors […], volume XXVI, London: […] Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown; [et al.], published 1819, →OCLC, column 267:",
          "text": "Let me warn you, therefore, against that fallacious lexicography which forms new words, that undergoing the examination of political slander or intemperate zeal, are considered as having a known acception.—What is the word?—A word that should be discarded, when it is sought to affix to it another meaning than that which it bears in the cases where it is used.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1802, Henry Neuman, “Preface”, in A New Dictionary of the Spanish and English Languages; […] In Two Parts, 1st part (The Spanish before the English), London: […] Vernor and Hood, […], →OCLC:",
          "text": "[...] I have not only availed myſelf of all the Aſſiſtance which more ancient Sources of Spaniſh Lexicography could afford, but alſo had particular Recourſe to the Dictionary published at Madrid in 1797 and 1798, [...]",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1831, Ying Hing Soo, “Book Second”, in Charles Fried. Neumann [i.e., Karl Friedrich Neumann], transl., History of the Pirates who Infested the China Sea, from 1807 to 1810. […], London: […] Oriental Translation Fund, […], →OCLC, footnote, page 54:",
          "text": "There exist different forms of this character, but I think we should not presume to make an etymology of a Chinese character without being authorized by the Shwǒ wǎn, the oldest and most genuine source of Chinese lexicography.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1999, A[nthony] P[aul] Cowie, “The Role of the Computer in Learner Lexicography”, in English Dictionaries for Foreign Learners: A History, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, section 4.1 (Introduction), page 118:",
          "text": "Without doubt, the most important single development in learner lexicography from the mid-1970s onwards has been the steadily increasing involvement of the computer at all stages of the dictionary-making process, from data gathering and analysis at one end, to compilation, production, and revision at the other.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2013, Amy Chi, “Researching Pedagogical Lexicography”, in Howard Jackson, editor, The Bloomsbury Companion to Lexicography (Bloomsbury Companions), London, New York, N.Y.: Bloomsbury Academic, Bloomsbury Publishing, →ISBN, page 165:",
          "text": "A dictionary, as an art and craft of lexicography, has always been closely associated with the notion of pedagogy.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "art",
          "art"
        ],
        [
          "craft",
          "craft#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "compiling",
          "compile"
        ],
        [
          "writing",
          "write"
        ],
        [
          "editing",
          "edit#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "dictionaries",
          "dictionary"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(uncountable) The art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations",
        "English uncountable nouns",
        "en:Linguistics"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1828, Moses Stuart, “Changes of Consonants”, in A Grammar of the Hebrew Language, 3rd edition, Andover, Mass.: Flagg & Gould, →OCLC, part II (Changes and Peculiarities of Consonants and Verbs), § 105, page 51:",
          "text": "But changes of this nature belong to lexicography, as they do not affect the grammatical forms of words.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1840, Geo. Benedict Winer [i.e., Georg Benedikt Winer], “§ 4. Grammatical Character of the N.T. Diction.”, in J. H Agnew, O. G. Ebbeke, transl., A Grammar of the Idioms of the Greek Language of the New Testament, Philadelphia, Pa.: Herman Hooker, […], →OCLC, part I, page 37:",
          "text": "What the history of language in general teaches, that in course of time, there is less change in form than signification, in grammar than lexicography, is true of the Greek.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1845 February, Wilhelm Freund, “Article IV. Principles of Latin Lexicography.”, in T[heodore] D[wight] Woolsey, transl., edited by B[ela] B[ates] Edwards and E[dwards] A[masa] Park, Bibliotheca Sacra and Theological Review, volume II, number V, New York, N.Y., London: Wiley & Putnam; Andover, Mass.: Allen, Morrill and Wardwell, →OCLC, section I (Of the Idea and Elements of Latin Lexicography), § 1, page 80:",
          "text": "If Lexicography in general is that science whose task it is to set forth the nature of every single word of a language through all the periods of its existence, it is the task of Latin lexicography in particular to set forth the nature of every single word of the Latin language, as it makes itself known in all the periods of the existence of that language; or more succinctly expressed, it is the object of Latin lexicography to give the history of every single word of the Latin language.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1911 December 13, C. J. Ball, “A Study in Biblical Philology”, in Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archæology, volume XXXIII, number CCXLIX, London: Society of Biblical Archaeology, →OCLC, page 13:",
          "text": "[T]he philologist may well refuse to accept a body of triliteral roots, developed on a highly artificial and uniform plan, as the ultimate fact in Semitic lexicography.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2002, Howard Jackson, “Criticising Dictionaries”, in Lexicography: An Introduction, London, New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN, page 173:",
          "text": "Academic lexicography, or 'metalexicography', as pursued in university departments of English or Linguistics, is concerned not primarily with the compiling of dictionaries – though academics may be involved in this, as consultants, for example – but with researching and teaching about the whole business of making dictionaries: their history, their typology, their structures, their users, and so on [...].",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The scholarly discipline of analysing and describing the semantic, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships within the lexicon (vocabulary) of a language and developing theories of dictionary components and structures linking the data in dictionaries."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "linguistics",
          "linguistics"
        ],
        [
          "scholarly",
          "scholarly"
        ],
        [
          "discipline",
          "discipline#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "analysing",
          "analyse"
        ],
        [
          "describing",
          "describe"
        ],
        [
          "semantic",
          "semantic"
        ],
        [
          "syntagmatic",
          "syntagmatic"
        ],
        [
          "paradigmatic",
          "paradigmatic"
        ],
        [
          "relationship",
          "relationship"
        ],
        [
          "lexicon",
          "lexicon"
        ],
        [
          "vocabulary",
          "vocabulary"
        ],
        [
          "language",
          "language"
        ],
        [
          "develop",
          "develop"
        ],
        [
          "theories",
          "theory"
        ],
        [
          "component",
          "component"
        ],
        [
          "structures",
          "structure#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "linking",
          "link#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "data",
          "data"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(uncountable, linguistics) The scholarly discipline of analysing and describing the semantic, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships within the lexicon (vocabulary) of a language and developing theories of dictionary components and structures linking the data in dictionaries."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "uncountable"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "human-sciences",
        "linguistics",
        "sciences"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English countable nouns",
        "English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1828 October, Joseph Story, Associate Judge of the Supreme Court, William P. Mason (reporter), “United States vs. an Open Boat and Lading”, in Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Circuit Court of the United States, for the First Circuit, volume V, Boston, Mass.: Hilliard, Gray, Little, and Wilkins, published 1831, →OCLC, page 134:",
          "text": "There can be no doubt, that in a general sense a boat is a vessel, for it is \"a vehicle in which men or goods are carried on the water,\" which is one of the definitions of a vessel given in our lexicographies; [...]",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1855 March, “A Bag of Wind”, in Putnam’s Monthly. A Magazine of Literature, Science, and Art, volume V, number XXVII, New York, N.Y.: Dix & Edwards, […]; London: Sampson Low, Son & Co., →OCLC, page 251, column 1:",
          "text": "\"Air put in motion\" is the brief description of the wind in lexicographies; but what a contrast in quality according to its direction; [...]",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1998, Christopher Leigh Connery, “Textual Authority and Textual Practice”, in The Empire of the Text: Writing and Authority in Early Imperial China, Lanham, Md., Oxford, Oxfordshire: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, →ISBN, page 37:",
          "text": "The earliest examples of dictionaries or lexicographies in nearly any culture serve more to regularize and standardize the lexicon than to list or inventory it, and as such would tend to take as their object textual rather than spoken language.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A dictionary, a lexicon, a wordbook."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "lexicon",
          "lexicon"
        ],
        [
          "wordbook",
          "wordbook"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(countable) A dictionary, a lexicon, a wordbook."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˌlɛksɪˈkɒɡɹəfi/",
      "tags": [
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-lexicography.wav",
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    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˌlɛksɪˈkɑɡɹəfi/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/-sə-/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-us-lexicography.mp3",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/En-us-lexicography.mp3",
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    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "hy",
      "lang": "Armenian",
      "roman": "baṙaranagrutʻyun",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "word": "բառարանագրություն"
    },
    {
      "code": "ast",
      "lang": "Asturian",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "lexicografía"
    },
    {
      "code": "az",
      "lang": "Azerbaijani",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "word": "lüğətçilik"
    },
    {
      "code": "be",
      "lang": "Belarusian",
      "roman": "ljeksikahráfija",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "лексікагра́фія"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "leksikográfija",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "лексикогра́фия"
    },
    {
      "code": "ca",
      "lang": "Catalan",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "lexicografia"
    },
    {
      "code": "yue",
      "lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "word": "詞典學"
    },
    {
      "code": "yue",
      "lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
      "roman": "ci⁴ din² hok⁶",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "word": "词典学"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "word": "詞典學"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "roman": "cídiǎnxué",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "word": "词典学"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "word": "辭書學"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "roman": "císhūxué",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "word": "辞书学"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "word": "詞典編輯"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "roman": "cídiǎn biānjí",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "word": "词典编辑"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "lexikografie"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "slovníkářství"
    },
    {
      "code": "da",
      "lang": "Danish",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "tags": [
        "common-gender"
      ],
      "word": "leksikografi"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "lexicografie"
    },
    {
      "code": "eo",
      "lang": "Esperanto",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "word": "leksikografio"
    },
    {
      "code": "et",
      "lang": "Estonian",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "word": "leksikograafia"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "word": "leksikografia"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "lexicographie"
    },
    {
      "code": "gl",
      "lang": "Galician",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "lexicografía"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "Lexikographie"
    },
    {
      "code": "el",
      "lang": "Greek",
      "roman": "lexikografía",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "λεξικογραφία"
    },
    {
      "code": "el",
      "lang": "Greek",
      "roman": "lexikográfisi",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "λεξικογράφηση"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "word": "lexikográfia"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "word": "szótárírás"
    },
    {
      "code": "is",
      "lang": "Icelandic",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "orðabókargerð"
    },
    {
      "code": "is",
      "lang": "Icelandic",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "orðabókagerð"
    },
    {
      "code": "io",
      "lang": "Ido",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "word": "lexikografio"
    },
    {
      "code": "ia",
      "lang": "Interlingua",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "word": "lexicographia"
    },
    {
      "code": "ga",
      "lang": "Irish",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "foclóireacht"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "lessicografia"
    },
    {
      "alt": "じしょへんしゅう",
      "code": "ja",
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "roman": "jisho henshū",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "word": "辞書編集"
    },
    {
      "alt": "じしょがく",
      "code": "ja",
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "roman": "jishogaku",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "word": "辞書学"
    },
    {
      "code": "kk",
      "lang": "Kazakh",
      "roman": "leksikografiä",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "word": "лексикография"
    },
    {
      "code": "kk",
      "lang": "Kazakh",
      "roman": "sözdıkjasam",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "word": "сөздікжасам"
    },
    {
      "code": "km",
      "lang": "Khmer",
      "roman": "vaj ja nak lek",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "word": "វចនលេខន៍"
    },
    {
      "alt": "詞典學",
      "code": "ko",
      "lang": "Korean",
      "roman": "sajeonhak",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "word": "사전학"
    },
    {
      "code": "ky",
      "lang": "Kyrgyz",
      "roman": "leksikografiya",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "word": "лексикография"
    },
    {
      "code": "la",
      "lang": "Latin",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "word": "lexica condere"
    },
    {
      "code": "lv",
      "lang": "Latvian",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "leksikogrāfija"
    },
    {
      "code": "lt",
      "lang": "Lithuanian",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "leksikografija"
    },
    {
      "code": "mk",
      "lang": "Macedonian",
      "roman": "leksikográfija",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "лексикогра́фија"
    },
    {
      "code": "mk",
      "lang": "Macedonian",
      "roman": "rečníkarstvo",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial",
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "речни́карство"
    },
    {
      "code": "ms",
      "lang": "Malay",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "word": "perkamusan"
    },
    {
      "code": "ms",
      "lang": "Malay",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "word": "leksikografi"
    },
    {
      "code": "no",
      "lang": "Norwegian",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "leksikografi"
    },
    {
      "code": "fa",
      "lang": "Persian",
      "roman": "farhang-nevisi",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "word": "فرهنگنویسی"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "leksykografia"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "słownikarstwo"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "lexicografia"
    },
    {
      "code": "pa",
      "lang": "Punjabi",
      "roman": "kośkārī",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "ਕੋਸ਼ਕਾਰੀ"
    },
    {
      "code": "ro",
      "lang": "Romanian",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "lexicografie"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "leksikográfija",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "лексикогра́фия"
    },
    {
      "code": "gd",
      "lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "faclaireachd"
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "tags": [
        "Cyrillic",
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "лексикогра̀фија"
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "tags": [
        "Roman",
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "leksikogràfija"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "lexicografía"
    },
    {
      "code": "sw",
      "lang": "Swahili",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "tags": [
        "class-10",
        "class-9"
      ],
      "word": "leksikografia"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "word": "lexikografi"
    },
    {
      "code": "tl",
      "lang": "Tagalog",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "word": "leksikograpiya"
    },
    {
      "code": "ta",
      "lang": "Tamil",
      "roman": "pērakaramutali",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "word": "பேரகரமுதலி"
    },
    {
      "code": "tr",
      "lang": "Turkish",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "word": "sözlükbilim"
    },
    {
      "code": "tr",
      "lang": "Turkish",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "word": "sözlükçülük"
    },
    {
      "code": "tr",
      "lang": "Turkish",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "word": "leksikografi"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "leksykohráfija",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "лексикогра́фія"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "slovnykárstvo",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "словника́рство"
    },
    {
      "code": "uz",
      "lang": "Uzbek",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "word": "lugʻatchilik"
    },
    {
      "alt": "詞典學",
      "code": "vi",
      "lang": "Vietnamese",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "word": "từ điển học"
    },
    {
      "code": "cy",
      "lang": "Welsh",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "geiriadureg"
    },
    {
      "code": "cy",
      "lang": "Welsh",
      "sense": "art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "geiriaduraeth"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "leksikográfija",
      "sense": "scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures",
      "word": "лексикогра́фия"
    },
    {
      "code": "is",
      "lang": "Icelandic",
      "sense": "scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "orðabókafræði"
    },
    {
      "code": "is",
      "lang": "Icelandic",
      "sense": "scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "orðabókarfræði"
    },
    {
      "code": "mk",
      "lang": "Macedonian",
      "roman": "leksikográfija",
      "sense": "scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "лексикогра́фија"
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures",
      "tags": [
        "Cyrillic",
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "лексикогра̀фија"
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures",
      "tags": [
        "Roman",
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "leksikogràfija"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures",
      "tags": [
        "common-gender"
      ],
      "word": "lexikografi"
    }
  ],
  "word": "lexicography"
}

{
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  "msg": "lexicography/English/noun: invalid uppercase tag Received-Pronunciation not in or uppercase_tags: {\"categories\": [\"English countable nouns\", \"English entries with incorrect language header\", \"English lemmas\", \"English nouns\", \"English terms prefixed with lexico-\", \"English terms suffixed with -graphy\", \"English uncountable nouns\", \"Entries with translation boxes\", \"Pages with 1 entry\", \"Pages with entries\", \"Requests for gender in Swedish entries\", \"Terms with Armenian translations\", \"Terms with Asturian translations\", \"Terms with Azerbaijani translations\", \"Terms with Belarusian translations\", \"Terms with Bulgarian translations\", \"Terms with Cantonese translations\", \"Terms with Catalan translations\", \"Terms with Czech translations\", \"Terms with Danish translations\", \"Terms with Dutch translations\", \"Terms with Esperanto translations\", \"Terms with Estonian translations\", \"Terms with Finnish translations\", \"Terms with French translations\", \"Terms with Galician translations\", \"Terms with German translations\", \"Terms with Greek translations\", \"Terms with Hungarian translations\", \"Terms with Icelandic translations\", \"Terms with Ido translations\", \"Terms with Interlingua translations\", \"Terms with Irish translations\", \"Terms with Italian translations\", \"Terms with Japanese translations\", \"Terms with Kazakh translations\", \"Terms with Khmer translations\", \"Terms with Korean translations\", \"Terms with Kyrgyz translations\", \"Terms with Latin translations\", \"Terms with Latvian translations\", \"Terms with Lithuanian translations\", \"Terms with Macedonian translations\", \"Terms with Malay translations\", \"Terms with Mandarin translations\", \"Terms with Norwegian translations\", \"Terms with Persian translations\", \"Terms with Polish translations\", \"Terms with Portuguese translations\", \"Terms with Punjabi translations\", \"Terms with Romanian translations\", \"Terms with Russian translations\", \"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations\", \"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations\", \"Terms with Spanish translations\", \"Terms with Swahili translations\", \"Terms with Swedish translations\", \"Terms with Tagalog translations\", \"Terms with Tamil translations\", \"Terms with Turkish translations\", \"Terms with Ukrainian translations\", \"Terms with Uzbek translations\", \"Terms with Vietnamese translations\", \"Terms with Welsh translations\", \"en:Lexicography\"], \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"lexico\", \"3\": \"graphy\", \"pos1\": \"prefix meaning ‘speech; words’\", \"pos2\": \"suffix meaning ‘something written about a specified subject’\"}, \"expansion\": \"lexico- (prefix meaning ‘speech; words’) + -graphy (suffix meaning ‘something written about a specified subject’)\", \"name\": \"confix\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"From lexico- (prefix meaning ‘speech; words’) + -graphy (suffix meaning ‘something written about a specified subject’).\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"lexicographies\", \"tags\": [\"plural\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"~\"}, \"expansion\": \"lexicography (countable and uncountable, plural lexicographies)\", \"name\": \"en-noun\"}], \"hyphenation\": [\"lex‧i‧co‧gra‧phy\"], \"lang\": \"English\", \"lang_code\": \"en\", \"pos\": \"noun\", \"related\": [{\"word\": \"lexicographer\"}, {\"word\": \"lexicographian\"}, {\"word\": \"lexicographic\"}, {\"word\": \"lexicographical\"}, {\"word\": \"lexicographically\"}, {\"word\": \"lexicological\"}, {\"word\": \"lexicology\"}, {\"word\": \"lexicon\"}, {\"word\": \"lexis\"}], \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"English terms with quotations\", \"English uncountable nouns\"], \"examples\": [{\"ref\": \"1735 March 5, “Craftsman, Feb. 22 [Julian calendar]. Nº 451.”, in Sylvanus Urban [pseudonym; Edward Cave], editor, The Gentleman’s Magazine, and Historical Chronicle, volume V, London: […] Edward Cave, […], published February 1735, →OCLC, page 85, column 1:\", \"text\": \"[T]here are ſeveral Species of Writing, in which a proper Degree of Hebetude is abſolutely neceſſary, as well as in other profeſſions; such as Lexicography, Index-making, and the like; [...]\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1755 April 15, Samuel Johnson, “Preface”, in A Dictionary of the English Language: […], volume I (A–K), London: […] J[ohn] and P[aul] Knapton; […], →OCLC:\", \"text\": \"And ſuch is the fate of hapleſs lexicography, that not only darkneſs, but light, impedes and diſtreſſes it; things may be not only too little, but too much known, to be happily illuſtrated.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1795 December 22, [John Philpot] Curran (defence counsel), “612. Trial of James Weldon for High Treason, […]”, in Thomas Jones Howell, editor, Cobbett’s Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors […], volume XXVI, London: […] Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown; [et al.], published 1819, →OCLC, column 267:\", \"text\": \"Let me warn you, therefore, against that fallacious lexicography which forms new words, that undergoing the examination of political slander or intemperate zeal, are considered as having a known acception.—What is the word?—A word that should be discarded, when it is sought to affix to it another meaning than that which it bears in the cases where it is used.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1802, Henry Neuman, “Preface”, in A New Dictionary of the Spanish and English Languages; […] In Two Parts, 1st part (The Spanish before the English), London: […] Vernor and Hood, […], →OCLC:\", \"text\": \"[...] I have not only availed myſelf of all the Aſſiſtance which more ancient Sources of Spaniſh Lexicography could afford, but alſo had particular Recourſe to the Dictionary published at Madrid in 1797 and 1798, [...]\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1831, Ying Hing Soo, “Book Second”, in Charles Fried. Neumann [i.e., Karl Friedrich Neumann], transl., History of the Pirates who Infested the China Sea, from 1807 to 1810. […], London: […] Oriental Translation Fund, […], →OCLC, footnote, page 54:\", \"text\": \"There exist different forms of this character, but I think we should not presume to make an etymology of a Chinese character without being authorized by the Shwǒ wǎn, the oldest and most genuine source of Chinese lexicography.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1999, A[nthony] P[aul] Cowie, “The Role of the Computer in Learner Lexicography”, in English Dictionaries for Foreign Learners: A History, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, section 4.1 (Introduction), page 118:\", \"text\": \"Without doubt, the most important single development in learner lexicography from the mid-1970s onwards has been the steadily increasing involvement of the computer at all stages of the dictionary-making process, from data gathering and analysis at one end, to compilation, production, and revision at the other.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"2013, Amy Chi, “Researching Pedagogical Lexicography”, in Howard Jackson, editor, The Bloomsbury Companion to Lexicography (Bloomsbury Companions), London, New York, N.Y.: Bloomsbury Academic, Bloomsbury Publishing, →ISBN, page 165:\", \"text\": \"A dictionary, as an art and craft of lexicography, has always been closely associated with the notion of pedagogy.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"The art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries.\"], \"links\": [[\"art\", \"art\"], [\"craft\", \"craft#Noun\"], [\"compiling\", \"compile\"], [\"writing\", \"write\"], [\"editing\", \"edit#Verb\"], [\"dictionaries\", \"dictionary\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(uncountable) The art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries.\"], \"tags\": [\"uncountable\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English terms with quotations\", \"English uncountable nouns\", \"en:Linguistics\"], \"examples\": [{\"ref\": \"1828, Moses Stuart, “Changes of Consonants”, in A Grammar of the Hebrew Language, 3rd edition, Andover, Mass.: Flagg & Gould, →OCLC, part II (Changes and Peculiarities of Consonants and Verbs), § 105, page 51:\", \"text\": \"But changes of this nature belong to lexicography, as they do not affect the grammatical forms of words.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1840, Geo. Benedict Winer [i.e., Georg Benedikt Winer], “§ 4. Grammatical Character of the N.T. Diction.”, in J. H Agnew, O. G. Ebbeke, transl., A Grammar of the Idioms of the Greek Language of the New Testament, Philadelphia, Pa.: Herman Hooker, […], →OCLC, part I, page 37:\", \"text\": \"What the history of language in general teaches, that in course of time, there is less change in form than signification, in grammar than lexicography, is true of the Greek.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1845 February, Wilhelm Freund, “Article IV. Principles of Latin Lexicography.”, in T[heodore] D[wight] Woolsey, transl., edited by B[ela] B[ates] Edwards and E[dwards] A[masa] Park, Bibliotheca Sacra and Theological Review, volume II, number V, New York, N.Y., London: Wiley & Putnam; Andover, Mass.: Allen, Morrill and Wardwell, →OCLC, section I (Of the Idea and Elements of Latin Lexicography), § 1, page 80:\", \"text\": \"If Lexicography in general is that science whose task it is to set forth the nature of every single word of a language through all the periods of its existence, it is the task of Latin lexicography in particular to set forth the nature of every single word of the Latin language, as it makes itself known in all the periods of the existence of that language; or more succinctly expressed, it is the object of Latin lexicography to give the history of every single word of the Latin language.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1911 December 13, C. J. Ball, “A Study in Biblical Philology”, in Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archæology, volume XXXIII, number CCXLIX, London: Society of Biblical Archaeology, →OCLC, page 13:\", \"text\": \"[T]he philologist may well refuse to accept a body of triliteral roots, developed on a highly artificial and uniform plan, as the ultimate fact in Semitic lexicography.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"2002, Howard Jackson, “Criticising Dictionaries”, in Lexicography: An Introduction, London, New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN, page 173:\", \"text\": \"Academic lexicography, or 'metalexicography', as pursued in university departments of English or Linguistics, is concerned not primarily with the compiling of dictionaries – though academics may be involved in this, as consultants, for example – but with researching and teaching about the whole business of making dictionaries: their history, their typology, their structures, their users, and so on [...].\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"The scholarly discipline of analysing and describing the semantic, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships within the lexicon (vocabulary) of a language and developing theories of dictionary components and structures linking the data in dictionaries.\"], \"links\": [[\"linguistics\", \"linguistics\"], [\"scholarly\", \"scholarly\"], [\"discipline\", \"discipline#Noun\"], [\"analysing\", \"analyse\"], [\"describing\", \"describe\"], [\"semantic\", \"semantic\"], [\"syntagmatic\", \"syntagmatic\"], [\"paradigmatic\", \"paradigmatic\"], [\"relationship\", \"relationship\"], [\"lexicon\", \"lexicon\"], [\"vocabulary\", \"vocabulary\"], [\"language\", \"language\"], [\"develop\", \"develop\"], [\"theories\", \"theory\"], [\"component\", \"component\"], [\"structures\", \"structure#Noun\"], [\"linking\", \"link#Verb\"], [\"data\", \"data\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(uncountable, linguistics) The scholarly discipline of analysing and describing the semantic, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships within the lexicon (vocabulary) of a language and developing theories of dictionary components and structures linking the data in dictionaries.\"], \"tags\": [\"uncountable\"], \"topics\": [\"human-sciences\", \"linguistics\", \"sciences\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English countable nouns\", \"English terms with quotations\"], \"examples\": [{\"ref\": \"1828 October, Joseph Story, Associate Judge of the Supreme Court, William P. Mason (reporter), “United States vs. an Open Boat and Lading”, in Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Circuit Court of the United States, for the First Circuit, volume V, Boston, Mass.: Hilliard, Gray, Little, and Wilkins, published 1831, →OCLC, page 134:\", \"text\": \"There can be no doubt, that in a general sense a boat is a vessel, for it is \\\"a vehicle in which men or goods are carried on the water,\\\" which is one of the definitions of a vessel given in our lexicographies; [...]\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1855 March, “A Bag of Wind”, in Putnam’s Monthly. A Magazine of Literature, Science, and Art, volume V, number XXVII, New York, N.Y.: Dix & Edwards, […]; London: Sampson Low, Son & Co., →OCLC, page 251, column 1:\", \"text\": \"\\\"Air put in motion\\\" is the brief description of the wind in lexicographies; but what a contrast in quality according to its direction; [...]\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1998, Christopher Leigh Connery, “Textual Authority and Textual Practice”, in The Empire of the Text: Writing and Authority in Early Imperial China, Lanham, Md., Oxford, Oxfordshire: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, →ISBN, page 37:\", \"text\": \"The earliest examples of dictionaries or lexicographies in nearly any culture serve more to regularize and standardize the lexicon than to list or inventory it, and as such would tend to take as their object textual rather than spoken language.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"A dictionary, a lexicon, a wordbook.\"], \"links\": [[\"lexicon\", \"lexicon\"], [\"wordbook\", \"wordbook\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(countable) A dictionary, a lexicon, a wordbook.\"], \"tags\": [\"countable\"]}], \"sounds\": [{\"ipa\": \"/ˌlɛksɪˈkɒɡɹəfi/\", \"tags\": [\"Received-Pronunciation\"]}, {\"audio\": \"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-lexicography.wav\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-lexicography.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-lexicography.wav.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-lexicography.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-lexicography.wav.ogg\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ˌlɛksɪˈkɑɡɹəfi/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/-sə-/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\"]}, {\"audio\": \"en-us-lexicography.mp3\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/En-us-lexicography.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": 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compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"lüğətçilik\"}, {\"code\": \"be\", \"lang\": \"Belarusian\", \"roman\": \"ljeksikahráfija\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"лексікагра́фія\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"leksikográfija\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"лексикогра́фия\"}, {\"code\": \"ca\", \"lang\": \"Catalan\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"lexicografia\"}, {\"code\": \"yue\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Cantonese\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"詞典學\"}, {\"code\": \"yue\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Cantonese\", \"roman\": \"ci⁴ din² hok⁶\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"词典学\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"詞典學\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"cídiǎnxué\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"词典学\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"辭書學\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"císhūxué\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"辞书学\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"詞典編輯\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"cídiǎn biānjí\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"词典编辑\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"lexikografie\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"slovníkářství\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"common-gender\"], \"word\": \"leksikografi\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"lexicografie\"}, {\"code\": \"eo\", \"lang\": \"Esperanto\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"leksikografio\"}, {\"code\": \"et\", \"lang\": \"Estonian\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"leksikograafia\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"leksikografia\"}, {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"lexicographie\"}, {\"code\": \"gl\", \"lang\": \"Galician\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"lexicografía\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"Lexikographie\"}, {\"code\": \"el\", \"lang\": \"Greek\", \"roman\": \"lexikografía\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"λεξικογραφία\"}, {\"code\": \"el\", \"lang\": \"Greek\", \"roman\": \"lexikográfisi\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"λεξικογράφηση\"}, {\"code\": \"hu\", \"lang\": \"Hungarian\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"lexikográfia\"}, {\"code\": \"hu\", \"lang\": \"Hungarian\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"szótárírás\"}, {\"code\": \"is\", \"lang\": \"Icelandic\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"orðabókargerð\"}, {\"code\": \"is\", \"lang\": \"Icelandic\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"orðabókagerð\"}, {\"code\": \"io\", \"lang\": \"Ido\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"lexikografio\"}, {\"code\": \"ia\", \"lang\": \"Interlingua\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"lexicographia\"}, {\"code\": \"ga\", \"lang\": \"Irish\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"foclóireacht\"}, {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"lessicografia\"}, {\"alt\": \"じしょへんしゅう\", \"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"jisho henshū\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"辞書編集\"}, {\"alt\": \"じしょがく\", \"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"jishogaku\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"辞書学\"}, {\"code\": \"kk\", \"lang\": \"Kazakh\", \"roman\": \"leksikografiä\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"лексикография\"}, {\"code\": \"kk\", \"lang\": \"Kazakh\", \"roman\": \"sözdıkjasam\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"сөздікжасам\"}, {\"code\": \"km\", \"lang\": \"Khmer\", \"roman\": \"vaj ja nak lek\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"វចនលេខន៍\"}, {\"alt\": \"詞典學\", \"code\": \"ko\", \"lang\": \"Korean\", \"roman\": \"sajeonhak\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"사전학\"}, {\"code\": \"ky\", \"lang\": \"Kyrgyz\", \"roman\": \"leksikografiya\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"лексикография\"}, {\"code\": \"la\", \"lang\": \"Latin\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"lexica condere\"}, {\"code\": \"lv\", \"lang\": \"Latvian\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"leksikogrāfija\"}, {\"code\": \"lt\", \"lang\": \"Lithuanian\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"leksikografija\"}, {\"code\": \"mk\", \"lang\": \"Macedonian\", \"roman\": \"leksikográfija\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"лексикогра́фија\"}, {\"code\": \"mk\", \"lang\": \"Macedonian\", \"roman\": \"rečníkarstvo\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"colloquial\", \"neuter\"], \"word\": \"речни́карство\"}, {\"code\": \"ms\", \"lang\": \"Malay\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"perkamusan\"}, {\"code\": \"ms\", \"lang\": \"Malay\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"leksikografi\"}, {\"code\": \"no\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"leksikografi\"}, {\"code\": \"fa\", \"lang\": \"Persian\", \"roman\": \"farhang-nevisi\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"فرهنگنویسی\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"leksykografia\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"słownikarstwo\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"lexicografia\"}, {\"code\": \"pa\", \"lang\": \"Punjabi\", \"roman\": \"kośkārī\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ਕੋਸ਼ਕਾਰੀ\"}, {\"code\": \"ro\", \"lang\": \"Romanian\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"lexicografie\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"leksikográfija\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"лексикогра́фия\"}, {\"code\": \"gd\", \"lang\": \"Scottish Gaelic\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"faclaireachd\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"Cyrillic\", \"feminine\"], \"word\": \"лексикогра̀фија\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"Roman\", \"feminine\"], \"word\": \"leksikogràfija\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"lexicografía\"}, {\"code\": \"sw\", \"lang\": \"Swahili\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"class-10\", \"class-9\"], \"word\": \"leksikografia\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"lexikografi\"}, {\"code\": \"tl\", \"lang\": \"Tagalog\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"leksikograpiya\"}, {\"code\": \"ta\", \"lang\": \"Tamil\", \"roman\": \"pērakaramutali\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"பேரகரமுதலி\"}, {\"code\": \"tr\", \"lang\": \"Turkish\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"sözlükbilim\"}, {\"code\": \"tr\", \"lang\": \"Turkish\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"sözlükçülük\"}, {\"code\": \"tr\", \"lang\": \"Turkish\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"leksikografi\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"leksykohráfija\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"лексикогра́фія\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"slovnykárstvo\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"словника́рство\"}, {\"code\": \"uz\", \"lang\": \"Uzbek\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"lugʻatchilik\"}, {\"alt\": \"詞典學\", \"code\": \"vi\", \"lang\": \"Vietnamese\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"từ điển học\"}, {\"code\": \"cy\", \"lang\": \"Welsh\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"geiriadureg\"}, {\"code\": \"cy\", \"lang\": \"Welsh\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"geiriaduraeth\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"leksikográfija\", \"sense\": \"scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures\", \"word\": \"лексикогра́фия\"}, {\"code\": \"is\", \"lang\": \"Icelandic\", \"sense\": \"scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"orðabókafræði\"}, {\"code\": \"is\", \"lang\": \"Icelandic\", \"sense\": \"scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"orðabókarfræði\"}, {\"code\": \"mk\", \"lang\": \"Macedonian\", \"roman\": \"leksikográfija\", \"sense\": \"scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"лексикогра́фија\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures\", \"tags\": [\"Cyrillic\", \"feminine\"], \"word\": \"лексикогра̀фија\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures\", \"tags\": [\"Roman\", \"feminine\"], \"word\": \"leksikogràfija\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures\", \"tags\": [\"common-gender\"], \"word\": \"lexikografi\"}], \"word\": \"lexicography\"}",
  "path": [],
  "section": "English",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "lexicography",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
  "msg": "lexicography/English/noun: invalid uppercase tag General-American not in or uppercase_tags: {\"categories\": [\"English countable nouns\", \"English entries with incorrect language header\", \"English lemmas\", \"English nouns\", \"English terms prefixed with lexico-\", \"English terms suffixed with -graphy\", \"English uncountable nouns\", \"Entries with translation boxes\", \"Pages with 1 entry\", \"Pages with entries\", \"Requests for gender in Swedish entries\", \"Terms with Armenian translations\", \"Terms with Asturian translations\", \"Terms with Azerbaijani translations\", \"Terms with Belarusian translations\", \"Terms with Bulgarian translations\", \"Terms with Cantonese translations\", \"Terms with Catalan translations\", \"Terms with Czech translations\", \"Terms with Danish translations\", \"Terms with Dutch translations\", \"Terms with Esperanto translations\", \"Terms with Estonian translations\", \"Terms with Finnish translations\", \"Terms with French translations\", \"Terms with Galician translations\", \"Terms with German translations\", \"Terms with Greek translations\", \"Terms with Hungarian translations\", \"Terms with Icelandic translations\", \"Terms with Ido translations\", \"Terms with Interlingua translations\", \"Terms with Irish translations\", \"Terms with Italian translations\", \"Terms with Japanese translations\", \"Terms with Kazakh translations\", \"Terms with Khmer translations\", \"Terms with Korean translations\", \"Terms with Kyrgyz translations\", \"Terms with Latin translations\", \"Terms with Latvian translations\", \"Terms with Lithuanian translations\", \"Terms with Macedonian translations\", \"Terms with Malay translations\", \"Terms with Mandarin translations\", \"Terms with Norwegian translations\", \"Terms with Persian translations\", \"Terms with Polish translations\", \"Terms with Portuguese translations\", \"Terms with Punjabi translations\", \"Terms with Romanian translations\", \"Terms with Russian translations\", \"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations\", \"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations\", \"Terms with Spanish translations\", \"Terms with Swahili translations\", \"Terms with Swedish translations\", \"Terms with Tagalog translations\", \"Terms with Tamil translations\", \"Terms with Turkish translations\", \"Terms with Ukrainian translations\", \"Terms with Uzbek translations\", \"Terms with Vietnamese translations\", \"Terms with Welsh translations\", \"en:Lexicography\"], \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"lexico\", \"3\": \"graphy\", \"pos1\": \"prefix meaning ‘speech; words’\", \"pos2\": \"suffix meaning ‘something written about a specified subject’\"}, \"expansion\": \"lexico- (prefix meaning ‘speech; words’) + -graphy (suffix meaning ‘something written about a specified subject’)\", \"name\": \"confix\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"From lexico- (prefix meaning ‘speech; words’) + -graphy (suffix meaning ‘something written about a specified subject’).\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"lexicographies\", \"tags\": [\"plural\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"~\"}, \"expansion\": \"lexicography (countable and uncountable, plural lexicographies)\", \"name\": \"en-noun\"}], \"hyphenation\": [\"lex‧i‧co‧gra‧phy\"], \"lang\": \"English\", \"lang_code\": \"en\", \"pos\": \"noun\", \"related\": [{\"word\": \"lexicographer\"}, {\"word\": \"lexicographian\"}, {\"word\": \"lexicographic\"}, {\"word\": \"lexicographical\"}, {\"word\": \"lexicographically\"}, {\"word\": \"lexicological\"}, {\"word\": \"lexicology\"}, {\"word\": \"lexicon\"}, {\"word\": \"lexis\"}], \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"English terms with quotations\", \"English uncountable nouns\"], \"examples\": [{\"ref\": \"1735 March 5, “Craftsman, Feb. 22 [Julian calendar]. Nº 451.”, in Sylvanus Urban [pseudonym; Edward Cave], editor, The Gentleman’s Magazine, and Historical Chronicle, volume V, London: […] Edward Cave, […], published February 1735, →OCLC, page 85, column 1:\", \"text\": \"[T]here are ſeveral Species of Writing, in which a proper Degree of Hebetude is abſolutely neceſſary, as well as in other profeſſions; such as Lexicography, Index-making, and the like; [...]\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1755 April 15, Samuel Johnson, “Preface”, in A Dictionary of the English Language: […], volume I (A–K), London: […] J[ohn] and P[aul] Knapton; […], →OCLC:\", \"text\": \"And ſuch is the fate of hapleſs lexicography, that not only darkneſs, but light, impedes and diſtreſſes it; things may be not only too little, but too much known, to be happily illuſtrated.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1795 December 22, [John Philpot] Curran (defence counsel), “612. Trial of James Weldon for High Treason, […]”, in Thomas Jones Howell, editor, Cobbett’s Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors […], volume XXVI, London: […] Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown; [et al.], published 1819, →OCLC, column 267:\", \"text\": \"Let me warn you, therefore, against that fallacious lexicography which forms new words, that undergoing the examination of political slander or intemperate zeal, are considered as having a known acception.—What is the word?—A word that should be discarded, when it is sought to affix to it another meaning than that which it bears in the cases where it is used.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1802, Henry Neuman, “Preface”, in A New Dictionary of the Spanish and English Languages; […] In Two Parts, 1st part (The Spanish before the English), London: […] Vernor and Hood, […], →OCLC:\", \"text\": \"[...] I have not only availed myſelf of all the Aſſiſtance which more ancient Sources of Spaniſh Lexicography could afford, but alſo had particular Recourſe to the Dictionary published at Madrid in 1797 and 1798, [...]\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1831, Ying Hing Soo, “Book Second”, in Charles Fried. Neumann [i.e., Karl Friedrich Neumann], transl., History of the Pirates who Infested the China Sea, from 1807 to 1810. […], London: […] Oriental Translation Fund, […], →OCLC, footnote, page 54:\", \"text\": \"There exist different forms of this character, but I think we should not presume to make an etymology of a Chinese character without being authorized by the Shwǒ wǎn, the oldest and most genuine source of Chinese lexicography.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1999, A[nthony] P[aul] Cowie, “The Role of the Computer in Learner Lexicography”, in English Dictionaries for Foreign Learners: A History, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, section 4.1 (Introduction), page 118:\", \"text\": \"Without doubt, the most important single development in learner lexicography from the mid-1970s onwards has been the steadily increasing involvement of the computer at all stages of the dictionary-making process, from data gathering and analysis at one end, to compilation, production, and revision at the other.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"2013, Amy Chi, “Researching Pedagogical Lexicography”, in Howard Jackson, editor, The Bloomsbury Companion to Lexicography (Bloomsbury Companions), London, New York, N.Y.: Bloomsbury Academic, Bloomsbury Publishing, →ISBN, page 165:\", \"text\": \"A dictionary, as an art and craft of lexicography, has always been closely associated with the notion of pedagogy.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"The art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries.\"], \"links\": [[\"art\", \"art\"], [\"craft\", \"craft#Noun\"], [\"compiling\", \"compile\"], [\"writing\", \"write\"], [\"editing\", \"edit#Verb\"], [\"dictionaries\", \"dictionary\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(uncountable) The art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries.\"], \"tags\": [\"uncountable\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English terms with quotations\", \"English uncountable nouns\", \"en:Linguistics\"], \"examples\": [{\"ref\": \"1828, Moses Stuart, “Changes of Consonants”, in A Grammar of the Hebrew Language, 3rd edition, Andover, Mass.: Flagg & Gould, →OCLC, part II (Changes and Peculiarities of Consonants and Verbs), § 105, page 51:\", \"text\": \"But changes of this nature belong to lexicography, as they do not affect the grammatical forms of words.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1840, Geo. Benedict Winer [i.e., Georg Benedikt Winer], “§ 4. Grammatical Character of the N.T. Diction.”, in J. H Agnew, O. G. Ebbeke, transl., A Grammar of the Idioms of the Greek Language of the New Testament, Philadelphia, Pa.: Herman Hooker, […], →OCLC, part I, page 37:\", \"text\": \"What the history of language in general teaches, that in course of time, there is less change in form than signification, in grammar than lexicography, is true of the Greek.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1845 February, Wilhelm Freund, “Article IV. Principles of Latin Lexicography.”, in T[heodore] D[wight] Woolsey, transl., edited by B[ela] B[ates] Edwards and E[dwards] A[masa] Park, Bibliotheca Sacra and Theological Review, volume II, number V, New York, N.Y., London: Wiley & Putnam; Andover, Mass.: Allen, Morrill and Wardwell, →OCLC, section I (Of the Idea and Elements of Latin Lexicography), § 1, page 80:\", \"text\": \"If Lexicography in general is that science whose task it is to set forth the nature of every single word of a language through all the periods of its existence, it is the task of Latin lexicography in particular to set forth the nature of every single word of the Latin language, as it makes itself known in all the periods of the existence of that language; or more succinctly expressed, it is the object of Latin lexicography to give the history of every single word of the Latin language.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1911 December 13, C. J. Ball, “A Study in Biblical Philology”, in Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archæology, volume XXXIII, number CCXLIX, London: Society of Biblical Archaeology, →OCLC, page 13:\", \"text\": \"[T]he philologist may well refuse to accept a body of triliteral roots, developed on a highly artificial and uniform plan, as the ultimate fact in Semitic lexicography.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"2002, Howard Jackson, “Criticising Dictionaries”, in Lexicography: An Introduction, London, New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN, page 173:\", \"text\": \"Academic lexicography, or 'metalexicography', as pursued in university departments of English or Linguistics, is concerned not primarily with the compiling of dictionaries – though academics may be involved in this, as consultants, for example – but with researching and teaching about the whole business of making dictionaries: their history, their typology, their structures, their users, and so on [...].\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"The scholarly discipline of analysing and describing the semantic, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships within the lexicon (vocabulary) of a language and developing theories of dictionary components and structures linking the data in dictionaries.\"], \"links\": [[\"linguistics\", \"linguistics\"], [\"scholarly\", \"scholarly\"], [\"discipline\", \"discipline#Noun\"], [\"analysing\", \"analyse\"], [\"describing\", \"describe\"], [\"semantic\", \"semantic\"], [\"syntagmatic\", \"syntagmatic\"], [\"paradigmatic\", \"paradigmatic\"], [\"relationship\", \"relationship\"], [\"lexicon\", \"lexicon\"], [\"vocabulary\", \"vocabulary\"], [\"language\", \"language\"], [\"develop\", \"develop\"], [\"theories\", \"theory\"], [\"component\", \"component\"], [\"structures\", \"structure#Noun\"], [\"linking\", \"link#Verb\"], [\"data\", \"data\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(uncountable, linguistics) The scholarly discipline of analysing and describing the semantic, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships within the lexicon (vocabulary) of a language and developing theories of dictionary components and structures linking the data in dictionaries.\"], \"tags\": [\"uncountable\"], \"topics\": [\"human-sciences\", \"linguistics\", \"sciences\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English countable nouns\", \"English terms with quotations\"], \"examples\": [{\"ref\": \"1828 October, Joseph Story, Associate Judge of the Supreme Court, William P. Mason (reporter), “United States vs. an Open Boat and Lading”, in Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Circuit Court of the United States, for the First Circuit, volume V, Boston, Mass.: Hilliard, Gray, Little, and Wilkins, published 1831, →OCLC, page 134:\", \"text\": \"There can be no doubt, that in a general sense a boat is a vessel, for it is \\\"a vehicle in which men or goods are carried on the water,\\\" which is one of the definitions of a vessel given in our lexicographies; [...]\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1855 March, “A Bag of Wind”, in Putnam’s Monthly. A Magazine of Literature, Science, and Art, volume V, number XXVII, New York, N.Y.: Dix & Edwards, […]; London: Sampson Low, Son & Co., →OCLC, page 251, column 1:\", \"text\": \"\\\"Air put in motion\\\" is the brief description of the wind in lexicographies; but what a contrast in quality according to its direction; [...]\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1998, Christopher Leigh Connery, “Textual Authority and Textual Practice”, in The Empire of the Text: Writing and Authority in Early Imperial China, Lanham, Md., Oxford, Oxfordshire: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, →ISBN, page 37:\", \"text\": \"The earliest examples of dictionaries or lexicographies in nearly any culture serve more to regularize and standardize the lexicon than to list or inventory it, and as such would tend to take as their object textual rather than spoken language.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"A dictionary, a lexicon, a wordbook.\"], \"links\": [[\"lexicon\", \"lexicon\"], [\"wordbook\", \"wordbook\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(countable) A dictionary, a lexicon, a wordbook.\"], \"tags\": [\"countable\"]}], \"sounds\": [{\"ipa\": \"/ˌlɛksɪˈkɒɡɹəfi/\", \"tags\": [\"Received-Pronunciation\"]}, {\"audio\": \"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-lexicography.wav\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-lexicography.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-lexicography.wav.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-lexicography.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-lexicography.wav.ogg\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ˌlɛksɪˈkɑɡɹəfi/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/-sə-/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\"]}, {\"audio\": \"en-us-lexicography.mp3\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/En-us-lexicography.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": 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compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"lüğətçilik\"}, {\"code\": \"be\", \"lang\": \"Belarusian\", \"roman\": \"ljeksikahráfija\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"лексікагра́фія\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"leksikográfija\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"лексикогра́фия\"}, {\"code\": \"ca\", \"lang\": \"Catalan\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"lexicografia\"}, {\"code\": \"yue\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Cantonese\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"詞典學\"}, {\"code\": \"yue\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Cantonese\", \"roman\": \"ci⁴ din² hok⁶\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"词典学\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"詞典學\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"cídiǎnxué\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"词典学\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"辭書學\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"císhūxué\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"辞书学\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"詞典編輯\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"cídiǎn biānjí\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"词典编辑\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"lexikografie\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"slovníkářství\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"common-gender\"], \"word\": \"leksikografi\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"lexicografie\"}, {\"code\": \"eo\", \"lang\": \"Esperanto\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"leksikografio\"}, {\"code\": \"et\", \"lang\": \"Estonian\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"leksikograafia\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"leksikografia\"}, {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"lexicographie\"}, {\"code\": \"gl\", \"lang\": \"Galician\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"lexicografía\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"Lexikographie\"}, {\"code\": \"el\", \"lang\": \"Greek\", \"roman\": \"lexikografía\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"λεξικογραφία\"}, {\"code\": \"el\", \"lang\": \"Greek\", \"roman\": \"lexikográfisi\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"λεξικογράφηση\"}, {\"code\": \"hu\", \"lang\": \"Hungarian\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"lexikográfia\"}, {\"code\": \"hu\", \"lang\": \"Hungarian\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"szótárírás\"}, {\"code\": \"is\", \"lang\": \"Icelandic\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"orðabókargerð\"}, {\"code\": \"is\", \"lang\": \"Icelandic\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"orðabókagerð\"}, {\"code\": \"io\", \"lang\": \"Ido\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"lexikografio\"}, {\"code\": \"ia\", \"lang\": \"Interlingua\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"lexicographia\"}, {\"code\": \"ga\", \"lang\": \"Irish\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"foclóireacht\"}, {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"lessicografia\"}, {\"alt\": \"じしょへんしゅう\", \"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"jisho henshū\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"辞書編集\"}, {\"alt\": \"じしょがく\", \"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"jishogaku\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"辞書学\"}, {\"code\": \"kk\", \"lang\": \"Kazakh\", \"roman\": \"leksikografiä\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"лексикография\"}, {\"code\": \"kk\", \"lang\": \"Kazakh\", \"roman\": \"sözdıkjasam\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"сөздікжасам\"}, {\"code\": \"km\", \"lang\": \"Khmer\", \"roman\": \"vaj ja nak lek\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"វចនលេខន៍\"}, {\"alt\": \"詞典學\", \"code\": \"ko\", \"lang\": \"Korean\", \"roman\": \"sajeonhak\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"사전학\"}, {\"code\": \"ky\", \"lang\": \"Kyrgyz\", \"roman\": \"leksikografiya\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"лексикография\"}, {\"code\": \"la\", \"lang\": \"Latin\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"lexica condere\"}, {\"code\": \"lv\", \"lang\": \"Latvian\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"leksikogrāfija\"}, {\"code\": \"lt\", \"lang\": \"Lithuanian\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"leksikografija\"}, {\"code\": \"mk\", \"lang\": \"Macedonian\", \"roman\": \"leksikográfija\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"лексикогра́фија\"}, {\"code\": \"mk\", \"lang\": \"Macedonian\", \"roman\": \"rečníkarstvo\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"colloquial\", \"neuter\"], \"word\": \"речни́карство\"}, {\"code\": \"ms\", \"lang\": \"Malay\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"perkamusan\"}, {\"code\": \"ms\", \"lang\": \"Malay\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"leksikografi\"}, {\"code\": \"no\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"leksikografi\"}, {\"code\": \"fa\", \"lang\": \"Persian\", \"roman\": \"farhang-nevisi\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"فرهنگنویسی\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"leksykografia\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"słownikarstwo\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"lexicografia\"}, {\"code\": \"pa\", \"lang\": \"Punjabi\", \"roman\": \"kośkārī\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ਕੋਸ਼ਕਾਰੀ\"}, {\"code\": \"ro\", \"lang\": \"Romanian\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"lexicografie\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"leksikográfija\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"лексикогра́фия\"}, {\"code\": \"gd\", \"lang\": \"Scottish Gaelic\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"faclaireachd\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"Cyrillic\", \"feminine\"], \"word\": \"лексикогра̀фија\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"Roman\", \"feminine\"], \"word\": \"leksikogràfija\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"lexicografía\"}, {\"code\": \"sw\", \"lang\": \"Swahili\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"class-10\", \"class-9\"], \"word\": \"leksikografia\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"lexikografi\"}, {\"code\": \"tl\", \"lang\": \"Tagalog\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"leksikograpiya\"}, {\"code\": \"ta\", \"lang\": \"Tamil\", \"roman\": \"pērakaramutali\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"பேரகரமுதலி\"}, {\"code\": \"tr\", \"lang\": \"Turkish\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"sözlükbilim\"}, {\"code\": \"tr\", \"lang\": \"Turkish\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"sözlükçülük\"}, {\"code\": \"tr\", \"lang\": \"Turkish\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"leksikografi\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"leksykohráfija\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"лексикогра́фія\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"slovnykárstvo\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"словника́рство\"}, {\"code\": \"uz\", \"lang\": \"Uzbek\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"lugʻatchilik\"}, {\"alt\": \"詞典學\", \"code\": \"vi\", \"lang\": \"Vietnamese\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"từ điển học\"}, {\"code\": \"cy\", \"lang\": \"Welsh\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"geiriadureg\"}, {\"code\": \"cy\", \"lang\": \"Welsh\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"geiriaduraeth\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"leksikográfija\", \"sense\": \"scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures\", \"word\": \"лексикогра́фия\"}, {\"code\": \"is\", \"lang\": \"Icelandic\", \"sense\": \"scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"orðabókafræði\"}, {\"code\": \"is\", \"lang\": \"Icelandic\", \"sense\": \"scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"orðabókarfræði\"}, {\"code\": \"mk\", \"lang\": \"Macedonian\", \"roman\": \"leksikográfija\", \"sense\": \"scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"лексикогра́фија\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures\", \"tags\": [\"Cyrillic\", \"feminine\"], \"word\": \"лексикогра̀фија\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures\", \"tags\": [\"Roman\", \"feminine\"], \"word\": \"leksikogràfija\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures\", \"tags\": [\"common-gender\"], \"word\": \"lexikografi\"}], \"word\": \"lexicography\"}",
  "path": [],
  "section": "English",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "lexicography",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
  "msg": "lexicography/English/noun: invalid uppercase tag General-American not in or uppercase_tags: {\"categories\": [\"English countable nouns\", \"English entries with incorrect language header\", \"English lemmas\", \"English nouns\", \"English terms prefixed with lexico-\", \"English terms suffixed with -graphy\", \"English uncountable nouns\", \"Entries with translation boxes\", \"Pages with 1 entry\", \"Pages with entries\", \"Requests for gender in Swedish entries\", \"Terms with Armenian translations\", \"Terms with Asturian translations\", \"Terms with Azerbaijani translations\", \"Terms with Belarusian translations\", \"Terms with Bulgarian translations\", \"Terms with Cantonese translations\", \"Terms with Catalan translations\", \"Terms with Czech translations\", \"Terms with Danish translations\", \"Terms with Dutch translations\", \"Terms with Esperanto translations\", \"Terms with Estonian translations\", \"Terms with Finnish translations\", \"Terms with French translations\", \"Terms with Galician translations\", \"Terms with German translations\", \"Terms with Greek translations\", \"Terms with Hungarian translations\", \"Terms with Icelandic translations\", \"Terms with Ido translations\", \"Terms with Interlingua translations\", \"Terms with Irish translations\", \"Terms with Italian translations\", \"Terms with Japanese translations\", \"Terms with Kazakh translations\", \"Terms with Khmer translations\", \"Terms with Korean translations\", \"Terms with Kyrgyz translations\", \"Terms with Latin translations\", \"Terms with Latvian translations\", \"Terms with Lithuanian translations\", \"Terms with Macedonian translations\", \"Terms with Malay translations\", \"Terms with Mandarin translations\", \"Terms with Norwegian translations\", \"Terms with Persian translations\", \"Terms with Polish translations\", \"Terms with Portuguese translations\", \"Terms with Punjabi translations\", \"Terms with Romanian translations\", \"Terms with Russian translations\", \"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations\", \"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations\", \"Terms with Spanish translations\", \"Terms with Swahili translations\", \"Terms with Swedish translations\", \"Terms with Tagalog translations\", \"Terms with Tamil translations\", \"Terms with Turkish translations\", \"Terms with Ukrainian translations\", \"Terms with Uzbek translations\", \"Terms with Vietnamese translations\", \"Terms with Welsh translations\", \"en:Lexicography\"], \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"lexico\", \"3\": \"graphy\", \"pos1\": \"prefix meaning ‘speech; words’\", \"pos2\": \"suffix meaning ‘something written about a specified subject’\"}, \"expansion\": \"lexico- (prefix meaning ‘speech; words’) + -graphy (suffix meaning ‘something written about a specified subject’)\", \"name\": \"confix\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"From lexico- (prefix meaning ‘speech; words’) + -graphy (suffix meaning ‘something written about a specified subject’).\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"lexicographies\", \"tags\": [\"plural\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"~\"}, \"expansion\": \"lexicography (countable and uncountable, plural lexicographies)\", \"name\": \"en-noun\"}], \"hyphenation\": [\"lex‧i‧co‧gra‧phy\"], \"lang\": \"English\", \"lang_code\": \"en\", \"pos\": \"noun\", \"related\": [{\"word\": \"lexicographer\"}, {\"word\": \"lexicographian\"}, {\"word\": \"lexicographic\"}, {\"word\": \"lexicographical\"}, {\"word\": \"lexicographically\"}, {\"word\": \"lexicological\"}, {\"word\": \"lexicology\"}, {\"word\": \"lexicon\"}, {\"word\": \"lexis\"}], \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"English terms with quotations\", \"English uncountable nouns\"], \"examples\": [{\"ref\": \"1735 March 5, “Craftsman, Feb. 22 [Julian calendar]. Nº 451.”, in Sylvanus Urban [pseudonym; Edward Cave], editor, The Gentleman’s Magazine, and Historical Chronicle, volume V, London: […] Edward Cave, […], published February 1735, →OCLC, page 85, column 1:\", \"text\": \"[T]here are ſeveral Species of Writing, in which a proper Degree of Hebetude is abſolutely neceſſary, as well as in other profeſſions; such as Lexicography, Index-making, and the like; [...]\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1755 April 15, Samuel Johnson, “Preface”, in A Dictionary of the English Language: […], volume I (A–K), London: […] J[ohn] and P[aul] Knapton; […], →OCLC:\", \"text\": \"And ſuch is the fate of hapleſs lexicography, that not only darkneſs, but light, impedes and diſtreſſes it; things may be not only too little, but too much known, to be happily illuſtrated.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1795 December 22, [John Philpot] Curran (defence counsel), “612. Trial of James Weldon for High Treason, […]”, in Thomas Jones Howell, editor, Cobbett’s Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors […], volume XXVI, London: […] Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown; [et al.], published 1819, →OCLC, column 267:\", \"text\": \"Let me warn you, therefore, against that fallacious lexicography which forms new words, that undergoing the examination of political slander or intemperate zeal, are considered as having a known acception.—What is the word?—A word that should be discarded, when it is sought to affix to it another meaning than that which it bears in the cases where it is used.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1802, Henry Neuman, “Preface”, in A New Dictionary of the Spanish and English Languages; […] In Two Parts, 1st part (The Spanish before the English), London: […] Vernor and Hood, […], →OCLC:\", \"text\": \"[...] I have not only availed myſelf of all the Aſſiſtance which more ancient Sources of Spaniſh Lexicography could afford, but alſo had particular Recourſe to the Dictionary published at Madrid in 1797 and 1798, [...]\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1831, Ying Hing Soo, “Book Second”, in Charles Fried. Neumann [i.e., Karl Friedrich Neumann], transl., History of the Pirates who Infested the China Sea, from 1807 to 1810. […], London: […] Oriental Translation Fund, […], →OCLC, footnote, page 54:\", \"text\": \"There exist different forms of this character, but I think we should not presume to make an etymology of a Chinese character without being authorized by the Shwǒ wǎn, the oldest and most genuine source of Chinese lexicography.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1999, A[nthony] P[aul] Cowie, “The Role of the Computer in Learner Lexicography”, in English Dictionaries for Foreign Learners: A History, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, section 4.1 (Introduction), page 118:\", \"text\": \"Without doubt, the most important single development in learner lexicography from the mid-1970s onwards has been the steadily increasing involvement of the computer at all stages of the dictionary-making process, from data gathering and analysis at one end, to compilation, production, and revision at the other.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"2013, Amy Chi, “Researching Pedagogical Lexicography”, in Howard Jackson, editor, The Bloomsbury Companion to Lexicography (Bloomsbury Companions), London, New York, N.Y.: Bloomsbury Academic, Bloomsbury Publishing, →ISBN, page 165:\", \"text\": \"A dictionary, as an art and craft of lexicography, has always been closely associated with the notion of pedagogy.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"The art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries.\"], \"links\": [[\"art\", \"art\"], [\"craft\", \"craft#Noun\"], [\"compiling\", \"compile\"], [\"writing\", \"write\"], [\"editing\", \"edit#Verb\"], [\"dictionaries\", \"dictionary\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(uncountable) The art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries.\"], \"tags\": [\"uncountable\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English terms with quotations\", \"English uncountable nouns\", \"en:Linguistics\"], \"examples\": [{\"ref\": \"1828, Moses Stuart, “Changes of Consonants”, in A Grammar of the Hebrew Language, 3rd edition, Andover, Mass.: Flagg & Gould, →OCLC, part II (Changes and Peculiarities of Consonants and Verbs), § 105, page 51:\", \"text\": \"But changes of this nature belong to lexicography, as they do not affect the grammatical forms of words.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1840, Geo. Benedict Winer [i.e., Georg Benedikt Winer], “§ 4. Grammatical Character of the N.T. Diction.”, in J. H Agnew, O. G. Ebbeke, transl., A Grammar of the Idioms of the Greek Language of the New Testament, Philadelphia, Pa.: Herman Hooker, […], →OCLC, part I, page 37:\", \"text\": \"What the history of language in general teaches, that in course of time, there is less change in form than signification, in grammar than lexicography, is true of the Greek.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1845 February, Wilhelm Freund, “Article IV. Principles of Latin Lexicography.”, in T[heodore] D[wight] Woolsey, transl., edited by B[ela] B[ates] Edwards and E[dwards] A[masa] Park, Bibliotheca Sacra and Theological Review, volume II, number V, New York, N.Y., London: Wiley & Putnam; Andover, Mass.: Allen, Morrill and Wardwell, →OCLC, section I (Of the Idea and Elements of Latin Lexicography), § 1, page 80:\", \"text\": \"If Lexicography in general is that science whose task it is to set forth the nature of every single word of a language through all the periods of its existence, it is the task of Latin lexicography in particular to set forth the nature of every single word of the Latin language, as it makes itself known in all the periods of the existence of that language; or more succinctly expressed, it is the object of Latin lexicography to give the history of every single word of the Latin language.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1911 December 13, C. J. Ball, “A Study in Biblical Philology”, in Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archæology, volume XXXIII, number CCXLIX, London: Society of Biblical Archaeology, →OCLC, page 13:\", \"text\": \"[T]he philologist may well refuse to accept a body of triliteral roots, developed on a highly artificial and uniform plan, as the ultimate fact in Semitic lexicography.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"2002, Howard Jackson, “Criticising Dictionaries”, in Lexicography: An Introduction, London, New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN, page 173:\", \"text\": \"Academic lexicography, or 'metalexicography', as pursued in university departments of English or Linguistics, is concerned not primarily with the compiling of dictionaries – though academics may be involved in this, as consultants, for example – but with researching and teaching about the whole business of making dictionaries: their history, their typology, their structures, their users, and so on [...].\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"The scholarly discipline of analysing and describing the semantic, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships within the lexicon (vocabulary) of a language and developing theories of dictionary components and structures linking the data in dictionaries.\"], \"links\": [[\"linguistics\", \"linguistics\"], [\"scholarly\", \"scholarly\"], [\"discipline\", \"discipline#Noun\"], [\"analysing\", \"analyse\"], [\"describing\", \"describe\"], [\"semantic\", \"semantic\"], [\"syntagmatic\", \"syntagmatic\"], [\"paradigmatic\", \"paradigmatic\"], [\"relationship\", \"relationship\"], [\"lexicon\", \"lexicon\"], [\"vocabulary\", \"vocabulary\"], [\"language\", \"language\"], [\"develop\", \"develop\"], [\"theories\", \"theory\"], [\"component\", \"component\"], [\"structures\", \"structure#Noun\"], [\"linking\", \"link#Verb\"], [\"data\", \"data\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(uncountable, linguistics) The scholarly discipline of analysing and describing the semantic, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships within the lexicon (vocabulary) of a language and developing theories of dictionary components and structures linking the data in dictionaries.\"], \"tags\": [\"uncountable\"], \"topics\": [\"human-sciences\", \"linguistics\", \"sciences\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English countable nouns\", \"English terms with quotations\"], \"examples\": [{\"ref\": \"1828 October, Joseph Story, Associate Judge of the Supreme Court, William P. Mason (reporter), “United States vs. an Open Boat and Lading”, in Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Circuit Court of the United States, for the First Circuit, volume V, Boston, Mass.: Hilliard, Gray, Little, and Wilkins, published 1831, →OCLC, page 134:\", \"text\": \"There can be no doubt, that in a general sense a boat is a vessel, for it is \\\"a vehicle in which men or goods are carried on the water,\\\" which is one of the definitions of a vessel given in our lexicographies; [...]\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1855 March, “A Bag of Wind”, in Putnam’s Monthly. A Magazine of Literature, Science, and Art, volume V, number XXVII, New York, N.Y.: Dix & Edwards, […]; London: Sampson Low, Son & Co., →OCLC, page 251, column 1:\", \"text\": \"\\\"Air put in motion\\\" is the brief description of the wind in lexicographies; but what a contrast in quality according to its direction; [...]\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"ref\": \"1998, Christopher Leigh Connery, “Textual Authority and Textual Practice”, in The Empire of the Text: Writing and Authority in Early Imperial China, Lanham, Md., Oxford, Oxfordshire: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, →ISBN, page 37:\", \"text\": \"The earliest examples of dictionaries or lexicographies in nearly any culture serve more to regularize and standardize the lexicon than to list or inventory it, and as such would tend to take as their object textual rather than spoken language.\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"A dictionary, a lexicon, a wordbook.\"], \"links\": [[\"lexicon\", \"lexicon\"], [\"wordbook\", \"wordbook\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(countable) A dictionary, a lexicon, a wordbook.\"], \"tags\": [\"countable\"]}], \"sounds\": [{\"ipa\": \"/ˌlɛksɪˈkɒɡɹəfi/\", \"tags\": [\"Received-Pronunciation\"]}, {\"audio\": \"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-lexicography.wav\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-lexicography.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-lexicography.wav.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-lexicography.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-lexicography.wav.ogg\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ˌlɛksɪˈkɑɡɹəfi/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/-sə-/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\"]}, {\"audio\": \"en-us-lexicography.mp3\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/En-us-lexicography.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": 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{\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"詞典學\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"cídiǎnxué\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"词典学\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"辭書學\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"císhūxué\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"辞书学\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"詞典編輯\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"cídiǎn biānjí\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"词典编辑\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"lexikografie\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"slovníkářství\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"common-gender\"], \"word\": \"leksikografi\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"lexicografie\"}, {\"code\": \"eo\", \"lang\": \"Esperanto\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"leksikografio\"}, {\"code\": \"et\", \"lang\": \"Estonian\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"leksikograafia\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"leksikografia\"}, {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"lexicographie\"}, {\"code\": \"gl\", \"lang\": \"Galician\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"lexicografía\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"Lexikographie\"}, {\"code\": \"el\", \"lang\": \"Greek\", \"roman\": \"lexikografía\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"λεξικογραφία\"}, {\"code\": \"el\", \"lang\": \"Greek\", \"roman\": \"lexikográfisi\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"λεξικογράφηση\"}, {\"code\": \"hu\", \"lang\": \"Hungarian\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"lexikográfia\"}, {\"code\": \"hu\", \"lang\": \"Hungarian\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"szótárírás\"}, {\"code\": \"is\", \"lang\": \"Icelandic\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"orðabókargerð\"}, {\"code\": \"is\", \"lang\": \"Icelandic\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"orðabókagerð\"}, {\"code\": \"io\", \"lang\": \"Ido\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"lexikografio\"}, {\"code\": \"ia\", \"lang\": \"Interlingua\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"lexicographia\"}, {\"code\": \"ga\", \"lang\": \"Irish\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"foclóireacht\"}, {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"lessicografia\"}, {\"alt\": \"じしょへんしゅう\", \"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"jisho henshū\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"辞書編集\"}, {\"alt\": \"じしょがく\", \"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"jishogaku\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"辞書学\"}, {\"code\": \"kk\", \"lang\": \"Kazakh\", \"roman\": \"leksikografiä\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"лексикография\"}, {\"code\": \"kk\", \"lang\": \"Kazakh\", \"roman\": \"sözdıkjasam\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"сөздікжасам\"}, {\"code\": \"km\", \"lang\": \"Khmer\", \"roman\": \"vaj ja nak lek\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"វចនលេខន៍\"}, {\"alt\": \"詞典學\", \"code\": \"ko\", \"lang\": \"Korean\", \"roman\": \"sajeonhak\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"사전학\"}, {\"code\": \"ky\", \"lang\": \"Kyrgyz\", \"roman\": \"leksikografiya\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"лексикография\"}, {\"code\": \"la\", \"lang\": \"Latin\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"lexica condere\"}, {\"code\": \"lv\", \"lang\": \"Latvian\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"leksikogrāfija\"}, {\"code\": \"lt\", \"lang\": \"Lithuanian\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"leksikografija\"}, {\"code\": \"mk\", \"lang\": \"Macedonian\", \"roman\": \"leksikográfija\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"лексикогра́фија\"}, {\"code\": \"mk\", \"lang\": \"Macedonian\", \"roman\": \"rečníkarstvo\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"colloquial\", \"neuter\"], \"word\": \"речни́карство\"}, {\"code\": \"ms\", \"lang\": \"Malay\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"perkamusan\"}, {\"code\": \"ms\", \"lang\": \"Malay\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"leksikografi\"}, {\"code\": \"no\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"leksikografi\"}, {\"code\": \"fa\", \"lang\": \"Persian\", \"roman\": \"farhang-nevisi\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"فرهنگنویسی\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"leksykografia\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"słownikarstwo\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"lexicografia\"}, {\"code\": \"pa\", \"lang\": \"Punjabi\", \"roman\": \"kośkārī\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ਕੋਸ਼ਕਾਰੀ\"}, {\"code\": \"ro\", \"lang\": \"Romanian\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"lexicografie\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"leksikográfija\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"лексикогра́фия\"}, {\"code\": \"gd\", \"lang\": \"Scottish Gaelic\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"faclaireachd\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"Cyrillic\", \"feminine\"], \"word\": \"лексикогра̀фија\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"Roman\", \"feminine\"], \"word\": \"leksikogràfija\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"lexicografía\"}, {\"code\": \"sw\", \"lang\": \"Swahili\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"class-10\", \"class-9\"], \"word\": \"leksikografia\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"lexikografi\"}, {\"code\": \"tl\", \"lang\": \"Tagalog\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"leksikograpiya\"}, {\"code\": \"ta\", \"lang\": \"Tamil\", \"roman\": \"pērakaramutali\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"பேரகரமுதலி\"}, {\"code\": \"tr\", \"lang\": \"Turkish\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"sözlükbilim\"}, {\"code\": \"tr\", \"lang\": \"Turkish\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"sözlükçülük\"}, {\"code\": \"tr\", \"lang\": \"Turkish\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"leksikografi\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"leksykohráfija\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"лексикогра́фія\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"slovnykárstvo\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"neuter\"], \"word\": \"словника́рство\"}, {\"code\": \"uz\", \"lang\": \"Uzbek\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"lugʻatchilik\"}, {\"alt\": \"詞典學\", \"code\": \"vi\", \"lang\": \"Vietnamese\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"word\": \"từ điển học\"}, {\"code\": \"cy\", \"lang\": \"Welsh\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"geiriadureg\"}, {\"code\": \"cy\", \"lang\": \"Welsh\", \"sense\": \"art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"geiriaduraeth\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"leksikográfija\", \"sense\": \"scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures\", \"word\": \"лексикогра́фия\"}, {\"code\": \"is\", \"lang\": \"Icelandic\", \"sense\": \"scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"orðabókafræði\"}, {\"code\": \"is\", \"lang\": \"Icelandic\", \"sense\": \"scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"orðabókarfræði\"}, {\"code\": \"mk\", \"lang\": \"Macedonian\", \"roman\": \"leksikográfija\", \"sense\": \"scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"лексикогра́фија\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures\", \"tags\": [\"Cyrillic\", \"feminine\"], \"word\": \"лексикогра̀фија\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures\", \"tags\": [\"Roman\", \"feminine\"], \"word\": \"leksikogràfija\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing lexical relationships and developing dictionary structures\", \"tags\": [\"common-gender\"], \"word\": \"lexikografi\"}], \"word\": \"lexicography\"}",
  "path": [],
  "section": "English",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "lexicography",
  "trace": ""
}