See külmä in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "et",
"2": "külm"
},
"expansion": "Estonian: külm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Estonian: külm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "kylmä"
},
"expansion": "Finnish: kylmä",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Finnish: kylmä"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "kylmä"
},
"expansion": "Ingrian: kylmä",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ingrian: kylmä"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "krl",
"2": "kylmä"
},
"expansion": "Karelian: kylmä",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karelian: kylmä"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "liv",
"2": "kīlma"
},
"expansion": "Livonian: kīlma",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Livonian: kīlma"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "olo",
"2": "kylmy"
},
"expansion": "Livvi: kylmy",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Livvi: kylmy"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vep",
"2": "kül'm"
},
"expansion": "Veps: kül'm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Veps: kül'm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vro",
"2": "külm"
},
"expansion": "Võro: külm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Võro: külm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vot",
"2": "tšülme"
},
"expansion": "Votic: tšülme",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Votic: tšülme"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "urj-fpr-pro",
"3": "*külmä"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Finno-Permic *külmä",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "geluma"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian geluma",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gel-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gel-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "koi",
"2": "кын"
},
"expansion": "Komi-Permyak кын (kyn)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "smi-pro",
"2": "*këlmētēk",
"3": "",
"4": "to be cold"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Samic *këlmētēk (“to be cold”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Finno-Permic *külmä, possibly borrowed from Baltic (compare Lithuanian geluma), and if so, ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *gel-. Cognates include Komi-Permyak кын (kyn) and Proto-Samic *këlmētēk (“to be cold”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "urj-fin-decl",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "külmä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmät",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmän",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmät",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmän",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmäden",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeiden",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmädä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeidä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmässä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmähnä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeissä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeihnä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmästä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"elative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeistä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"elative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmähen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"illative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeihen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"illative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmällä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeillä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmältä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeiltä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmälen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmälek",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeilen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeilek",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmänä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"essive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeinä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"essive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmäksi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeiksi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "külmän",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instructive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmein",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instructive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmänek",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeinek",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmättä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeittä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "külmä"
},
"name": "urj-fin-decl"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/külmä",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Finnic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Finnic nominals by type/a-ei",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"cold"
],
"id": "en-külmä-urj-fin-pro-adj-4nLe7N5y",
"links": [
[
"cold",
"cold"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "külmä"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "et",
"2": "külm"
},
"expansion": "Estonian: külm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Estonian: külm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "kylmä"
},
"expansion": "Finnish: kylmä",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Finnish: kylmä"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "kylmä"
},
"expansion": "Ingrian: kylmä",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ingrian: kylmä"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "krl",
"2": "kylmä"
},
"expansion": "Karelian: kylmä",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karelian: kylmä"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "liv",
"2": "kīlma"
},
"expansion": "Livonian: kīlma",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Livonian: kīlma"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "olo",
"2": "kylmy"
},
"expansion": "Livvi: kylmy",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Livvi: kylmy"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vep",
"2": "kül'm"
},
"expansion": "Veps: kül'm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Veps: kül'm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vro",
"2": "külm"
},
"expansion": "Võro: külm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Võro: külm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vot",
"2": "tšülme"
},
"expansion": "Votic: tšülme",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Votic: tšülme"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "urj-fpr-pro",
"3": "*külmä"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Finno-Permic *külmä",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "geluma"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian geluma",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gel-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gel-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "koi",
"2": "кын"
},
"expansion": "Komi-Permyak кын (kyn)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "smi-pro",
"2": "*këlmētēk",
"3": "",
"4": "to be cold"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Samic *këlmētēk (“to be cold”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Finno-Permic *külmä, possibly borrowed from Baltic (compare Lithuanian geluma), and if so, ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *gel-. Cognates include Komi-Permyak кын (kyn) and Proto-Samic *këlmētēk (“to be cold”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "urj-fin-decl",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "külmä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmät",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmän",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmät",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmän",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmäden",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeiden",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmädä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeidä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmässä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmähnä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeissä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeihnä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmästä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"elative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeistä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"elative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmähen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"illative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeihen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"illative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmällä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeillä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmältä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeiltä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmälen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmälek",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeilen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeilek",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmänä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"essive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeinä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"essive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmäksi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeiksi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "külmän",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instructive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmein",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instructive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmänek",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeinek",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "külmättä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "külmeittä",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "külmä"
},
"name": "urj-fin-decl"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/külmä",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Finnic adjectives",
"Proto-Finnic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Finnic lemmas",
"Proto-Finnic nominals by type/a-ei",
"Proto-Finnic terms derived from Proto-Finno-Permic",
"Proto-Finnic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Finnic terms inherited from Proto-Finno-Permic"
],
"glosses": [
"cold"
],
"links": [
[
"cold",
"cold"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "külmä"
}
Download raw JSONL data for külmä meaning in Proto-Finnic (5.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Finnic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-04-29 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-04-20 using wiktextract (4eaa824 and ea19a0a). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.