See knaw on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"forms": [
{
"form": "knaws",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "knawing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "knawed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "knawed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "knaw (third-person singular simple present knaws, present participle knawing, simple past and past participle knawed)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "gnaw"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "66 34",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "48 19 6 27",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "49 18 7 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Archaic spelling of gnaw."
],
"id": "en-knaw-en-verb-IrVqDdu9",
"links": [
[
"gnaw",
"gnaw#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"archaic"
]
}
],
"word": "knaw"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"forms": [
{
"form": "knaws",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "knawing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "knawed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "knawn",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "+",
"2": "+",
"3": "+",
"4": "~n"
},
"expansion": "knaw (third-person singular simple present knaws, present participle knawing, simple past knawed, past participle knawn)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "know"
}
],
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"Nonstandard form of know."
],
"id": "en-knaw-en-verb-gvj9KOgQ",
"links": [
[
"know",
"know#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"nonstandard"
]
}
],
"word": "knaw"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun",
"altform": "1"
},
"expansion": "knaw",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "knave"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of knave"
],
"id": "en-knaw-enm-noun-rGXQLLpo",
"links": [
[
"knave",
"knave#Middle_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "knaw"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"sense": "end of a bone",
"word": "pencnaw"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "sga",
"3": "cnáim",
"t": "bone"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish cnáim (“bone”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*knāmis"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *knāmis",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kónh₂m",
"t": "leg"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kónh₂m (“leg”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "κνήμη",
"3": "",
"4": "tibia"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek κνήμη (knḗmē, “tibia”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ham"
},
"expansion": "English ham",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Probably borrowed from Old Irish cnáim (“bone”), but at any rate ultimately from Proto-Celtic *knāmis, from Proto-Indo-European *kónh₂m (“leg”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κνήμη (knḗmē, “tibia”) and English ham.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kneu",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "knouein",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "l-self",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "knaw",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "gnaw",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"soft"
]
},
{
"form": "knaw / chnaw",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "chnaw",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "noun",
"3": "plural",
"4": "kneu",
"5": "or",
"6": "knouein",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "knaw m (plural kneu or knouein)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Welsh",
"lang_code": "wlm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"bone"
],
"id": "en-knaw-wlm-noun-yNrPZX~p",
"links": [
[
"bone",
"bone"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 91",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "41 59",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "wlm",
"name": "Bones",
"orig": "wlm:Bones",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"skull"
],
"id": "en-knaw-wlm-noun-jBpkpRWL",
"links": [
[
"skull",
"skull"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/knau̯/"
}
],
"word": "knaw"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "knaws",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "knawin",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "knew",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "knawn",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "knaws",
"2": "knawin",
"3": "knew",
"4": "knawn"
},
"expansion": "knaws",
"name": "sco-verb/getPres3rdSg"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "knaws",
"2": "knawin",
"3": "knew",
"4": "knawn"
},
"expansion": "knawin",
"name": "sco-verb/getPresP"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "knaws",
"2": "knawin",
"3": "knew",
"4": "knawn"
},
"expansion": "knew",
"name": "sco-verb/getPast"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "knaws",
"2": "knawin",
"3": "knew",
"4": "knawn"
},
"expansion": "knawn",
"name": "sco-verb/getPastP"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "knaws",
"2": "knawin",
"3": "knew",
"4": "knawn"
},
"expansion": "knew",
"name": "sco-verb/getPast"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "knaws",
"2": "knawin",
"3": "knew",
"4": "knawn"
},
"expansion": "knew",
"name": "sco-verb/getPast"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "knaws",
"2": "knawin",
"3": "knew",
"4": "knawn"
},
"expansion": "knawn",
"name": "sco-verb/getPastP"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "knaws",
"2": "knawin",
"3": "knew",
"4": "knawn"
},
"expansion": "knew",
"name": "sco-verb/getPast"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "knaws",
"2": "knawin",
"3": "knew",
"4": "knawn"
},
"expansion": "knawn",
"name": "sco-verb/getPastP"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "knaws",
"2": "knawin",
"3": "knew",
"4": "knawn"
},
"expansion": "knawn",
"name": "sco-verb/getPastP"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"10": "knawn",
"2": "verbs",
"3": "third-person singular simple present",
"4": "knaws",
"5": "present participle",
"6": "knawin",
"7": "simple past",
"8": "knew",
"9": "past participle",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "knaw (third-person singular simple present knaws, present participle knawin, simple past knew, past participle knawn)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "knaws",
"2": "knawin",
"3": "knew",
"4": "knawn"
},
"expansion": "knaw (third-person singular simple present knaws, present participle knawin, simple past knew, past participle knawn)",
"name": "sco-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "know"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Scots entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
18,
22
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
20,
24
]
],
"english": "Poor Thomas did not know that he had bitten off more than he could chew. In fact, he was now skin and bones in a rank loafer’s hands.",
"ref": "2000, Iain W D Forde, “Hale Ir Sindries - Buik Twa”, in SCOTS, Edinburgh: University of Glasgow:",
"text": "Puir Tammas didna knaw at he hed g’nappit aff mair nor he cuid chowe, an, i fak he wes nou skin an birn i the hauns o a rank lurdan.",
"translation": "Poor Thomas did not know that he had bitten off more than he could chew. In fact, he was now skin and bones in a rank loafer’s hands.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of know"
],
"id": "en-knaw-sco-verb-eciybwK7",
"links": [
[
"know",
"know#Scots"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "knaw"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English verbs",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"forms": [
{
"form": "knaws",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "knawing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "knawed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "knawed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "knaw (third-person singular simple present knaws, present participle knawing, simple past and past participle knawed)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "gnaw"
}
],
"categories": [
"English archaic forms"
],
"glosses": [
"Archaic spelling of gnaw."
],
"links": [
[
"gnaw",
"gnaw#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"archaic"
]
}
],
"word": "knaw"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English verbs",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"forms": [
{
"form": "knaws",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "knawing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "knawed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "knawn",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "+",
"2": "+",
"3": "+",
"4": "~n"
},
"expansion": "knaw (third-person singular simple present knaws, present participle knawing, simple past knawed, past participle knawn)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "know"
}
],
"categories": [
"English nonstandard forms"
],
"glosses": [
"Nonstandard form of know."
],
"links": [
[
"know",
"know#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"nonstandard"
]
}
],
"word": "knaw"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun",
"altform": "1"
},
"expansion": "knaw",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "knave"
}
],
"categories": [
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of knave"
],
"links": [
[
"knave",
"knave#Middle_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "knaw"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle Welsh lemmas",
"Middle Welsh masculine nouns",
"Middle Welsh nouns",
"Middle Welsh terms borrowed from Old Irish",
"Middle Welsh terms derived from Old Irish",
"Middle Welsh terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"Middle Welsh terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"wlm:Bones"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"sense": "end of a bone",
"word": "pencnaw"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "sga",
"3": "cnáim",
"t": "bone"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish cnáim (“bone”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*knāmis"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *knāmis",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kónh₂m",
"t": "leg"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kónh₂m (“leg”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "κνήμη",
"3": "",
"4": "tibia"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek κνήμη (knḗmē, “tibia”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ham"
},
"expansion": "English ham",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Probably borrowed from Old Irish cnáim (“bone”), but at any rate ultimately from Proto-Celtic *knāmis, from Proto-Indo-European *kónh₂m (“leg”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κνήμη (knḗmē, “tibia”) and English ham.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kneu",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "knouein",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "l-self",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "knaw",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "gnaw",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"soft"
]
},
{
"form": "knaw / chnaw",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "chnaw",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "noun",
"3": "plural",
"4": "kneu",
"5": "or",
"6": "knouein",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "knaw m (plural kneu or knouein)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Welsh",
"lang_code": "wlm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"bone"
],
"links": [
[
"bone",
"bone"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"skull"
],
"links": [
[
"skull",
"skull"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/knau̯/"
}
],
"word": "knaw"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "knaws",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "knawin",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "knew",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "knawn",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "knaws",
"2": "knawin",
"3": "knew",
"4": "knawn"
},
"expansion": "knaws",
"name": "sco-verb/getPres3rdSg"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "knaws",
"2": "knawin",
"3": "knew",
"4": "knawn"
},
"expansion": "knawin",
"name": "sco-verb/getPresP"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "knaws",
"2": "knawin",
"3": "knew",
"4": "knawn"
},
"expansion": "knew",
"name": "sco-verb/getPast"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "knaws",
"2": "knawin",
"3": "knew",
"4": "knawn"
},
"expansion": "knawn",
"name": "sco-verb/getPastP"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "knaws",
"2": "knawin",
"3": "knew",
"4": "knawn"
},
"expansion": "knew",
"name": "sco-verb/getPast"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "knaws",
"2": "knawin",
"3": "knew",
"4": "knawn"
},
"expansion": "knew",
"name": "sco-verb/getPast"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "knaws",
"2": "knawin",
"3": "knew",
"4": "knawn"
},
"expansion": "knawn",
"name": "sco-verb/getPastP"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "knaws",
"2": "knawin",
"3": "knew",
"4": "knawn"
},
"expansion": "knew",
"name": "sco-verb/getPast"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "knaws",
"2": "knawin",
"3": "knew",
"4": "knawn"
},
"expansion": "knawn",
"name": "sco-verb/getPastP"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "knaws",
"2": "knawin",
"3": "knew",
"4": "knawn"
},
"expansion": "knawn",
"name": "sco-verb/getPastP"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"10": "knawn",
"2": "verbs",
"3": "third-person singular simple present",
"4": "knaws",
"5": "present participle",
"6": "knawin",
"7": "simple past",
"8": "knew",
"9": "past participle",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "knaw (third-person singular simple present knaws, present participle knawin, simple past knew, past participle knawn)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "knaws",
"2": "knawin",
"3": "knew",
"4": "knawn"
},
"expansion": "knaw (third-person singular simple present knaws, present participle knawin, simple past knew, past participle knawn)",
"name": "sco-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "know"
}
],
"categories": [
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Scots entries with incorrect language header",
"Scots lemmas",
"Scots terms with quotations",
"Scots verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
18,
22
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
20,
24
]
],
"english": "Poor Thomas did not know that he had bitten off more than he could chew. In fact, he was now skin and bones in a rank loafer’s hands.",
"ref": "2000, Iain W D Forde, “Hale Ir Sindries - Buik Twa”, in SCOTS, Edinburgh: University of Glasgow:",
"text": "Puir Tammas didna knaw at he hed g’nappit aff mair nor he cuid chowe, an, i fak he wes nou skin an birn i the hauns o a rank lurdan.",
"translation": "Poor Thomas did not know that he had bitten off more than he could chew. In fact, he was now skin and bones in a rank loafer’s hands.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of know"
],
"links": [
[
"know",
"know#Scots"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "knaw"
}
Download raw JSONL data for knaw meaning in All languages combined (7.6kB)
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: knaw/Middle Welsh 'radical' base_tags=set()",
"path": [
"knaw"
],
"section": "Middle Welsh",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "knaw",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: knaw/Middle Welsh 'nasal' base_tags={'error-unrecognized-form', 'soft'}",
"path": [
"knaw"
],
"section": "Middle Welsh",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "knaw",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: knaw/Middle Welsh 'aspirate' base_tags={'error-unrecognized-form', 'soft'}",
"path": [
"knaw"
],
"section": "Middle Welsh",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "knaw",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-12-23 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-12-02 using wiktextract (6fdc867 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.