See külmä on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "et",
"2": "külm"
},
"expansion": "Estonian: külm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Estonian: külm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "kylmä"
},
"expansion": "Finnish: kylmä",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Finnish: kylmä"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "kylmä"
},
"expansion": "Ingrian: kylmä",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ingrian: kylmä"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "krl",
"2": "kylmä"
},
"expansion": "Karelian: kylmä",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karelian: kylmä"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "liv",
"2": "kīlma"
},
"expansion": "Livonian: kīlma",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Livonian: kīlma"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "olo",
"2": "kylmy"
},
"expansion": "Livvi: kylmy",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Livvi: kylmy"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vep",
"2": "kül'm"
},
"expansion": "Veps: kül'm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Veps: kül'm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vro",
"2": "külm"
},
"expansion": "Võro: külm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Võro: külm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vot",
"2": "tšülme"
},
"expansion": "Votic: tšülme",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Votic: tšülme"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "urj-fpr-pro",
"3": "*külmä"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Finno-Permic *külmä",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "geluma"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian geluma",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gel-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gel-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "koi",
"2": "кын"
},
"expansion": "Komi-Permyak кын (kyn)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "smi-pro",
"2": "*këlmētēk",
"3": "",
"4": "to be cold"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Samic *këlmētēk (“to be cold”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Finno-Permic *külmä, possibly borrowed from Baltic (compare Lithuanian geluma), and if so, ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *gel-. Cognates include Komi-Permyak кын (kyn) and Proto-Samic *këlmētēk (“to be cold”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "urj-fin-decl",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "külmä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmät",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmän",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmät",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmän",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmäden",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeiden",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmädä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeidä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmässä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmähnä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeissä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeihnä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmästä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"elative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeistä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"elative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmähen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"illative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeihen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"illative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmällä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeillä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmältä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeiltä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmälen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmälek",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeilen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeilek",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmänä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"essive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeinä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"essive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmäksi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeiksi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "külmän",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instructive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmein",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instructive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmänek",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeinek",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmättä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeittä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "külmä"
},
"name": "urj-fin-decl"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/külmä",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Finnic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Finnic nominals by type/a-ei",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"cold"
],
"id": "en-külmä-urj-fin-pro-adj-4nLe7N5y",
"links": [
[
"cold",
"cold"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "külmä"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vro",
"2": "adjective form"
},
"expansion": "külmä",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Võro",
"lang_code": "vro",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Võro entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "külm"
}
],
"glosses": [
"accusative/genitive/partitive/illative singular of külm"
],
"id": "en-külmä-vro-adj-Dux9gQH4",
"links": [
[
"külm",
"külm#Võro"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"form-of",
"genitive",
"illative",
"partitive",
"singular"
]
}
],
"word": "külmä"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "et",
"2": "külm"
},
"expansion": "Estonian: külm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Estonian: külm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "kylmä"
},
"expansion": "Finnish: kylmä",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Finnish: kylmä"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "kylmä"
},
"expansion": "Ingrian: kylmä",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ingrian: kylmä"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "krl",
"2": "kylmä"
},
"expansion": "Karelian: kylmä",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karelian: kylmä"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "liv",
"2": "kīlma"
},
"expansion": "Livonian: kīlma",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Livonian: kīlma"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "olo",
"2": "kylmy"
},
"expansion": "Livvi: kylmy",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Livvi: kylmy"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vep",
"2": "kül'm"
},
"expansion": "Veps: kül'm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Veps: kül'm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vro",
"2": "külm"
},
"expansion": "Võro: külm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Võro: külm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vot",
"2": "tšülme"
},
"expansion": "Votic: tšülme",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Votic: tšülme"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "urj-fpr-pro",
"3": "*külmä"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Finno-Permic *külmä",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "geluma"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian geluma",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gel-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gel-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "koi",
"2": "кын"
},
"expansion": "Komi-Permyak кын (kyn)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "smi-pro",
"2": "*këlmētēk",
"3": "",
"4": "to be cold"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Samic *këlmētēk (“to be cold”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Finno-Permic *külmä, possibly borrowed from Baltic (compare Lithuanian geluma), and if so, ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *gel-. Cognates include Komi-Permyak кын (kyn) and Proto-Samic *këlmētēk (“to be cold”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "urj-fin-decl",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "külmä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmät",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmän",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmät",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmän",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmäden",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeiden",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmädä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeidä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmässä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmähnä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeissä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeihnä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmästä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"elative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeistä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"elative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmähen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"illative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeihen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"illative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmällä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeillä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmältä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeiltä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmälen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmälek",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeilen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeilek",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmänä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"essive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeinä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"essive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmäksi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeiksi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "külmän",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instructive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmein",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instructive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmänek",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeinek",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmättä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeittä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "külmä"
},
"name": "urj-fin-decl"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/külmä",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Finnic adjectives",
"Proto-Finnic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Finnic lemmas",
"Proto-Finnic nominals by type/a-ei",
"Proto-Finnic terms derived from Proto-Finno-Permic",
"Proto-Finnic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Finnic terms inherited from Proto-Finno-Permic"
],
"glosses": [
"cold"
],
"links": [
[
"cold",
"cold"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "külmä"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vro",
"2": "adjective form"
},
"expansion": "külmä",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Võro",
"lang_code": "vro",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Võro adjective forms",
"Võro entries with incorrect language header",
"Võro non-lemma forms"
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "külm"
}
],
"glosses": [
"accusative/genitive/partitive/illative singular of külm"
],
"links": [
[
"külm",
"külm#Võro"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"form-of",
"genitive",
"illative",
"partitive",
"singular"
]
}
],
"word": "külmä"
}
Download raw JSONL data for külmä meaning in All languages combined (6.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-18 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (e4a2c88 and 4230888). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.